What is the iconographic meaning of the 95 Buddhas in Cave 11 of Yungang, created during the reig... more What is the iconographic meaning of the 95 Buddhas in Cave 11 of Yungang, created during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen(孝文帝, r.471-499) of the Northern Wei(386-534) Dynasty, and how is it related to the idea of the end of the Dharma, Mofa末法? In addition, Yang Xuanzhi (楊衒之, active in the mid-6th century)'s 『Luoyang Jialanji 洛陽伽藍記』 was recorded the Buddhist temples in Luoyang covered from 494 when Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital from Pingcheng (today, Datung) to Luoyang to 534, when it was divided into Eastern and Western Wei. The number of temples in Luoyang increased from 42 to 1,367 after moving Capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. So, did Emperor Xiaowen's Buddhist policy and support focus on Buddhism in recognition of the end of the Dharma era? Monk Ling Yu(靈裕 518-605), who built the Dazhu Sheong ku大住聖窟 at Ling quan si(靈泉寺) Temple in Henan Province, which carved the 53 Buddha’s name on the outside wall. It gave an idea of the 53 Buddha’s belief at that time. In this article will be tried to introduce Korea's 53 Buddha’s belief, which is newly interpreted.
Aside from the Confession ritual, what did the Buddhist do to prepare for the last era of Dharma?... more Aside from the Confession ritual, what did the Buddhist do to prepare for the last era of Dharma? In this issue will be tried to introduce the Three stairs Buddhism(Sanjiejiao三階敎, Samgyegyo삼계교) and Jeomchal Dharma Assembly(Jeomchal Beobhoe점찰법회) in Silla(신라 BC 57-935) Dynasty, which based on the Sutra of the Divination of the Effect of Good and Evil( T17/839 占察善惡業報經, Jeomchal Seonag Eobbo Gyeong점찰선악업보경). This Buddhism presented a way to edify and save sentient beings in the last era of Dharma. Jingwan(靜琬, Jeongwan정완, ?-639), a monk of the Sui (581-618) Dynasty, produced the Fangshan(房山, Bangsan방산) stone Sutra in preparation for the last era of Dharma. So, why did Jingwan decorate stone Sutra tablets on the wall of Leiyin dong(雷音洞, Noeum-dong뇌음동)? What does this mean?
Monk Zhiyi(智顗 538-597) became a disciple of Nanyue Huisi (南岳慧思 514-577) at the age of 23. Huisi p... more Monk Zhiyi(智顗 538-597) became a disciple of Nanyue Huisi (南岳慧思 514-577) at the age of 23. Huisi preached on Lotus Samadhi(法華三昧) and said that he personally saw Maitreya in Tusita heaven by reciting the Lotus Sutra every day. Huisi said that the end of the Dharma era, Mofa末法 began in 434. In other words, the Chinese Buddhist of the 6th century thought that they were living in the end of the Dharma era. So, were the Korean monks really aware of their activities who studied in the Tang(618-907) Dynasty? In this issue, it was looked at Buddhist awareness of the end of the Dharma era and the confession ritual of the Palgwanhoe 팔관회 during the Silla Dynasty.
In this issue, it is examined the relationship between the niche of two Buddha and the iconograp... more In this issue, it is examined the relationship between the niche of two Buddha and the iconography of seven Past Buddha According to Sutra, if a practitioner recites the Lotus Sutra for 21 days and nights, understands its meaning, and practices meditation, he can see the past seven Buddhas in Samadhi. At this time, if the practitioner repents of his bad deeds, when he is on his deathbed, a thousand Buddhas will extend their hands and the practitioner will not fall into the three evil paths and coexist in the Tusita Heaven where Maitreya Bodhisattva resides.
In this issue, we will discuss the theory of the nature of Buddhahood through dependent originati... more In this issue, we will discuss the theory of the nature of Buddhahood through dependent origination, is directly related to the thought of Past Buddha.
Looking at advanced research, this theory of dependent origination establishes the theory of Buddhahood that Buddha Shakyamuni attained Buddhahood while recognizing the relationship of Bodhisattva practice in his past.
According to early scriptures, Buddha Shakyamuni meditated under the Bodhi tree, attained the three wisdoms, and reached enlightenment. The first is the ability to remembers his past lives, the second is the ability to know future lives that he is getting the heavenly eye that allows him to see the life and death of sentient beings, and the third is the ability to achieves the extinction of suffering. And then finally he attained Buddhahood.
Based on Buddhism's thought of dependent origination緣起, we looked at the temporality of Buddhism ... more Based on Buddhism's thought of dependent origination緣起, we looked at the temporality of Buddhism in which the ichonography of Maitrey Five Buddha statue can be located in one Buddhist Niche, Yungang, and the sense of place in which the space of Tusita Heaven of Maitreya asending faith and Jambudvipa of desending faith in the future coexist in one Niche.
