European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings, 2012
Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the total prim... more Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the total primary energy of sugarcane in the field. Today, its use for energy is incipient and it is mostly wasted by either burning in the pre-harvest or left on the ground to decay. Besides its potential use as feedstock for energy production, there are several possible agronomic benefits of the straw blanket left on the ground such as soil protection against erosion, increase of soil organic carbon content, inhibition of weed growth, nutrient recycling and reduction of soil water losses, to name a few. The balance of the impacts with the economic and energetic value of the straw indicates that there must be a range of values of the straw left on the ground that could be considered optimal, which is dependent on the local conditions, agricultural practices, characteristics of the straw and intended final use. This work is intended to shed some light into this subject to help the understanding of the importance of the various impacts of the straw blanket on the ground, the availability and quality of the straw, the economics of straw recovery and use and the main issues to be considered in defining the amount of straw to be recovered.
ABSTRACT Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the t... more ABSTRACT Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the total primary energy of sugarcane in the field. Today, its use for energy is incipient and it is mostly wasted by either burning in the pre-harvest or left on the ground to decay. Besides its potential use as feedstock for energy production, there are several possible agronomic benefits of the straw blanket left on the ground such as soil protection against erosion, increase of soil organic carbon content, inhibition of weed growth, nutrient recycling and reduction of soil water losses, to name a few. The balance of the impacts and the economic and energetic value of the straw indicate that the amount of the straw left on the ground that could be considered optimal is dependent on the local conditions, agricultural practices, characteristics of the straw and intended final use. This work is meant to shed some light into this subject to help the understanding of the importance of the various impacts of the straw blanket on the ground, the availability and quality of the straw, the economics of straw recovery and use and the main criteria for determining the amount of straw that can be recovered for bioenergy or biofuels production.
Avaliação socioeconômica e ambiental de rotas de produção de biodiesel no Brasil, baseada em anál... more Avaliação socioeconômica e ambiental de rotas de produção de biodiesel no Brasil, baseada em análise de insumo-produto Campinas, 2011
International civil aviation strives to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ... more International civil aviation strives to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) is an alternative for such purpose. However, for an alternative fuel to be considered SAF, some conditions must be met, and production must be certified for sustainability. This paper presents an assessment of the necessary conditions for the sustainable production of these biofuels in Brazil. It is based on a geospatial publicly available database (SAFmaps) that was built with the aim of providing information to stakeholders who would be interested in the production of SAF. The geographic scope corresponds to an area that is about half of the country. The case studies reported in this paper are related to four crop-based feedstocks (eucalyptus, soybean, sugarcane, and corn), which could be used for SAF production, according to three certified routes (FT, HEFA, and ATJ) (Fischer-Tropsch, Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids and Alcohol to Jet); in total, six potential production sites were assessed. For each crop, the detailed assessment is based on estimates of suitability for biomass production, yields, and costs. The assumptions made allowed us to explicitly analyse the risk of deforestation (production could only occur with displacement of pastures) and the necessary preservation of sensitive biomes and of legally protected areas, in addition to observing the restrictive conditions imposed by CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation). To reduce GHG emissions, transporting biomass over long distances was assumed to be only by rail or pipeline. In addition, we address alternatives to minimise the risks associated with induced land-use change (iLUC) and to reduce impacts on the landscape. The results show that the production of SAF through the ATJ route, using ethanol produced from sugarcane and corn, requires less land. Economic assessment was outside the scope of this paper.
