Educación Fisica y Deportiva

Much recent attention has been given to the compatibility of combined aerobic and anaerobic training modalities. However few of these studies have reported data related to well-trained runners, which is a potential limitation. Therefore, due to the limited evidence available for this population, the main aim was to determine which mode of concurrent strength-endurance training might be the most effective at improving running performance in highly-trained runners. Eighteen well-trained male runners (age 23.7± 1.2 yr) with a maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) higher than 65 mL . kg -1. min -1 were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: Endurance-only Group (EG; n=6), who continued their usual training, which included general strength training with Thera-band latex-free exercise bands and endurance training; Strength Group (SG; n=6) who performed combined resistance and plyometric exercises and endurance training; Endurance-Strength Group (ESG; n=6) who performed endurance-strength training with loads of 40% and endurance training.. The study comprised 12 weeks of training in which runners trained 8 times a week (6 endurance sessions and 2 strength sessions) and 5 weeks of detraining. The subjects were tested on three different occasions (counter movement jump height, hopping test average height, onerepetition-maximum, running economy, VO 2max , maximal heart rate (HR max ), peak velocity, rating of perceived exertion and 3-km time trial were measured). Findings revealed significant time x group interaction effects for all almost tests (p <0.05). We can conclude that concurrent training (CT) for both SG and ESG groups led to improved maximal strength, running economy and peak velocity with no significant effects on the VO 2 kinetics pattern.

Sedano Campo, S, Vaeyens, R, Philippaerts, RM, Redondo, JC, De Benito, AM, and Cuadrado, C. Effects of lower-limb plyometric training on body composition, explosive strength, and kicking speed in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 23 : 1714-1722, 2009-The aim of the present study was to examine how explosive strength, kicking speed, and body composition are affected by a 12-week plyometric training program in elite female soccer players. The hypothesis was that this program would increase the jumping ability and kicking speed and that these gains could be maintained by means of regular soccer training only. Twenty adult female players were divided into 2 groups: control group (CG, n = 10, age 23.0 6 3.2 yr) and plyometric group (PG, n = 10; age 22.8 6 2.1 yr). The intervention was carried out during the second part of the competitive season. Both groups performed technical and tactical training exercises and matches together. However, the CG followed the regular soccer physical conditioning program, which was replaced by a plyometric program for PG. Neither CG nor PG performed weight training. Plyometric training took place 3 days a week for 12 weeks including jumps over hurdles, drop jumps (DJ) in stands, or horizontal jumps. Body mass, body composition, countermovement jump height, DJ height, and kicking speed were measured on 4 separate occasions. The PG demonstrated significant increases (p , 0.05) in jumping ability after 6 weeks of training and in kicking speed after 12 weeks. There were no significant time 3 group interaction effects for body composition. It could be concluded that a 12-week plyometric program can improve explosive strength in female soccer players and that these improvements can be transferred to soccer kick performance in terms of ball speed. However, players need time to transfer these improvements in strength to the specific task. Regular soccer training can maintain the improvements from a plyometric training program for several weeks.

Influencia de la práctica de actividad física en los aspectos físicos del parapléjico sedentario Resumen La mayor parte de los estudios estiman que entre el 10 y el 15 % de la población española presenta alguna discapacidad. En España aproximadamente 480.000 personas menores de 65 años presentan algún tipo de discapacidad y en los últimos datos estadísticos recogidos reflejan que existen 110.000 personas menores de 65 años usuarias de silla de ruedas, de los que solo 2.400 poseen licencia federativa en la federación española de deportes para minusválidos físicos, es decir un 2,2 %. Si observamos tanto el numero sumamente elevado de lesionados medulares como su creciente aumento día tras día, se crea la imperiosa necesidad de que este colectivo aprenda a potenciar al máximo aquellas partes de su cuerpo que no han sufrido alteración alguna, así como aquellas otras que pueden ser rehabilitadas en mayor o menor grado. En este estudio nos hemos marcado el siguiente objetivo: n Determinar la influencia que el ejercicio físico aeróbico tiene sobre la condición física de las personas afectadas a la lesión medular.

Background. Meihuaquan has not only survived four successive dynasties as well as wars and other social upheavals, but it is, in fact, enjoying revitalization against the background of urbanization.
Aim. What is the social foundation of the revival of Meihuaquan in rural of north China? The focus of this paper is how this revival is supported by social institutions, especially the group identity of Meihuaquan.
Method. The methods of this article include participant-observation fieldwork, semi-structured interviews and questionnaire survey.
Results. (1) Meihuaquan has survived four successive dynasties as well as wars and other social upheavals. (2) From 2006 the political environment has nurtured Meihuaquan’s survival and development. Now, it is enjoying a revival. (3) It is a means to enrich personal, social and spiritual life of local people. (4) Meihuaquan serves as a means of identity formation not only for males but also for females. (5) Young adults have similar enthusiasm concerning Meihuaquan to their seniors. (6) Cultural awareness of educated young people is helpful for the development of Meihuaquan.
Conclusions. The fundamental reason for Meihuaquan’s revival is that it cultivated the sense of group identity for local people in northern China. This kind of group identity is not only about social relationships, but also spiritual life; not only accepted by males, but also recognized by females; not only felt by older people, but also supported by the younger generation; not only favored by peasants, but also practiced by college students. In short, Meihuaquan established the identity of its members, local people and government by many strategies, and kept the balance between the three factions.

Introduction
There is evidence that research in martial arts and combat sports (MA&CS) has boomed since the late 1990’s [see e.g., Green and Svinth 2010; Gutiérrez-García et al. 2011]. This has led to the birth of several scientific/technical journals specific to MA&CS. These journals are nowadays sharing a common scientific publication space with more traditional scientific field-oriented journals, which also publish studies on MA&CS. The aim of this study is to provide a general and up-to-date overview on the MA&CS publication space referred to journals, as a tool for helping authors decide where to publish their MA&CS studies.

