Alkali concentration is the most significant factor in geopolymerization process that must be tak... more Alkali concentration is the most significant factor in geopolymerization process that must be taken into consideration during the synthesis of kaolin geopolymers. The kaolin geopolymers were prepared by mixing kaolin and alkali activator solution. The alkali activator solution used was mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na 2SiO 3). This study aims to analyze the effect of NaOH concentration (6-14M) on mechanical properties of kaolin geopolymers. Compressive strength results showed that the optimum NaOH concentration is 8M. SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis were performed to study the transformation taken place during the geopolymer synthesis.
Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials. Geopolymerization involves a chemical reaction bet... more Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials. Geopolymerization involves a chemical reaction between alumino-silicate oxides and alkali metal silicate solutions under highly alkaline conditions. The strength of a geopolymer depends on the nature of the source materials. Geopolymers made from calcined source materials, such as metakaolin (calcined kaolin), fly ash, and slag, for example, yield higher compressive strengths when compared to those synthesized from non-calcined materials, such as kaolin clay. This study focused on the processing of geopolymer by using fly ash in the geopolymerization process. The fly ash was replaced accordingly with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of kaolin, based on weight. A solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was used as the alkali activator for the geopolymerization reaction. The samples were tested to determine their compressive strength, water absorption, and porosity. As the percentage of kaolin was increased, the strength of the geopolymer decreased. In this study, 10% kaolin replacement was the optimum replacement and produced the maximum compressive strength of geopolymer at both 7 and 28 days.
The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricated by powd... more The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricated by powder metallurgy technique has been investigated. Carbamide was used as space-holder and the content selected was 10 wt. %, 20 wt. % and 30 wt. %. A roll mill was used to mix the copper powder and the carbamide particles with rotation speed of 160 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was compacted by hand press at 200-350MPa and sintered under argon atmosphere at 800°C. True density of the sample was determined by a gas pycnometer. Bulk density was determined using mass and volume of the sample. Result shows that the sintered porous copper with 30 wt. % of space-holder produced the highest porosity and the lowest density. Microstructure of pores was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which reveals the elongated pores interconnected to each other
Geopolymerization is an alternative for ceramic industry by using clay based material such as kao... more Geopolymerization is an alternative for ceramic industry by using clay based material such as kaolin or calcined kaolin geopolymer. Geopolymer paste is initially produced by alkaline activation of calcined kaolin with NaOH and Na 2 SiO 3 solution), dried at 80ºC for 4 hours, pulverized and sieved to fixed particle size powder. The parameters involved in this processing route (alkali concentration, kaolin or calcined kaolin to activator ratio, alkali activator ratio and heating conditions) are investigated. Geopolymeric powder is added with water to produce slurry to be coated on the surface of clay ceramic. It undergoes heat treatment at high temperature to produce glaze on the surface. Flexural strength and hardness analysis are studied. Result evidences the processing show of incresing strength value between 8-10% after treatment with geopolymer glaze and also the Vickers hardness values of geopolymers improved.
Geopolymer is a new binding material produced to substitute the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) fu... more Geopolymer is a new binding material produced to substitute the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) function as a binder in concrete. As we know, different types of geopolymer will have different properties. In this research, the different types of geopolymer raw materials had been studied in term of microstructure. Different type of materials which is fly ash (class F) and kaolin had been mixed with alkaline solution consist of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide with suitable geopolymer raw material to alkaline activator and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratios. The geopolymer samples with different types of raw material were then cured at a temperature 70°C for 24 hr and maintained at room temperature until the testing was conducted. After the geopolymers were aged for seven days, the testing was conducted.
