ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research undertaken in this book has been made possible largely due to fundin... more ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research undertaken in this book has been made possible largely due to funding made available from the Australian Research Council Discovery project 'spatially integrated socio-economic analysis: Australia at the new millennium' and by the ...
One of the predominant features of our current economy and society is the level of mobility of it... more One of the predominant features of our current economy and society is the level of mobility of its people, goods and information. Economic, social and cultural patterns are intimately linked to this mobility, which can be seen in the location and type of transport infrastructure, and patterns of economic activity, housing and associated social and community facilities in cities. This chapter explores this view via an emphasis upon the way the economic dimensions of transport are expressed in city development. It illustrates that mobility, facilitated by a diverse transport system, is an essential part of our economic context. In turn that means plans to transform transport by changing mobility by mode, by distance travelled and/or frequency of movement, need to recognise this economic context and the infrastructure and transport services it entails.
The new technical and structural dimensions associated with knowledge and information in the rapi... more The new technical and structural dimensions associated with knowledge and information in the rapidly emerging "new economy", along with new organisational and social dimensions in the form of part-time work and labour market flexibility is changing the geography of labour markets. This new geography is reflected in changes in the pattern of jobs in metropolitan areas. Along with a broad range of social and demographic factors, the new geography of employment has contributed to changes in housing demand.
Abstract. This paper develops a new perspective to describe and account for the geography of trad... more Abstract. This paper develops a new perspective to describe and account for the geography of trade in advanced services. The authors begin by acknowledging the national and global significance of trade in advanced services within national economic change and also ...
A multivariate model using hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis is used to identify ... more A multivariate model using hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis is used to identify clusters of community opportunity and community vulnerability across Australia's mega metropolitan regions. Variables used in the model measure aspects of structural economic change, occupational change, human capital, income, unemployment, family/household disadvantage, and housing stress. A nine-cluster solution is used to categorise communities across metropolitan space. Significant between-city variations in the incidence of these clusters of opportunity and vulnerability are apparent, suggesting the emergence of marked differentiation between Australia's mega metropolitan regions in their adjustments to changing economic and social conditions. JEL classification: C49, R11, R12
This paper explores the effect of business connectivity between cities on their air traffic conne... more This paper explores the effect of business connectivity between cities on their air traffic connections, and in turn on their place in a region's urban hierarchy. Its focus of attention is East Asia, where economic development is underpinned by a complex set of international flows of trade and investment. Business connectivity is a key part of these flows. The research incorporates a measure of business connections in a regression model that previously relied on GDP per head, population and distance to account for international air links. Results confirm that business connectivity is a more important influence on the level of international air links within East Asia, and plays a major role in explaining the changes in city rank over time. The paper concludes with suggestions that possible incorporation of domestic air travel (itself larger than the intra-regional flows in this region) could enrich the insight of this approach.
This research analyses international and domestic air services in Australia during a six year per... more This research analyses international and domestic air services in Australia during a six year period, 2005–2010. We place air services into their urban context by relating them to city-based measures such as population, tourism, and producer services employment among other measures. The research takes a supply-side approach in an assessment of international and domestic capacity at major Australian airports from the perspective of the number of seats, the nature of links, and competition. Multiple linkage analysis and the concept of effective competitors allow us to explore this perspective at greater depth. Our findings show substantial changes in international patterns, specifically favouring Melbourne, Perth, and Gold Coast. In contrast, the domestic scene is characterised by little change, an outcome we link to the underlying stability in the settlement system and the location of some major economic activities. While the results are related to our measures of urban characteristics, some special region-specific aspects are also at work. Finally, in both the international and domestic cases we find evidence of greater airline diversity which may benefit consumers.
International air linkages are one of the important features differentiating the development of m... more International air linkages are one of the important features differentiating the development of metropolitan areas, as the location of many activities now requires frequent and diverse international contacts. This paper explores the consequences of this for Australia by tracing the changes in international airline linkages over the past decade. In that time, the geography of the nation's air linkages have shifted in favour of the Asian nations to our north, reflecting the shifts in trade and immigration. Some cities have felt more of that change, with Cairns and Brisbane especially prominent due to their roles as gateways for the tourist industry. However, these shifts have yet to weaken the diversity of contacts in Melbourne and Sydney, indicating that the underlying geography of business still has a strong influence on the international contacts made from each city.