It is well known that the fibre of sugarcane represents around two thirds of the primary energy a... more It is well known that the fibre of sugarcane represents around two thirds of the primary energy available in the plant and that this energy potential is very poorly converted to useful energy products. With the increasing green cane harvesting in some countries like Brazil and Australia, the availability of trash is becoming a reality which adds quite a potential to the already used bagasse. The first tentative effort to use this trash and surplus bagasse for energy products is being directed to extend the surplus power generation by the mills, thus increasing the revenues from this new product. In the future, they may be used as feedstocks for second generation biofuel production. In both cases, high investment costs are required and the economies of scale can be a problem in the economic viability of the business and it becomes important to find other potential uses for the two residues. There are many alternatives but, for energy products, one that seems attractive is the use of bagasse and trash as fuel in other plants. However, for that it is important to find ways to reduce the transport costs by increasing the mass and energy density by processes such as pelletising, torrefaction and briquetting. This work makes an assessment of the global market for the case of pellets, and indicates the present volumes and prices as well as quality and certification requirements. The results show that there is room to consider this alternative of pellets11613813034International society of sugar cane technologists : proceedings of the XXVIIIth congres
Este trabalho não poderia ser finalizado sem a ajuda, compreensão e apoio de diversas pessoas. Go... more Este trabalho não poderia ser finalizado sem a ajuda, compreensão e apoio de diversas pessoas. Gostaria de agradecer, especialmente, Ao professor Arnaldo e ao Fernando, por acreditarem em mim e me apoiarem em todos os momentos. Aos professores Eduardo Viola, Gylvan Meira Filho e André Simões, pelas preciosas contribuições na qualificação desta tese. Aos pesquisadores da Fundación Bariloche, por terem me recebido tão cordialmente. Aos meus pais José Alfredo e Darcy, e meus irmãos Taty e Alfredo, por estarem do meu lado em todos os momentos, principalmente, nos mais difíceis, dando-me forças e apoiando-me incondicionalmente. Aos meus amigos e colegas, em especial, Fabi, Márcia, Tio, Márcio, Tati, Vivi, Pedro, Débora, Cris, pelo carinho incondicional, pelas palavras amigas e pela alegria. À Cleci, grande incentivadora, pela força e pelas sugestões de melhoria deste trabalho. À tia Beth, pelo imenso e impecável trabalho de revisão desta tese. Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente -André, Carmen, Carol, David, Eduardo, Patrícia, Renato e Rose, pelo apoio e compreensão. Ao CNPQ e à Fundação Hewlett, pelo apoio financeiro. MUITO OBRIGADA! v RESUMO Cunha, Kamyla B., Papel do Brasil, da Índia e da China para a efetividade do regime climático pós-2012.
A minha família, que sempre me apoiou e acreditou na minha capacidade. À Prof. Arnaldo, pelo ince... more A minha família, que sempre me apoiou e acreditou na minha capacidade. À Prof. Arnaldo, pelo incentivo dado através da orientação sempre clara, da paciência, atenção e oportunidades. À Paulo Dolzan, pelas referências de estoque de carbono em diferentes culturas. Aos membros da banca examinadora desta dissertação, por terem colaborado com a finalização deste trabalho. Aos docentes do curso de Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos pela prontidão em esclarecer dúvidas. Aos funcionários da Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica que colaboraram com este trabalho através do cuidado com que realizam suas atividades.
pela orientação e compreensão em todas as etapas. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcos César Ferreira pela co-orie... more pela orientação e compreensão em todas as etapas. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcos César Ferreira pela co-orientação. Ao Professor Jose Luis Garcia Cuesta, pela orientação na Espanha. Aos Professores Lindon Matias Fonseca e Sérgio Waldir Bajay, pelas sugestões e contribuições a este trabalho. Aos meus pais, Marina, Maria Luiza, Iracema e Abílio, por sempre me apoiarem em todos os momentos da vida. A todos os professores e colegas do Planejamento Energético, do Instituto de Geociên cias, e da Unesp, campus de Rio Claro:
À minha família, em especial, à minha esposa Fernanda e meus filhos Gabriela, Gustavo e Juliana p... more À minha família, em especial, à minha esposa Fernanda e meus filhos Gabriela, Gustavo e Juliana pela compreensão, paciência e, sobretudo pelas palavras de estímulo nos momentos de dificuldades. Ao Prof. Arnaldo Walter, meu orientador, pela dedicação, seriedade e competência que pautaram sua conduta ao longo de todos estes anos. Ao pessoal da COPEC, representada pela sua presidente, Sra Livânia Frizon, e pelo seu corpo técnico (Dorgival, Júlio Cesar, Renato e Som), pela inestimável colaboração na coleta de dados que permitiram a realização desta pesquisa. Ao amigo, gerente Roberto Lúcio, pela paciência e incondicional apoio em todas as fases deste projeto. A PETROBRAS, representada pelos gerentes Alberto Fontes e Fernando Ribeiro, pela oportunidade concedida, tão importante para nosso desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal. A todos àqueles, que de alguma forma contribuíram para a realização deste sonho e não foram citados nominalmente. v EVANGELISTA JUNIOR, Francisco. Inserção de um modelo agro-industrial de pequena escala na cadeia de produção do biodiesel baseado na cultura do girassol e no segmento agrícola familiar do semi-árido potiguar. 2009. 138p. Campinas,: Tese (Doutorado) -
The bio-based economy is considered one of the options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissi... more The bio-based economy is considered one of the options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is pursued by many countries seeking not only emissions reductions but also greater independency and security. In this context, biofuels production has expanded in the first decade of this century, and the same increase can occur with biomaterials in the years to come. However, despite the large appeal of biofuel, various concerns regarding its sustainability have been raised, constraining production and imposing the necessity to attest compliance with some principles and criteria. As a result of interest group advocacy, a diversity of sustainability initiatives has emerged in recent years in the bioenergy context, which may soon be extended to chemicals and biomaterials as well. This chapter presents the main technical regulations and standards for bioenergy currently in place and discusses the social, economic, and environmental issues these address. Guided by the set principles and criteria, there is evidence supporting that, if implemented correctly, the bio-based economy can indeed offer significant contributions toward sustainable development.