The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which is widely used materials not only consumes significant ... more The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which is widely used materials not only consumes significant amount of natural resources and energy but also pollutes the atmosphere by the emission of CO 2 . Hence, reduce this ill effect, the search for alternative result is geopolymer concrete. This experiment research focused on utilizing fly ash as source material. Fly ash is receiving more attention now since their uses generally improve the properties in construction industry, cost saving and reduction of negative environmental affects. Three different molarity of paste has been tested to acidic environment to determine the effect of acidic to the fly ash based geopolymer artificial aggregate. The geopolymer paste samples were cured at 70°C for 1 day and keep in room temperature until the testing days. The compressive strength and acid resistant testing was done at after 28 days. The result showed that the geopolymer paste with NaOH concentration of 12 M produced maximum strength.
ABSTRACT A study on stainless steel AISI 304 is conducted to find out its corrosion rates and the... more ABSTRACT A study on stainless steel AISI 304 is conducted to find out its corrosion rates and the effects to its mechanical properties that occur when AISI 304 is immersed in salt water containing 30%, 33% and 35% salt within one, two and three weeks time period of immersion. About 10 specimens in tensile test specimen shape were used where nine specimens were immersed and one specimen without immersion is used as control specimen to compare the corrosion rates and the effects between specimens immersed and not immersed. CCK equipment (cell corrosion kit) was used to determine the corrosion, which the rate stated in mm/year based on tafel graph plot that created. In this study, the corrosion rate increases as the period of immersion and salt contain increases. The highest corrosion rate that was obtained is occurred with immersion of three weeks and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 0.02087 mm/year and the lowest corrosion rate is occurred with immersion of one week and 30% salt contain in salt water which is 0.001612 mm/year. The effects of AISI 304 mechanical properties were determined by tensile test and hardness test. The hardness of specimens was obtained using Rockwell Hardness Test. The hardness of specimens decreases as the period time of immersion increases and salt contain increases. The highest hardness of specimen is with immersion of one week and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 19.76HRC and the lowest hardness of specimen is with immersion of three weeks and 35% salt contain in salt water which is 13.37HRC. In tensile test, the maximum load and maximum stress were determined. The highest maximum load of specimen is occurred with immersion of one week and 30% salt contain in salt water which is 46.88kN. The lowest maximum load of specimen is occurred with immersion of three weeks and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 40.61kN. For maximum stress, the highest maximum stress of specimen is occurred with immersion of one week and 30% salt contain in salt water which is 5.38 N/mm 2 . The lowest maximum stress of specimen is occurred with immersion of three weeks and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 4.66 N/mm2. According to the optical microscope, we can see the corrosion effects more clearly. The corrosion occurs with small hole and undercutting shape. Type of corrosion that occurs is pitting corrosion.
The application of geopolymer as a coating was not widely explored by other researchers and there... more The application of geopolymer as a coating was not widely explored by other researchers and therefore the study of kaolin based geopolymer coating applied on different types of clay substrate (unsintered and sintered) was carried out. The geopolymer coating paste were initially prepared by mixed the kaolin with alkaline activator (NaOH and Na 2 SiO 3 ) until homogeneous mixture was obtained. After that, the geopolymer paste then applied on the surface of clay substrates and left to cure at 80 o C for 24 hours and sintered at 800 o C respectively for 2 hours. Flexural, compression test and SEM for morphology analysis are studied. Based on the results obtained, it shows that kaolin based geopolymer coating can contribute in improving the substrate strength, while curing and sintering temperature applied to the geopolymer coating on different substrate can influence the interaction between substrate and geopolymer paste to diffuse according to SEM image proved.
The paper presents the obtaining of shape memory alloys, base copper and a diffractometer and mic... more The paper presents the obtaining of shape memory alloys, base copper and a diffractometer and microscopic study on some samples. The study was made on CuZnAl samples, obtained by classic casting and educated. The shape memory alloys properties recommend their use for applications in domains as follows electric contacts, robotics, and aeronautics. When choosing the type of alloy used for the manufacture of the component parts of different industrial applications, it must be taken into account fatigue resistance, resistance to shocks and resistance to corrosion. Shape memory alloys are a unique group of alloys with the ability to remember a form even after quite severe plastic deformations. At low temperatures, shape memory alloys can be deformed apparently like other metallic alloys, but this deformation can recover with a relatively modest increase in temperature. 2. The second stage involves storing tension, by the action of external forces, the martensitic state, strong macles. Macroscopic deformation occurs by migration limits macles and increases those variables that are most favorably oriented to the applied voltage.