There has been some conflicting analysis of the recent and likely future air services available a... more There has been some conflicting analysis of the recent and likely future air services available at second rank cities. On the one hand, the sheer scale of economic activity associated with market demand (allied to the use of new larger aircraft) has maintained concentrations of air services at high ranking global city hubs. On the other, shifts in global production have drawn a wider array of cities, especially those from emerging economies, into global networks. That has been facilitated by the use of smaller long-haul aircraft, which are well suited to market demand in lower ranked cities. The paper explores these alternative views by analysing recent change in airline services at first and second ranked cities as identified by a major urban research project. Using a commercial air services data base, Capstats, the paper assembles and analyses the number of seats provided by airlines at six ranked categories of cities over the period 2005e2010. It finds that there have been some shifts in activity in favour of second ranked cities, but that outcome varies substantially from city to city. These results confirm earlier findings that the link between city size and air service is a complex one. To refine and enhance that insight, the paper suggests analyses of the way the airlines serve different sized cities (as expressed in aircraft type and airline size, for example). Case studies of the change in air services of some cities will also be useful.
The research reported here explores the interdependencies between the operation and organisation ... more The research reported here explores the interdependencies between the operation and organisation of the world's airline industry and the air services available at cities. Previous research on this issue focussed attention on passenger numbers to produce hierarchies of airports and traffic networks between them. The current paper adds to that knowledge by providing insight on measures such as the airlines and aircraft used to service cities at different levels in a hierarchy. Its core idea is that the arrangement of air services at cities reflects airlines' operations, seen via their size, the type of aircraft used and their mode of operation. The research uses a commercial data base that records a range of measures of air services. It applies that data to an established classification of cities to show the difference in the characteristics of services at three categories in the city classification. Results show differences in aircraft, airline size and mode of operation are apparent from one category of city to another. The results have implications for policy on the airline industry and airport management. As the approach is limited to a single year, and reports upon aggregate global results, there is considerable research potential in widening the analysis to include regions of the world, and also to explore changes over time.
The paper explores the idea that the fortunes of some gateway cities are changing as airlines use... more The paper explores the idea that the fortunes of some gateway cities are changing as airlines use modern aircraft to respond to new market opportunities. It uses data on inter-city journeys between Australia and Asia to identify a hierarchy of gateway cities, and then shows how the connections between them has changed over the 2000–2013 period. Results show that secondary, and smaller, gateways in both Australia and Asia have played more important roles in passenger movements over this time. In Melbourne in particular, stronger growth in the demand for international travel in that city along with more use made of the smaller long-haul aircraft by airlines, has strengthened its role as a gateway city relative to Sydney. These results confirm that the geography of inter-continental air networks are changing which may have important implications for the air transport roles of some cities in the immediate future.
The change in the pattern of air linkages between cities in Southeast Asia is used to illustrate ... more The change in the pattern of air linkages between cities in Southeast Asia is used to illustrate the impact of centrality, intermediacy and proximity on a network of cities, allowing for the role played by airlines and bilateral agreements. The approach is illustrated by the change in the pattern of traffic, and the activity of airlines in Southeast Asia. The model exposes the important impact that new trends toward intra-regional traffic have upon the roles that Singapore, Hong Kong and Bangkok will play in the region in the immediate future. In this way the paper provides a base for strategic thinking about the transport geography of one of the world's fastest growing aviation markets.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research undertaken in this book has been made possible largely due to fundin... more ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research undertaken in this book has been made possible largely due to funding made available from the Australian Research Council Discovery project 'spatially integrated socio-economic analysis: Australia at the new millennium' and by the ...