This article analyses changes in working conditions in sugarcane in the light of Brazilian legisl... more This article analyses changes in working conditions in sugarcane in the light of Brazilian legislation in the 20 years, when the sector expanded and adopted new technological solutions and management paths. A central theme is understanding the effects of harvesting mechanization, which reached 90% of the national production on average. In total, 15,488 notices of violation were analysed, issued between 2000 and 2019 against the 280 business groups authorized by the ANP (National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels) to produce fuel ethanol from sugarcane, both in their agricultural and industrial operations. For comparisons purposes, the country was divided into three major producing regions -São Paulo, Northeast and Other States. The most common irregularities refer to workers' health and safety, mandatory rest, working hours, and pay. Notices of violation saw an upward trend until 2013, given the expansion of sugarcane throughout the country and authorities' strategy to pressure the sector and improve Brazilian ethanol's international reputation. The number of fines began to fall in 2014. Among the causes, intensification of mechanized harvesting reduced the number of workers in manual cutting -where irregularities were concentrated -and reduction in the impulse towards enforcement, given the Brazilian government's fiscal crisis.
Aos meus saudosos pais, por tudo o que fizeram para a minha formação e educação. v Agradecimentos... more Aos meus saudosos pais, por tudo o que fizeram para a minha formação e educação. v Agradecimentos À minha esposa Andréa e ao meu filho Daniel, minhas fontes de motivação, pela compreensão e pelo compartilhamento dos meus sonhos e ideais. Ao professor Arnaldo Walter, meu orientador, por ter acreditado no meu potencial e por ter me acolhido na pós-graduação. Aos professores Carla Cavaliero e Edson Tomaz, pelas valiosas sugestões apresentadas no exame de qualificação. À colega Kamyla Cunha, por ter me mostrado o caminho do Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos e pelo apoio nas disciplinas do curso. Aos colegas de trabalho Glenda Rangel, Vicente Schmall, Geraldo Favaretto e Cláudio Magno, pela grande ajuda na obtenção das informações da dissertação. Aos consultores José Roberto Moreira e Flávia Soares, pela colaboração técnica. A todos os professores e colegas do departamento, pelo aprendizado e pela convivência. A Petrobras, por ser uma empresa incentivadora do desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal de seus funcionários. vi Toda longa caminhada começa com um primeiro passo. (Provérbio chinês
Resumo: Este artigo analisa as transformações nas condições de trabalho na atividade canavieira à... more Resumo: Este artigo analisa as transformações nas condições de trabalho na atividade canavieira à luz da legislação brasileira nas últimas duas décadas, período em que o setor se expandiu e adotou novas soluções tecnológicas e caminhos gerenciais. Um tema central é compreender os efeitos da mecanização do corte da cana, que chegou a 90% da safra nacional, em média. Foram catalogados 15.488 autos de infração trabalhistas, emitidos pelos fiscais do governo federal entre 2000 e 2019, contra os 280 grupos empresariais autorizados pela ANP, tanto em suas operações agrícolas quanto industriais. Para permitir comparações, dividiu-se o país em três regiões -São Paulo, Nordeste e Demais UFs. O artigo demonstra que as irregularidades mais comuns se referem a saúde e segurança do trabalhador, descanso obrigatório, jornada e remuneração. A emissão de autos registrou tendência de alta até 2013, diante da expansão canavieira e da estratégia das autoridades em pressionar o setor e melhorar a imagem do etanol brasileiro. A aplicação de multas passou a cair em 2014. Entre as principais causas, intensificação da colheita mecanizada, que reduziu a quantidade de trabalhadores no corte manual, etapa na qual se concentravam irregularidades, e redução do ímpeto da fiscalização, diante da crise fiscal do país.