The seated statue (in Bhadrasana posture) of Maitreya Buddha was created during the Sui (581-619)... more The seated statue (in Bhadrasana posture) of Maitreya Buddha was created during the Sui (581-619) Dynasty in the mural on the northern wall of Cave 116 in Dunhuang, who represented the three times Preach of the Dragon Tree. So, which iconography of the Maitreya Buddha was found in Dunhuang in the Northern Wei Dynasty? And what will Maitreya Buddha preach about?
In this issue, we will look at the iconography of Maitreya Buddha and the role of Maha Kasyapa, w... more In this issue, we will look at the iconography of Maitreya Buddha and the role of Maha Kasyapa, which was found their relationship on the Goryeo buddhistic Painting. And what happened to Maha Kasyapa after delivering Shakyamuni’s Cloth kasaya and his bowl to Maitreya?
We looked at the rock-carved Monk Ananda with Kundika at Sinseonsa Temple on Danseoksan Mountain,... more We looked at the rock-carved Monk Ananda with Kundika at Sinseonsa Temple on Danseoksan Mountain, Gyeongju. Venerable Monk Ananda’s bottle(Kundika) symbolizes the ‘Buddhist Law and Water Story’ in which the water inside the bottle can be moved to another place without even a single drop remaining. This refers to Ananda's ability to codify the Buddhadharma by memorizing all of Shakymuni sermons after his nirvana. In other words, Ananda's Kundika symbolizes that the codified Buddhadharma is passed on to Maitreya.
It is said that Xuanzang (602-664) is asending to Tusita heaven after his death and descended to ... more It is said that Xuanzang (602-664) is asending to Tusita heaven after his death and descended to Jambdvipa together with Maitreya during the Dharma-ending period. What does this mean? He was reborn in Dosolcheon instead of being reborn in paradise Sukhavati, which can only be achieved by exercising the Bodhisattva mind and Mahayana mind. Why did he want to descend to there with Maitreya in the future?
In 『Goseungjeon高僧傳』, after Doan (道安312-382), Beophyeon (法顯337-422), Hyeonjang (玄奘602?-664), and U... more In 『Goseungjeon高僧傳』, after Doan (道安312-382), Beophyeon (法顯337-422), Hyeonjang (玄奘602?-664), and Uijeong (義淨635-713) were widely known through the acts of Maitreya belief. They were reborn in Tusita heaven. However, Kasyapa attained Arahantship, which is higher in enlightenment than them, but waited alone until Maitreya appeared in the future. What are they waiting for?
Based on 『Sangsheng-sutra』, monk iconography related to Maitreya faith were divided into three ty... more Based on 『Sangsheng-sutra』, monk iconography related to Maitreya faith were divided into three types: 1. Assistant monk for Maitreya Bodhisattva 2. A monk kneeling on one knee and praying to Maitreya 3. A Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk of the 『Lotus Sutra』 In particular, the Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk is who recited the Lotus Sutra and prayed for asending to Tusita-heaven. Sumagidu is an expression of Buddha Shakyamuni stroking his head in praise of his doing.
In Maitreya faith, the expression of Sumagidu手摩其頭 monks in the Lotus Sutra serves as a basis for interpreting the expression of Maitreya buddha statues and the two Buddhas together in a niche in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The East Asian Maritime World 1400-1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges. East Asian Maritime History, Band 4, 2007
The neighbor lands have as a necessary connected in history of cults, knowledge, economy, politic... more The neighbor lands have as a necessary connected in history of cults, knowledge, economy, politic and the others, in which played an important role of the land road and sea route. In this article, I shall use the Korean History works Taekli-ji, Taedongji-ji and Choson wangjo sillok 朝鮮王朝實錄 (Chronical History of the Choson dynasty) pursuing a study of sea routes between China and Korea, in which of both lands have a same sea named Korean West Sea in Korea, and East China Sea in China. It is used the name of Korean West Sea in this article.
The Qing Dynasty Mazu媽祖's Faith has the character of the Merchant god in China, and the Muzu's go... more The Qing Dynasty Mazu媽祖's Faith has the character of the Merchant god in China, and the Muzu's god is in charge of not only the livelihood of the Huiguan會館's merchants, but also the members' offspring and disease issues. Looking at the social role of the goddess by dividing it into five different bodies, the roles of 'Songsaeng nangnang送生娘娘' and 'Zisun nangnang子孫娘娘' show the 'male preference' and raise awareness of the dignity of life through the symbol of the double face of 'Songsaengnangnang'. In particular, 'Jisun Nang Nang' is the sea god in charge of the safety of ships and maritime trade. 'Banjinnangnang' and 'Yanguang nangnang眼光娘娘' represent the fear of measles and smallpox in the 19th century Qing Dynasty.