When we use effectively shape memory alloys require knowledge of operational behavior at the ther... more When we use effectively shape memory alloys require knowledge of operational behavior at the thermal stresses and mechanical variables. Measurements performed on a CuZnAl alloy, revealed fatigue properties by considering the size of the maximum load deformation corresponding recovered memory. It requires knowledge in design fatigue behavior of shape memory alloy components after education, fatigue strength by performing partial memory loss or physical destruction. The properties of memory shape alloys recommend their use for complex mechanical applications in domains as follows medicine, robotics, aeronautics, electric contacts, actuators. Shape memory metal alloys in the construction of such installations are subject to mechanical stress, and the thermal stresses, so their inclusion in a computing system fatigue involves consideration of the function performed.
ABSTRACT The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricate... more ABSTRACT The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricated by powder metallurgy technique has been investigated. Carbamide was used as space-holder and the content selected was 10 wt. %, 20 wt. % and 30 wt. %. A roll mill was used to mix the copper powder and the carbamide particles with rotation speed of 160 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was compacted by hand press at 200-350MPa and sintered under argon atmosphere at 800°C. True density of the sample was determined by a gas pycnometer. Bulk density was determined using mass and volume of the sample. Result shows that the sintered porous copper with 30 wt. % of space-holder produced the highest porosity and the lowest density. Microstructure of pores was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which reveals the elongated pores interconnected to each other
With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste ... more With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
Porous metals that have open pores structure with low density and light weight properties are sui... more Porous metals that have open pores structure with low density and light weight properties are suitable to be used in many engineering applications. In this work, the porous aluminum was fabricated via sintering dissolution process (SDP). Aluminum and sodium chloride (20, 40, 50 wt. %) powders were mixed together to produce a homogeneous mixture. The mixture was compressed at 200 MPa followed by sintering at 500˚C, 550˚C and 600˚C for 2 hours. The sintered samples were placed under a warm running water stream for 45 min to dissolve the sodium chloride that embedded in the aluminum. From the result, the sodium chloride content controlled the total porosity between 20% and 40% of the sintered aluminum. Porosity increased and compressive strength decreased as the content of NaCl increased. It was also observed, the porosity increased with increasing sintering temperature for the sample with 40 wt. % of NaCl.
This paper presented the compressive strength of geopolymer paste with different NaOH concentrati... more This paper presented the compressive strength of geopolymer paste with different NaOH concentration and morphology analysis for sintered artificial aggregate. This artificial aggregate was produce based on mix design with highest compressive strength which is 12 M. The sample was cured at 70˚C for 24 hours and then it was exposed to different temperature at range 500˚C to 700˚C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to identify the formation of microstructure. The geopolymer artificial aggregate was an alternative ways to produce a greener environmental. In this study, the compressive strength for different Na 2 SiO 3 /NaOH ratio has been analyzed. The morphology for best mix design then were analyze for different curing temperature. The result shows fly ash based geopolymer paste with 12 M of NaOH concentration shows excellent result with 7.30 MPa at 2.5 ratio of Na 2 SiO 3 /NaOH and for geopolymer artificial aggregate, when temperature of heat treatment increased, the open porosity of porous geopolymer surface decreased.
Alkali concentration is the most significant factor in geopolymerization process that must be tak... more Alkali concentration is the most significant factor in geopolymerization process that must be taken into consideration during the synthesis of kaolin geopolymers. The kaolin geopolymers were prepared by mixing kaolin and alkali activator solution. The alkali activator solution used was mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na 2SiO 3). This study aims to analyze the effect of NaOH concentration (6-14M) on mechanical properties of kaolin geopolymers. Compressive strength results showed that the optimum NaOH concentration is 8M. SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis were performed to study the transformation taken place during the geopolymer synthesis.
Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials. Geopolymerization involves a chemical reaction bet... more Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials. Geopolymerization involves a chemical reaction between alumino-silicate oxides and alkali metal silicate solutions under highly alkaline conditions. The strength of a geopolymer depends on the nature of the source materials. Geopolymers made from calcined source materials, such as metakaolin (calcined kaolin), fly ash, and slag, for example, yield higher compressive strengths when compared to those synthesized from non-calcined materials, such as kaolin clay. This study focused on the processing of geopolymer by using fly ash in the geopolymerization process. The fly ash was replaced accordingly with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of kaolin, based on weight. A solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was used as the alkali activator for the geopolymerization reaction. The samples were tested to determine their compressive strength, water absorption, and porosity. As the percentage of kaolin was increased, the strength of the geopolymer decreased. In this study, 10% kaolin replacement was the optimum replacement and produced the maximum compressive strength of geopolymer at both 7 and 28 days.
The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricated by powd... more The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricated by powder metallurgy technique has been investigated. Carbamide was used as space-holder and the content selected was 10 wt. %, 20 wt. % and 30 wt. %. A roll mill was used to mix the copper powder and the carbamide particles with rotation speed of 160 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was compacted by hand press at 200-350MPa and sintered under argon atmosphere at 800°C. True density of the sample was determined by a gas pycnometer. Bulk density was determined using mass and volume of the sample. Result shows that the sintered porous copper with 30 wt. % of space-holder produced the highest porosity and the lowest density. Microstructure of pores was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which reveals the elongated pores interconnected to each other
Geopolymerization is an alternative for ceramic industry by using clay based material such as kao... more Geopolymerization is an alternative for ceramic industry by using clay based material such as kaolin or calcined kaolin geopolymer. Geopolymer paste is initially produced by alkaline activation of calcined kaolin with NaOH and Na 2 SiO 3 solution), dried at 80ºC for 4 hours, pulverized and sieved to fixed particle size powder. The parameters involved in this processing route (alkali concentration, kaolin or calcined kaolin to activator ratio, alkali activator ratio and heating conditions) are investigated. Geopolymeric powder is added with water to produce slurry to be coated on the surface of clay ceramic. It undergoes heat treatment at high temperature to produce glaze on the surface. Flexural strength and hardness analysis are studied. Result evidences the processing show of incresing strength value between 8-10% after treatment with geopolymer glaze and also the Vickers hardness values of geopolymers improved.
Geopolymer is a new binding material produced to substitute the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) fu... more Geopolymer is a new binding material produced to substitute the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) function as a binder in concrete. As we know, different types of geopolymer will have different properties. In this research, the different types of geopolymer raw materials had been studied in term of microstructure. Different type of materials which is fly ash (class F) and kaolin had been mixed with alkaline solution consist of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide with suitable geopolymer raw material to alkaline activator and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratios. The geopolymer samples with different types of raw material were then cured at a temperature 70°C for 24 hr and maintained at room temperature until the testing was conducted. After the geopolymers were aged for seven days, the testing was conducted.
The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which is widely used materials not only consumes significant ... more The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which is widely used materials not only consumes significant amount of natural resources and energy but also pollutes the atmosphere by the emission of CO 2 . Hence, reduce this ill effect, the search for alternative result is geopolymer concrete. This experiment research focused on utilizing fly ash as source material. Fly ash is receiving more attention now since their uses generally improve the properties in construction industry, cost saving and reduction of negative environmental affects. Three different molarity of paste has been tested to acidic environment to determine the effect of acidic to the fly ash based geopolymer artificial aggregate. The geopolymer paste samples were cured at 70°C for 1 day and keep in room temperature until the testing days. The compressive strength and acid resistant testing was done at after 28 days. The result showed that the geopolymer paste with NaOH concentration of 12 M produced maximum strength.