For international civil aviation to be able to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emis... more For international civil aviation to be able to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) needs to be made feasible. This paper presents the results of an assessment of the feasibility of production of SAF in Brazil, considering three certified routes, based on the dedicated production of eucalyptus, soy, sugarcane and corn. The results presented here refer to the production of biomass in selected locations, aiming to reduce GHG emissions and minimise production costs. Considering that the opportunity costs of feedstocks were not observed, the minimum selling price (MSP) of SAF in the reference case was estimated at 13.4 EUR•GJ -1 for the production based on soybean oil (HEFA-SPK route), 21.0 EUR•GJ -1 for the production based on ethanol from sugarcane and corn (ATJ-SPK) and 32.0 EUR•GJ -1 from eucalyptus (FT-SPK). These values refer to SAF's nth industrial plant and biomass costs that are compatible with the current agricultural yields in Brazil but which are also the highest. The MSP results are relatively low compared to the estimates available in the literature, but they do not show the strict economic viability of SAFs in the short-to medium-term, mainly because of the low prices of fossil fuels.
1CTBE – Brazilian Bioethanol Science & Technology Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil 2FEM & NIP... more 1CTBE – Brazilian Bioethanol Science & Technology Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil 2FEM & NIPE, University of Campinas – Unicamp †Author for correspondence: Tel.: +55 193 518 3176; E-mail: [email protected] Biofuels have been produced and used in transport for a long time, but it is only since 2000 that they have really started the current rapid expansion process, motivated mainly by escalating oil prices, concerns with energy security and global warming and interest in strengthening the agricultural sector. From 2004 to 2009 the total biofuel production increased from 32 billion l (30 b illion l of ethanol and 2 billion l of biodiesel) in 2004 to 93 b illion l (76 billion l of ethanol and 17 billion l of biodiesel) – a 190% growth in volume [1]. Some key observations can be made: the biofuels alternatives are in reality only ethanol and biodiesel; for ethanol, almost 90% of the production is concentrated in two countries – the USA and Brazil, while for biodiesel the EU was responsible for 52% of the production in 2009. Despite this significant growth, biofuels trade is still constrained by the prevailing protectionism so common in agricultural commodities. Another very important consequence of this fast growth of biofuels is the strong reaction against them, and not only from the sectors that felt negatively hit by their competition. The main focus of the critics are sustainability issues such as the negative impacts on food supply (mainly on prices), the real potential of reducing GHG emissions when substituting for fossil fuels, damage to biodiversity (especially caused by deforestation) and social problems (e.g., land tenure, poor working conditions and constrained access to natural resources). As a result of these criticisms, several initiatives aiming to set sustainability principles were taken at national and international levels, as an attempt to provide solid indications for policy makers and market stakeholders. Some of them are the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) [101], the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) [102], the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) [103], and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) [104]. On the other hand, such sustainability initiatives have been blamed as nonassumed trade barriers to bioenergy, as they are not required from any other energy sources.
ABSTRACT Sugarcane is being used for centuries as a feedstock for sugar production, and all breed... more ABSTRACT Sugarcane is being used for centuries as a feedstock for sugar production, and all breeding programs around the world are producing new varieties with the objective to improve the sucrose yield per hectare, among other properties. In Brazil, ethanol became a significant coproduct of sugar mills more than a century ago and the first mandate to blend ethanol in the gasoline dates back to 1931. Toward the end of the of twentieth century, many countries, including Brazil, Mauritius and Reunion Islands, Guatemala, and India, started to generate significant amounts of surplus electricity, and this practice is becoming a trend for new sugar/ethanol mills. With this changing picture of the sugarcane industry, some specialists in the sector started to look at sugarcane as an energy feedstock rather than a food feedstock in such a way that other characteristics related to total primary energy content became important quality parameters. The second point is how efficiently this primary energy is converted to useful energy products (ethanol and surplus electricity). Now, from the energy viewpoint, not only the sucrose but also the fibers in the cane are important quality parameters. Taking the Brazilian average conditions, the primary energy content of sugarcane is around 7,400 MJ/tonne of cane or 510 GJ/ha/year, and in an average distillery, less than 30 % of it is converted into useful energy products. This work analyzes the present situation of the Brazilian sugarcane industry focused on the production of energy products and evaluates areas for improvements and new cane breeding goals for an energy-minded industry. The impacts of these improvements in the primary energy conversion efficiency will be estimated, and the barriers for maximum recovery will be pointed out.