One of the predominant features of our current economy and society is the level of mobility of it... more One of the predominant features of our current economy and society is the level of mobility of its people, goods and information. Economic, social and cultural patterns are intimately linked to this mobility, which can be seen in the location and type of transport infrastructure, and patterns of economic activity, housing and associated social and community facilities in cities. This chapter explores this view via an emphasis upon the way the economic dimensions of transport are expressed in city development. It illustrates that mobility, facilitated by a diverse transport system, is an essential part of our economic context. In turn that means plans to transform transport by changing mobility by mode, by distance travelled and/or frequency of movement, need to recognise this economic context and the infrastructure and transport services it entails.
The new technical and structural dimensions associated with knowledge and information in the rapi... more The new technical and structural dimensions associated with knowledge and information in the rapidly emerging "new economy", along with new organisational and social dimensions in the form of part-time work and labour market flexibility is changing the geography of labour markets. This new geography is reflected in changes in the pattern of jobs in metropolitan areas. Along with a broad range of social and demographic factors, the new geography of employment has contributed to changes in housing demand.
Abstract. This paper develops a new perspective to describe and account for the geography of trad... more Abstract. This paper develops a new perspective to describe and account for the geography of trade in advanced services. The authors begin by acknowledging the national and global significance of trade in advanced services within national economic change and also ...
A multivariate model using hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis is used to identify ... more A multivariate model using hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis is used to identify clusters of community opportunity and community vulnerability across Australia's mega metropolitan regions. Variables used in the model measure aspects of structural economic change, occupational change, human capital, income, unemployment, family/household disadvantage, and housing stress. A nine-cluster solution is used to categorise communities across metropolitan space. Significant between-city variations in the incidence of these clusters of opportunity and vulnerability are apparent, suggesting the emergence of marked differentiation between Australia's mega metropolitan regions in their adjustments to changing economic and social conditions. JEL classification: C49, R11, R12
This paper explores the effect of business connectivity between cities on their air traffic conne... more This paper explores the effect of business connectivity between cities on their air traffic connections, and in turn on their place in a region's urban hierarchy. Its focus of attention is East Asia, where economic development is underpinned by a complex set of international flows of trade and investment. Business connectivity is a key part of these flows. The research incorporates a measure of business connections in a regression model that previously relied on GDP per head, population and distance to account for international air links. Results confirm that business connectivity is a more important influence on the level of international air links within East Asia, and plays a major role in explaining the changes in city rank over time. The paper concludes with suggestions that possible incorporation of domestic air travel (itself larger than the intra-regional flows in this region) could enrich the insight of this approach.
This research analyses international and domestic air services in Australia during a six year per... more This research analyses international and domestic air services in Australia during a six year period, 2005–2010. We place air services into their urban context by relating them to city-based measures such as population, tourism, and producer services employment among other measures. The research takes a supply-side approach in an assessment of international and domestic capacity at major Australian airports from the perspective of the number of seats, the nature of links, and competition. Multiple linkage analysis and the concept of effective competitors allow us to explore this perspective at greater depth. Our findings show substantial changes in international patterns, specifically favouring Melbourne, Perth, and Gold Coast. In contrast, the domestic scene is characterised by little change, an outcome we link to the underlying stability in the settlement system and the location of some major economic activities. While the results are related to our measures of urban characteristics, some special region-specific aspects are also at work. Finally, in both the international and domestic cases we find evidence of greater airline diversity which may benefit consumers.
International air linkages are one of the important features differentiating the development of m... more International air linkages are one of the important features differentiating the development of metropolitan areas, as the location of many activities now requires frequent and diverse international contacts. This paper explores the consequences of this for Australia by tracing the changes in international airline linkages over the past decade. In that time, the geography of the nation's air linkages have shifted in favour of the Asian nations to our north, reflecting the shifts in trade and immigration. Some cities have felt more of that change, with Cairns and Brisbane especially prominent due to their roles as gateways for the tourist industry. However, these shifts have yet to weaken the diversity of contacts in Melbourne and Sydney, indicating that the underlying geography of business still has a strong influence on the international contacts made from each city.