ABSTRACT A study on stainless steel AISI 304 is conducted to find out its corrosion rates and the... more ABSTRACT A study on stainless steel AISI 304 is conducted to find out its corrosion rates and the effects to its mechanical properties that occur when AISI 304 is immersed in salt water containing 30%, 33% and 35% salt within one, two and three weeks time period of immersion. About 10 specimens in tensile test specimen shape were used where nine specimens were immersed and one specimen without immersion is used as control specimen to compare the corrosion rates and the effects between specimens immersed and not immersed. CCK equipment (cell corrosion kit) was used to determine the corrosion, which the rate stated in mm/year based on tafel graph plot that created. In this study, the corrosion rate increases as the period of immersion and salt contain increases. The highest corrosion rate that was obtained is occurred with immersion of three weeks and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 0.02087 mm/year and the lowest corrosion rate is occurred with immersion of one week and 30% salt contain in salt water which is 0.001612 mm/year. The effects of AISI 304 mechanical properties were determined by tensile test and hardness test. The hardness of specimens was obtained using Rockwell Hardness Test. The hardness of specimens decreases as the period time of immersion increases and salt contain increases. The highest hardness of specimen is with immersion of one week and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 19.76HRC and the lowest hardness of specimen is with immersion of three weeks and 35% salt contain in salt water which is 13.37HRC. In tensile test, the maximum load and maximum stress were determined. The highest maximum load of specimen is occurred with immersion of one week and 30% salt contain in salt water which is 46.88kN. The lowest maximum load of specimen is occurred with immersion of three weeks and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 40.61kN. For maximum stress, the highest maximum stress of specimen is occurred with immersion of one week and 30% salt contain in salt water which is 5.38 N/mm 2 . The lowest maximum stress of specimen is occurred with immersion of three weeks and 33% salt contain in salt water which is 4.66 N/mm2. According to the optical microscope, we can see the corrosion effects more clearly. The corrosion occurs with small hole and undercutting shape. Type of corrosion that occurs is pitting corrosion.
The application of geopolymer as a coating was not widely explored by other researchers and there... more The application of geopolymer as a coating was not widely explored by other researchers and therefore the study of kaolin based geopolymer coating applied on different types of clay substrate (unsintered and sintered) was carried out. The geopolymer coating paste were initially prepared by mixed the kaolin with alkaline activator (NaOH and Na 2 SiO 3 ) until homogeneous mixture was obtained. After that, the geopolymer paste then applied on the surface of clay substrates and left to cure at 80 o C for 24 hours and sintered at 800 o C respectively for 2 hours. Flexural, compression test and SEM for morphology analysis are studied. Based on the results obtained, it shows that kaolin based geopolymer coating can contribute in improving the substrate strength, while curing and sintering temperature applied to the geopolymer coating on different substrate can influence the interaction between substrate and geopolymer paste to diffuse according to SEM image proved.
The paper presents the obtaining of shape memory alloys, base copper and a diffractometer and mic... more The paper presents the obtaining of shape memory alloys, base copper and a diffractometer and microscopic study on some samples. The study was made on CuZnAl samples, obtained by classic casting and educated. The shape memory alloys properties recommend their use for applications in domains as follows electric contacts, robotics, and aeronautics. When choosing the type of alloy used for the manufacture of the component parts of different industrial applications, it must be taken into account fatigue resistance, resistance to shocks and resistance to corrosion. Shape memory alloys are a unique group of alloys with the ability to remember a form even after quite severe plastic deformations. At low temperatures, shape memory alloys can be deformed apparently like other metallic alloys, but this deformation can recover with a relatively modest increase in temperature. 2. The second stage involves storing tension, by the action of external forces, the martensitic state, strong macles. Macroscopic deformation occurs by migration limits macles and increases those variables that are most favorably oriented to the applied voltage.