European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings, 2012
Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the total prim... more Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the total primary energy of sugarcane in the field. Today, its use for energy is incipient and it is mostly wasted by either burning in the pre-harvest or left on the ground to decay. Besides its potential use as feedstock for energy production, there are several possible agronomic benefits of the straw blanket left on the ground such as soil protection against erosion, increase of soil organic carbon content, inhibition of weed growth, nutrient recycling and reduction of soil water losses, to name a few. The balance of the impacts with the economic and energetic value of the straw indicates that there must be a range of values of the straw left on the ground that could be considered optimal, which is dependent on the local conditions, agricultural practices, characteristics of the straw and intended final use. This work is intended to shed some light into this subject to help the understanding of the importance of the various impacts of the straw blanket on the ground, the availability and quality of the straw, the economics of straw recovery and use and the main issues to be considered in defining the amount of straw to be recovered.
ABSTRACT Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the t... more ABSTRACT Sugarcane straw represents, under Brazilian conditions, approximately one third of the total primary energy of sugarcane in the field. Today, its use for energy is incipient and it is mostly wasted by either burning in the pre-harvest or left on the ground to decay. Besides its potential use as feedstock for energy production, there are several possible agronomic benefits of the straw blanket left on the ground such as soil protection against erosion, increase of soil organic carbon content, inhibition of weed growth, nutrient recycling and reduction of soil water losses, to name a few. The balance of the impacts and the economic and energetic value of the straw indicate that the amount of the straw left on the ground that could be considered optimal is dependent on the local conditions, agricultural practices, characteristics of the straw and intended final use. This work is meant to shed some light into this subject to help the understanding of the importance of the various impacts of the straw blanket on the ground, the availability and quality of the straw, the economics of straw recovery and use and the main criteria for determining the amount of straw that can be recovered for bioenergy or biofuels production.
Avaliação socioeconômica e ambiental de rotas de produção de biodiesel no Brasil, baseada em anál... more Avaliação socioeconômica e ambiental de rotas de produção de biodiesel no Brasil, baseada em análise de insumo-produto Campinas, 2011
International civil aviation strives to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ... more International civil aviation strives to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) is an alternative for such purpose. However, for an alternative fuel to be considered SAF, some conditions must be met, and production must be certified for sustainability. This paper presents an assessment of the necessary conditions for the sustainable production of these biofuels in Brazil. It is based on a geospatial publicly available database (SAFmaps) that was built with the aim of providing information to stakeholders who would be interested in the production of SAF. The geographic scope corresponds to an area that is about half of the country. The case studies reported in this paper are related to four crop-based feedstocks (eucalyptus, soybean, sugarcane, and corn), which could be used for SAF production, according to three certified routes (FT, HEFA, and ATJ) (Fischer-Tropsch, Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids and Alcohol to Jet); in total, six potential production sites were assessed. For each crop, the detailed assessment is based on estimates of suitability for biomass production, yields, and costs. The assumptions made allowed us to explicitly analyse the risk of deforestation (production could only occur with displacement of pastures) and the necessary preservation of sensitive biomes and of legally protected areas, in addition to observing the restrictive conditions imposed by CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation). To reduce GHG emissions, transporting biomass over long distances was assumed to be only by rail or pipeline. In addition, we address alternatives to minimise the risks associated with induced land-use change (iLUC) and to reduce impacts on the landscape. The results show that the production of SAF through the ATJ route, using ethanol produced from sugarcane and corn, requires less land. Economic assessment was outside the scope of this paper.