There has been some conflicting analysis of the recent and likely future air services available a... more There has been some conflicting analysis of the recent and likely future air services available at second rank cities. On the one hand, the sheer scale of economic activity associated with market demand (allied to the use of new larger aircraft) has maintained concentrations of air services at high ranking global city hubs. On the other, shifts in global production have drawn a wider array of cities, especially those from emerging economies, into global networks. That has been facilitated by the use of smaller long-haul aircraft, which are well suited to market demand in lower ranked cities. The paper explores these alternative views by analysing recent change in airline services at first and second ranked cities as identified by a major urban research project. Using a commercial air services data base, Capstats, the paper assembles and analyses the number of seats provided by airlines at six ranked categories of cities over the period 2005e2010. It finds that there have been some shifts in activity in favour of second ranked cities, but that outcome varies substantially from city to city. These results confirm earlier findings that the link between city size and air service is a complex one. To refine and enhance that insight, the paper suggests analyses of the way the airlines serve different sized cities (as expressed in aircraft type and airline size, for example). Case studies of the change in air services of some cities will also be useful.
The research reported here explores the interdependencies between the operation and organisation ... more The research reported here explores the interdependencies between the operation and organisation of the world's airline industry and the air services available at cities. Previous research on this issue focussed attention on passenger numbers to produce hierarchies of airports and traffic networks between them. The current paper adds to that knowledge by providing insight on measures such as the airlines and aircraft used to service cities at different levels in a hierarchy. Its core idea is that the arrangement of air services at cities reflects airlines' operations, seen via their size, the type of aircraft used and their mode of operation. The research uses a commercial data base that records a range of measures of air services. It applies that data to an established classification of cities to show the difference in the characteristics of services at three categories in the city classification. Results show differences in aircraft, airline size and mode of operation are apparent from one category of city to another. The results have implications for policy on the airline industry and airport management. As the approach is limited to a single year, and reports upon aggregate global results, there is considerable research potential in widening the analysis to include regions of the world, and also to explore changes over time.
The paper explores the idea that the fortunes of some gateway cities are changing as airlines use... more The paper explores the idea that the fortunes of some gateway cities are changing as airlines use modern aircraft to respond to new market opportunities. It uses data on inter-city journeys between Australia and Asia to identify a hierarchy of gateway cities, and then shows how the connections between them has changed over the 2000–2013 period. Results show that secondary, and smaller, gateways in both Australia and Asia have played more important roles in passenger movements over this time. In Melbourne in particular, stronger growth in the demand for international travel in that city along with more use made of the smaller long-haul aircraft by airlines, has strengthened its role as a gateway city relative to Sydney. These results confirm that the geography of inter-continental air networks are changing which may have important implications for the air transport roles of some cities in the immediate future.
The change in the pattern of air linkages between cities in Southeast Asia is used to illustrate ... more The change in the pattern of air linkages between cities in Southeast Asia is used to illustrate the impact of centrality, intermediacy and proximity on a network of cities, allowing for the role played by airlines and bilateral agreements. The approach is illustrated by the change in the pattern of traffic, and the activity of airlines in Southeast Asia. The model exposes the important impact that new trends toward intra-regional traffic have upon the roles that Singapore, Hong Kong and Bangkok will play in the region in the immediate future. In this way the paper provides a base for strategic thinking about the transport geography of one of the world's fastest growing aviation markets.
The geographies of air transport in the Asia Pacific region are shaped by interactions over time ... more The geographies of air transport in the Asia Pacific region are shaped by interactions over time and space between the economic development, political systems and underlying physical character of the region. Stretching east from Pakistan to New Zealand and a scatter of small island nations, and south from Japan to Australia, this region includes the thirty five states listed in appendix 1. These vary substantially in geographic size, population and political economy, as well as on measures of economic growth and development. In addition some states have de-regulated many aspects of their air industry, while others retain a conviction that government has a significant role in the planning and management of what they see as a key sector of their national economy. Airlines based in the region accounted for more than a quarter of the passengers carried by all the world's airlines in 2010, almost double their share in 1970. The significance of that outcome is underscored by the
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