At that time, merchant associations burned large amounts of incense at the performance of the goddess Mazu to cure diseases. The method of prevention can be seen as distrust and alienation of Western clinics, which even opened a medical department in the Guangxu years, and represent the consciousness of the people who want to adhere to Chinese tradition.
Based on the Sangsaeng-sutra, it is described that the appearance of Maitreya Bodhisattva who exi... more Based on the Sangsaeng-sutra, it is described that the appearance of Maitreya Bodhisattva who existed in Tusita heaven(Dosolcheon도솔천) and what he is doing there. In addition, the Lotus-crown of Maitreya Bodhisattva in Gamsansa Temple 감산사 and the contemplating Maitreya of the Seosan Triad서산마애삼존불 was interpreted iconographically.
How would it be depicted in Buddhist art that Maitreya Bodhisattva is practicing the meditation? ... more How would it be depicted in Buddhist art that Maitreya Bodhisattva is practicing the meditation? What kind of image of Maitreya is doing the practioner actually visualizing? it was covered one of three images Maitreya in this paper.
What is the symbol of correct meditation, Siwei사유?
According to Sutra shangsheng of Maitreya-fait... more What is the symbol of correct meditation, Siwei사유? According to Sutra shangsheng of Maitreya-faith, it was depicted the lotus flower and heavenly things as a symbol of meditation, which are interpreted in this paper.
The meaning of contemplating buddha-figure Maitreya in Korea is interpreted according to sutra s... more The meaning of contemplating buddha-figure Maitreya in Korea is interpreted according to sutra shangsheng-faith Maitreya
Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, whe... more Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, where Mazu temples have been founded. The sailors and maritime merchants performed rituals to the goddess after they landed on the continent. The northern sea route terminated at Tianjin, in which there are seventeen Mazu 媽祖 temples. Mazu was a historical person, a girl named Lin Moniang 林默娘, who was born in the year 960 on the island of Meizhou in Putian, Xinghua prefecture, Fujian province. She had role as a patroness of the sea from the time of Northern Song(宋 960-1127) to the Yuan Dynasty. Usually maritime distress on the Yellow Sea was caused by the seasonal wind, which made of curosio 黑潮. The seasonal wind on the Yellow sea played the reason why there were existed seventeen Mazu temple in Tianjin .
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, where Mazu temples have been founded. The sailors and maritime merchants performed rituals to the goddess after they landed on the continent. The northern sea route terminated at Tianjin, in which there are seventeen Mazu 媽祖 temples. Mazu was a historical person, a girl named Lin Moniang 林默娘, who was born in the year 960 on the island of Meizhou in Putian, Xinghua prefecture, Fujian province. She had role as a patroness of the sea from the time of Northern Song(宋 960-1127) to the Yuan Dynasty. Usually maritime distress on the Yellow Sea was caused by the seasonal wind, which made of curosio 黑潮. The seasonal wind on the Yellow sea played the reason why there were existed seventeen Mazu temple in Tianjin .
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
CHUNGGUKSA YONGU; The Journal of Chinese Historical Rsearches, 2012
In this article, I tried to declare the thought of natural concept of Heaven in China binding the... more In this article, I tried to declare the thought of natural concept of Heaven in China binding the Pictorial Stone Carving of symbol Good Omen. It is analysed on stone relief in Shandong. There is one principle between Heaven and Human Being, which are dependent on each other(天人相應說). There are about 40 Iconographies of Good Omen on Pictorial Stone Carvings in Wuliang Sanctuary, in that are indicated whether emperor are doing well on policy or not. If he won't do well for the people, will be happened natural disaster.
Specially, the Han-period are expressed on pictorial stone reliefs of the episode the first emperor Qin, who was dropped one of tripod(鼎) to Nine Tripod in river of Sa(泗水昇鼎). The symbol of Tripod means the legitimacy of emperor status from Ha(夏)dynasty to Zhou(周)Dynasty, in which meaning the power of emperor blessed by Heaven(天命).
It is concluded that showed on the Pictorial Stone Carving which chinese emperor tried to take the mind of people and which emperor was not good it.