It is well known that the fibre of sugarcane represents around two thirds of the primary energy a... more It is well known that the fibre of sugarcane represents around two thirds of the primary energy available in the plant and that this energy potential is very poorly converted to useful energy products. With the increasing green cane harvesting in some countries like Brazil and Australia, the availability of trash is becoming a reality which adds quite a potential to the already used bagasse. The first tentative effort to use this trash and surplus bagasse for energy products is being directed to extend the surplus power generation by the mills, thus increasing the revenues from this new product. In the future, they may be used as feedstocks for second generation biofuel production. In both cases, high investment costs are required and the economies of scale can be a problem in the economic viability of the business and it becomes important to find other potential uses for the two residues. There are many alternatives but, for energy products, one that seems attractive is the use of bagasse and trash as fuel in other plants. However, for that it is important to find ways to reduce the transport costs by increasing the mass and energy density by processes such as pelletising, torrefaction and briquetting. This work makes an assessment of the global market for the case of pellets, and indicates the present volumes and prices as well as quality and certification requirements. The results show that there is room to consider this alternative of pellets11613813034International society of sugar cane technologists : proceedings of the XXVIIIth congres
Este trabalho não poderia ser finalizado sem a ajuda, compreensão e apoio de diversas pessoas. Go... more Este trabalho não poderia ser finalizado sem a ajuda, compreensão e apoio de diversas pessoas. Gostaria de agradecer, especialmente, Ao professor Arnaldo e ao Fernando, por acreditarem em mim e me apoiarem em todos os momentos. Aos professores Eduardo Viola, Gylvan Meira Filho e André Simões, pelas preciosas contribuições na qualificação desta tese. Aos pesquisadores da Fundación Bariloche, por terem me recebido tão cordialmente. Aos meus pais José Alfredo e Darcy, e meus irmãos Taty e Alfredo, por estarem do meu lado em todos os momentos, principalmente, nos mais difíceis, dando-me forças e apoiando-me incondicionalmente. Aos meus amigos e colegas, em especial, Fabi, Márcia, Tio, Márcio, Tati, Vivi, Pedro, Débora, Cris, pelo carinho incondicional, pelas palavras amigas e pela alegria. À Cleci, grande incentivadora, pela força e pelas sugestões de melhoria deste trabalho. À tia Beth, pelo imenso e impecável trabalho de revisão desta tese. Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente -André, Carmen, Carol, David, Eduardo, Patrícia, Renato e Rose, pelo apoio e compreensão. Ao CNPQ e à Fundação Hewlett, pelo apoio financeiro. MUITO OBRIGADA! v RESUMO Cunha, Kamyla B., Papel do Brasil, da Índia e da China para a efetividade do regime climático pós-2012.
A minha família, que sempre me apoiou e acreditou na minha capacidade. À Prof. Arnaldo, pelo ince... more A minha família, que sempre me apoiou e acreditou na minha capacidade. À Prof. Arnaldo, pelo incentivo dado através da orientação sempre clara, da paciência, atenção e oportunidades. À Paulo Dolzan, pelas referências de estoque de carbono em diferentes culturas. Aos membros da banca examinadora desta dissertação, por terem colaborado com a finalização deste trabalho. Aos docentes do curso de Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos pela prontidão em esclarecer dúvidas. Aos funcionários da Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica que colaboraram com este trabalho através do cuidado com que realizam suas atividades.
pela orientação e compreensão em todas as etapas. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcos César Ferreira pela co-orie... more pela orientação e compreensão em todas as etapas. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcos César Ferreira pela co-orientação. Ao Professor Jose Luis Garcia Cuesta, pela orientação na Espanha. Aos Professores Lindon Matias Fonseca e Sérgio Waldir Bajay, pelas sugestões e contribuições a este trabalho. Aos meus pais, Marina, Maria Luiza, Iracema e Abílio, por sempre me apoiarem em todos os momentos da vida. A todos os professores e colegas do Planejamento Energético, do Instituto de Geociên cias, e da Unesp, campus de Rio Claro:
À minha família, em especial, à minha esposa Fernanda e meus filhos Gabriela, Gustavo e Juliana p... more À minha família, em especial, à minha esposa Fernanda e meus filhos Gabriela, Gustavo e Juliana pela compreensão, paciência e, sobretudo pelas palavras de estímulo nos momentos de dificuldades. Ao Prof. Arnaldo Walter, meu orientador, pela dedicação, seriedade e competência que pautaram sua conduta ao longo de todos estes anos. Ao pessoal da COPEC, representada pela sua presidente, Sra Livânia Frizon, e pelo seu corpo técnico (Dorgival, Júlio Cesar, Renato e Som), pela inestimável colaboração na coleta de dados que permitiram a realização desta pesquisa. Ao amigo, gerente Roberto Lúcio, pela paciência e incondicional apoio em todas as fases deste projeto. A PETROBRAS, representada pelos gerentes Alberto Fontes e Fernando Ribeiro, pela oportunidade concedida, tão importante para nosso desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal. A todos àqueles, que de alguma forma contribuíram para a realização deste sonho e não foram citados nominalmente. v EVANGELISTA JUNIOR, Francisco. Inserção de um modelo agro-industrial de pequena escala na cadeia de produção do biodiesel baseado na cultura do girassol e no segmento agrícola familiar do semi-árido potiguar. 2009. 138p. Campinas,: Tese (Doutorado) -
The bio-based economy is considered one of the options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissi... more The bio-based economy is considered one of the options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is pursued by many countries seeking not only emissions reductions but also greater independency and security. In this context, biofuels production has expanded in the first decade of this century, and the same increase can occur with biomaterials in the years to come. However, despite the large appeal of biofuel, various concerns regarding its sustainability have been raised, constraining production and imposing the necessity to attest compliance with some principles and criteria. As a result of interest group advocacy, a diversity of sustainability initiatives has emerged in recent years in the bioenergy context, which may soon be extended to chemicals and biomaterials as well. This chapter presents the main technical regulations and standards for bioenergy currently in place and discusses the social, economic, and environmental issues these address. Guided by the set principles and criteria, there is evidence supporting that, if implemented correctly, the bio-based economy can indeed offer significant contributions toward sustainable development.