Methods
This study followed a bibliographic approach. Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS) core collection databases were screened for journal retrieval as these are, arguably, the most relevant global and multidisciplinary scientific databases nowadays. SportDiscus and PubMed databases were also included due to their relevance in the physical activity and sport sciences field. In addition, the authors provided information of current MA&CS scientific/technical journals not indexed in these databases. In order to rate how many MA&CS papers were published in specific MA&CS journals we used data from several bibliometric studies. The interpretation of the results was based on the authors’ knowledge and included variables such as impact, visibility and accessibility, the latter both for authors and readers.

Results and discussion
Up to four specific MA&CS journals were indexed in the WoS. These were Archives of Budo (Science Citation Index Expended, category Sport Sciences, no Impact Factor in 2017 due to anomalous citation patterns – overuse of self citations, Impact Factor 2016=1.506; Q3), Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports and Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas (Emerging Sources Citation Index). Archives of Budo (category Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Cite Score2017=1.59; Q2) and Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology (categories Philosophy, and Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Cite Score2017=0.80; Q1 and Q3 respectively) were also indexed in Scopus. SportDiscus provided one more current title: Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts. PubMed did not index any MA&CS journal. Titles not indexed in these databases include Research Journal of Budo, Martial Arts Studies Journal, Acta Taekwondo et Martialis Artium, International Journal of Wrestling Science, International Journal of Martial Arts, Chinese Wushu Research and Journal of Martial Arts Research – JOMAR (still not publishing any issue). These data must be considered as they are usually linked to authors’ research evaluation. Nevertheless, the specific states’ policies regarding the evaluation of researchers’ scientific production must be carefully taken into account, as they can be very different among countries.

All cited journals but Chinese Wushu Research are electronic and free, open-access, which means important advantages for their visibility and accessibility. They publish papers in English but JOMAR (also in German), Research Journal of Budo (also in Japanese), Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas (also in Spanish and Portuguese) and Chinese Wushu Research (only in Chinese). Publishing papers in other languages but English may allow easier accessibility to authors and readers not fluent in this language, which is an important point to avoid language bias in scientific publication. On the contrary, this trend seriously limits the accessibility to some contents of the aforementioned journals, as no other language but English has turned nowadays into the lingua franca for scientific communication. Therefore, it is suggested that authors try to publish their studies in English, provided their papers reach an acceptable English-as-a-lingua-franca level standards.

Another aspect that may limit accessibility for authors is publication fees/article processing charges (APC). Four MA&CS journals charge publication fees: Archives of Budo (€1210/US$1400 per article), Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports (€260/US$300 per article), International Journal of Wrestling Science (€173/US$200 per article) and Journal of Combat Sports & Martial Arts (€70/US$81 per article). This can be specially limiting for independent researchers and/or authors from institutions from developing countries wanting to publish their findings. Authors must be aware of this fact before submitting their manuscripts, as APCs are not applied upon submission but when the manuscript is accepted for publication.

Finally, it is obvious to say that studies on MA&CS can be found in non-specific MA&CS journals. Studies rating the contribution of specific MA&CS journals to the whole output of MA&CS articles used the WoS databases. The specific MA&CS indexed journals – mainly Archives of Budo – were placed in top positions but contributing scarcely to the whole output: 4.4% [Gutiérrez-García et al. 2011], 10.9% [Peset et al. 2013], 4.5% [Pérez-Gutiérrez et al. 2015], 10.6% [Pérez-Gutiérrez et al. 2017], and 10.6% (9.05% from Archives of Budo and 1.55% from Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports) [Franchini et al. 2018]. This means that studies on MA&CS are attractive to many scientific journals, which may increase the authors’ opportunities for getting their papers published.

Conclusion
There are, at least, twelve scientific/technical journals specific to MA&CS. These are diverse considering their impact, visibility and accessibility. We encourage potential authors to be aware about these journals and their characteristics before submitting their papers.

References
1. Franchini E., Gutiérrez-García C., Izquierdo, E. (2018). Olympic combat sports research output in the Web of Science: a sport sciences centered analysis, “Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 21–27; doi: 10.14589/ido.18.3.4.
2. Green, T.A., Svinth, J.R. (2010), Introduction [in] T.A. Green & J.R. Svinth [eds.], Martial Arts of the WORLD. An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara – California, pp. xvii-xix.
3. Gutiérrez-García C., Pérez-Gutiérrez M., Calderón-Tuero P. (2011), Bibliometric Analysis of the scientific production on martial arts and combat sport articles in the Web of Science databases (SCIExpanded, SSCI, A&HCI) (2000-2009) [in] A. Figueiredo and C. Gutiérrez-García (Eds.), Scientific Congress on Martial Arts and Combat Sports. Proceedings, IPV de Viseu, Viseu – Portugal, pp. 54-55.
4. Pérez-Gutiérrez M., Valdes-Badilla P., Gómez-Alonso M.T., Gutiérrez-García C. (2015), Bibliometric analysis of taekwondo articles published in the Web of Science (1989-2013), “Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 27-34; doi: 10.14589/ido.15.3.4.
5. Pérez-Gutiérrez M., Valdés-Badilla P., Gutiérrez-García C., Herrera-Valenzuela T. (2017). Taekwondo scientific production published on the Web of Science (1988-2016): Collaboration and topics. “Movimento”, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1325-1340.
6. Peset F., Ferrer-Sapena A., Villamon M., Gonzalez L.-M., Toca-Herrera J.-L., Aleixandre-Benavent R. (2013), Scientific literature analysis of Judo in Web of Science, “Archives of Budo”, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 81-91.