When we use effectively shape memory alloys require knowledge of operational behavior at the ther... more When we use effectively shape memory alloys require knowledge of operational behavior at the thermal stresses and mechanical variables. Measurements performed on a CuZnAl alloy, revealed fatigue properties by considering the size of the maximum load deformation corresponding recovered memory. It requires knowledge in design fatigue behavior of shape memory alloy components after education, fatigue strength by performing partial memory loss or physical destruction. The properties of memory shape alloys recommend their use for complex mechanical applications in domains as follows medicine, robotics, aeronautics, electric contacts, actuators. Shape memory metal alloys in the construction of such installations are subject to mechanical stress, and the thermal stresses, so their inclusion in a computing system fatigue involves consideration of the function performed.
ABSTRACT The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricate... more ABSTRACT The effect of space-holder content on the porosity of sintered copper that was fabricated by powder metallurgy technique has been investigated. Carbamide was used as space-holder and the content selected was 10 wt. %, 20 wt. % and 30 wt. %. A roll mill was used to mix the copper powder and the carbamide particles with rotation speed of 160 rpm for 2 hours. The mixture was compacted by hand press at 200-350MPa and sintered under argon atmosphere at 800°C. True density of the sample was determined by a gas pycnometer. Bulk density was determined using mass and volume of the sample. Result shows that the sintered porous copper with 30 wt. % of space-holder produced the highest porosity and the lowest density. Microstructure of pores was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which reveals the elongated pores interconnected to each other
With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste ... more With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
Porous metals that have open pores structure with low density and light weight properties are sui... more Porous metals that have open pores structure with low density and light weight properties are suitable to be used in many engineering applications. In this work, the porous aluminum was fabricated via sintering dissolution process (SDP). Aluminum and sodium chloride (20, 40, 50 wt. %) powders were mixed together to produce a homogeneous mixture. The mixture was compressed at 200 MPa followed by sintering at 500˚C, 550˚C and 600˚C for 2 hours. The sintered samples were placed under a warm running water stream for 45 min to dissolve the sodium chloride that embedded in the aluminum. From the result, the sodium chloride content controlled the total porosity between 20% and 40% of the sintered aluminum. Porosity increased and compressive strength decreased as the content of NaCl increased. It was also observed, the porosity increased with increasing sintering temperature for the sample with 40 wt. % of NaCl.
This paper presented the compressive strength of geopolymer paste with different NaOH concentrati... more This paper presented the compressive strength of geopolymer paste with different NaOH concentration and morphology analysis for sintered artificial aggregate. This artificial aggregate was produce based on mix design with highest compressive strength which is 12 M. The sample was cured at 70˚C for 24 hours and then it was exposed to different temperature at range 500˚C to 700˚C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to identify the formation of microstructure. The geopolymer artificial aggregate was an alternative ways to produce a greener environmental. In this study, the compressive strength for different Na 2 SiO 3 /NaOH ratio has been analyzed. The morphology for best mix design then were analyze for different curing temperature. The result shows fly ash based geopolymer paste with 12 M of NaOH concentration shows excellent result with 7.30 MPa at 2.5 ratio of Na 2 SiO 3 /NaOH and for geopolymer artificial aggregate, when temperature of heat treatment increased, the open porosity of porous geopolymer surface decreased.
The problem of lead poisoning resulting from the use of lead shot in hunting waterbirds and shoot... more The problem of lead poisoning resulting from the use of lead shot in hunting waterbirds and shooting sports has led to the partial ban, voluntary restriction and complete ban of lead shot in some countries. The ban resulted in the alternatives like copper shot, tungsten-tin shot, bismuth-tin, steel shot, etc. These alternatives are still expensive and other possible alternatives have not been explored up to date. There is therefore need to ban lead shot world-wide and step up research into the alternatives (green shot).
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compressive strength, water absorption, and porosity. As the percentage of kaolin was increased, the strength of the geopolymer decreased. In this study, 10% kaolin replacement was the optimum replacement and produced the maximum compressive strength of geopolymer at both 7 and 28 days.
compressive strength, water absorption, and porosity. As the percentage of kaolin was increased, the strength of the geopolymer decreased. In this study, 10% kaolin replacement was the optimum replacement and produced the maximum compressive strength of geopolymer at both 7 and 28 days.