This article analyses changes in working conditions in sugarcane in the light of Brazilian legisl... more This article analyses changes in working conditions in sugarcane in the light of Brazilian legislation in the 20 years, when the sector expanded and adopted new technological solutions and management paths. A central theme is understanding the effects of harvesting mechanization, which reached 90% of the national production on average. In total, 15,488 notices of violation were analysed, issued between 2000 and 2019 against the 280 business groups authorized by the ANP (National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels) to produce fuel ethanol from sugarcane, both in their agricultural and industrial operations. For comparisons purposes, the country was divided into three major producing regions -São Paulo, Northeast and Other States. The most common irregularities refer to workers' health and safety, mandatory rest, working hours, and pay. Notices of violation saw an upward trend until 2013, given the expansion of sugarcane throughout the country and authorities' strategy to pressure the sector and improve Brazilian ethanol's international reputation. The number of fines began to fall in 2014. Among the causes, intensification of mechanized harvesting reduced the number of workers in manual cutting -where irregularities were concentrated -and reduction in the impulse towards enforcement, given the Brazilian government's fiscal crisis.
Aos meus saudosos pais, por tudo o que fizeram para a minha formação e educação. v Agradecimentos... more Aos meus saudosos pais, por tudo o que fizeram para a minha formação e educação. v Agradecimentos À minha esposa Andréa e ao meu filho Daniel, minhas fontes de motivação, pela compreensão e pelo compartilhamento dos meus sonhos e ideais. Ao professor Arnaldo Walter, meu orientador, por ter acreditado no meu potencial e por ter me acolhido na pós-graduação. Aos professores Carla Cavaliero e Edson Tomaz, pelas valiosas sugestões apresentadas no exame de qualificação. À colega Kamyla Cunha, por ter me mostrado o caminho do Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos e pelo apoio nas disciplinas do curso. Aos colegas de trabalho Glenda Rangel, Vicente Schmall, Geraldo Favaretto e Cláudio Magno, pela grande ajuda na obtenção das informações da dissertação. Aos consultores José Roberto Moreira e Flávia Soares, pela colaboração técnica. A todos os professores e colegas do departamento, pelo aprendizado e pela convivência. A Petrobras, por ser uma empresa incentivadora do desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal de seus funcionários. vi Toda longa caminhada começa com um primeiro passo. (Provérbio chinês
Resumo: Este artigo analisa as transformações nas condições de trabalho na atividade canavieira à... more Resumo: Este artigo analisa as transformações nas condições de trabalho na atividade canavieira à luz da legislação brasileira nas últimas duas décadas, período em que o setor se expandiu e adotou novas soluções tecnológicas e caminhos gerenciais. Um tema central é compreender os efeitos da mecanização do corte da cana, que chegou a 90% da safra nacional, em média. Foram catalogados 15.488 autos de infração trabalhistas, emitidos pelos fiscais do governo federal entre 2000 e 2019, contra os 280 grupos empresariais autorizados pela ANP, tanto em suas operações agrícolas quanto industriais. Para permitir comparações, dividiu-se o país em três regiões -São Paulo, Nordeste e Demais UFs. O artigo demonstra que as irregularidades mais comuns se referem a saúde e segurança do trabalhador, descanso obrigatório, jornada e remuneração. A emissão de autos registrou tendência de alta até 2013, diante da expansão canavieira e da estratégia das autoridades em pressionar o setor e melhorar a imagem do etanol brasileiro. A aplicação de multas passou a cair em 2014. Entre as principais causas, intensificação da colheita mecanizada, que reduziu a quantidade de trabalhadores no corte manual, etapa na qual se concentravam irregularidades, e redução do ímpeto da fiscalização, diante da crise fiscal do país.
For international civil aviation to be able to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emis... more For international civil aviation to be able to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) needs to be made feasible. This paper presents the results of an assessment of the feasibility of production of SAF in Brazil, considering three certified routes, based on the dedicated production of eucalyptus, soy, sugarcane and corn. The results presented here refer to the production of biomass in selected locations, aiming to reduce GHG emissions and minimise production costs. Considering that the opportunity costs of feedstocks were not observed, the minimum selling price (MSP) of SAF in the reference case was estimated at 13.4 EUR•GJ -1 for the production based on soybean oil (HEFA-SPK route), 21.0 EUR•GJ -1 for the production based on ethanol from sugarcane and corn (ATJ-SPK) and 32.0 EUR•GJ -1 from eucalyptus (FT-SPK). These values refer to SAF's nth industrial plant and biomass costs that are compatible with the current agricultural yields in Brazil but which are also the highest. The MSP results are relatively low compared to the estimates available in the literature, but they do not show the strict economic viability of SAFs in the short-to medium-term, mainly because of the low prices of fossil fuels.
1CTBE – Brazilian Bioethanol Science & Technology Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil 2FEM & NIP... more 1CTBE – Brazilian Bioethanol Science & Technology Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil 2FEM & NIPE, University of Campinas – Unicamp †Author for correspondence: Tel.: +55 193 518 3176; E-mail: [email protected] Biofuels have been produced and used in transport for a long time, but it is only since 2000 that they have really started the current rapid expansion process, motivated mainly by escalating oil prices, concerns with energy security and global warming and interest in strengthening the agricultural sector. From 2004 to 2009 the total biofuel production increased from 32 billion l (30 b illion l of ethanol and 2 billion l of biodiesel) in 2004 to 93 b illion l (76 billion l of ethanol and 17 billion l of biodiesel) – a 190% growth in volume [1]. Some key observations can be made: the biofuels alternatives are in reality only ethanol and biodiesel; for ethanol, almost 90% of the production is concentrated in two countries – the USA and Brazil, while for biodiesel the EU was responsible for 52% of the production in 2009. Despite this significant growth, biofuels trade is still constrained by the prevailing protectionism so common in agricultural commodities. Another very important consequence of this fast growth of biofuels is the strong reaction against them, and not only from the sectors that felt negatively hit by their competition. The main focus of the critics are sustainability issues such as the negative impacts on food supply (mainly on prices), the real potential of reducing GHG emissions when substituting for fossil fuels, damage to biodiversity (especially caused by deforestation) and social problems (e.g., land tenure, poor working conditions and constrained access to natural resources). As a result of these criticisms, several initiatives aiming to set sustainability principles were taken at national and international levels, as an attempt to provide solid indications for policy makers and market stakeholders. Some of them are the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) [101], the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) [102], the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) [103], and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) [104]. On the other hand, such sustainability initiatives have been blamed as nonassumed trade barriers to bioenergy, as they are not required from any other energy sources.
ABSTRACT Sugarcane is being used for centuries as a feedstock for sugar production, and all breed... more ABSTRACT Sugarcane is being used for centuries as a feedstock for sugar production, and all breeding programs around the world are producing new varieties with the objective to improve the sucrose yield per hectare, among other properties. In Brazil, ethanol became a significant coproduct of sugar mills more than a century ago and the first mandate to blend ethanol in the gasoline dates back to 1931. Toward the end of the of twentieth century, many countries, including Brazil, Mauritius and Reunion Islands, Guatemala, and India, started to generate significant amounts of surplus electricity, and this practice is becoming a trend for new sugar/ethanol mills. With this changing picture of the sugarcane industry, some specialists in the sector started to look at sugarcane as an energy feedstock rather than a food feedstock in such a way that other characteristics related to total primary energy content became important quality parameters. The second point is how efficiently this primary energy is converted to useful energy products (ethanol and surplus electricity). Now, from the energy viewpoint, not only the sucrose but also the fibers in the cane are important quality parameters. Taking the Brazilian average conditions, the primary energy content of sugarcane is around 7,400 MJ/tonne of cane or 510 GJ/ha/year, and in an average distillery, less than 30 % of it is converted into useful energy products. This work analyzes the present situation of the Brazilian sugarcane industry focused on the production of energy products and evaluates areas for improvements and new cane breeding goals for an energy-minded industry. The impacts of these improvements in the primary energy conversion efficiency will be estimated, and the barriers for maximum recovery will be pointed out.
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