What is the iconographic meaning of the 95 Buddhas in Cave 11 of Yungang, created during the reig... more What is the iconographic meaning of the 95 Buddhas in Cave 11 of Yungang, created during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen(孝文帝, r.471-499) of the Northern Wei(386-534) Dynasty, and how is it related to the idea of the end of the Dharma, Mofa末法? In addition, Yang Xuanzhi (楊衒之, active in the mid-6th century)'s 『Luoyang Jialanji 洛陽伽藍記』 was recorded the Buddhist temples in Luoyang covered from 494 when Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital from Pingcheng (today, Datung) to Luoyang to 534, when it was divided into Eastern and Western Wei. The number of temples in Luoyang increased from 42 to 1,367 after moving Capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. So, did Emperor Xiaowen's Buddhist policy and support focus on Buddhism in recognition of the end of the Dharma era? Monk Ling Yu(靈裕 518-605), who built the Dazhu Sheong ku大住聖窟 at Ling quan si(靈泉寺) Temple in Henan Province, which carved the 53 Buddha’s name on the outside wall. It gave an idea of the 53 Buddha’s belief at that time. In this article will be tried to introduce Korea's 53 Buddha’s belief, which is newly interpreted.
Aside from the Confession ritual, what did the Buddhist do to prepare for the last era of Dharma?... more Aside from the Confession ritual, what did the Buddhist do to prepare for the last era of Dharma? In this issue will be tried to introduce the Three stairs Buddhism(Sanjiejiao三階敎, Samgyegyo삼계교) and Jeomchal Dharma Assembly(Jeomchal Beobhoe점찰법회) in Silla(신라 BC 57-935) Dynasty, which based on the Sutra of the Divination of the Effect of Good and Evil( T17/839 占察善惡業報經, Jeomchal Seonag Eobbo Gyeong점찰선악업보경). This Buddhism presented a way to edify and save sentient beings in the last era of Dharma. Jingwan(靜琬, Jeongwan정완, ?-639), a monk of the Sui (581-618) Dynasty, produced the Fangshan(房山, Bangsan방산) stone Sutra in preparation for the last era of Dharma. So, why did Jingwan decorate stone Sutra tablets on the wall of Leiyin dong(雷音洞, Noeum-dong뇌음동)? What does this mean?
Monk Zhiyi(智顗 538-597) became a disciple of Nanyue Huisi (南岳慧思 514-577) at the age of 23. Huisi p... more Monk Zhiyi(智顗 538-597) became a disciple of Nanyue Huisi (南岳慧思 514-577) at the age of 23. Huisi preached on Lotus Samadhi(法華三昧) and said that he personally saw Maitreya in Tusita heaven by reciting the Lotus Sutra every day. Huisi said that the end of the Dharma era, Mofa末法 began in 434. In other words, the Chinese Buddhist of the 6th century thought that they were living in the end of the Dharma era. So, were the Korean monks really aware of their activities who studied in the Tang(618-907) Dynasty? In this issue, it was looked at Buddhist awareness of the end of the Dharma era and the confession ritual of the Palgwanhoe 팔관회 during the Silla Dynasty.
In this issue, it is examined the relationship between the niche of two Buddha and the iconograp... more In this issue, it is examined the relationship between the niche of two Buddha and the iconography of seven Past Buddha According to Sutra, if a practitioner recites the Lotus Sutra for 21 days and nights, understands its meaning, and practices meditation, he can see the past seven Buddhas in Samadhi. At this time, if the practitioner repents of his bad deeds, when he is on his deathbed, a thousand Buddhas will extend their hands and the practitioner will not fall into the three evil paths and coexist in the Tusita Heaven where Maitreya Bodhisattva resides.
In this issue, we will discuss the theory of the nature of Buddhahood through dependent originati... more In this issue, we will discuss the theory of the nature of Buddhahood through dependent origination, is directly related to the thought of Past Buddha.
Looking at advanced research, this theory of dependent origination establishes the theory of Buddhahood that Buddha Shakyamuni attained Buddhahood while recognizing the relationship of Bodhisattva practice in his past.
According to early scriptures, Buddha Shakyamuni meditated under the Bodhi tree, attained the three wisdoms, and reached enlightenment. The first is the ability to remembers his past lives, the second is the ability to know future lives that he is getting the heavenly eye that allows him to see the life and death of sentient beings, and the third is the ability to achieves the extinction of suffering. And then finally he attained Buddhahood.
Based on Buddhism's thought of dependent origination緣起, we looked at the temporality of Buddhism ... more Based on Buddhism's thought of dependent origination緣起, we looked at the temporality of Buddhism in which the ichonography of Maitrey Five Buddha statue can be located in one Buddhist Niche, Yungang, and the sense of place in which the space of Tusita Heaven of Maitreya asending faith and Jambudvipa of desending faith in the future coexist in one Niche.
The seated statue (in Bhadrasana posture) of Maitreya Buddha was created during the Sui (581-619)... more The seated statue (in Bhadrasana posture) of Maitreya Buddha was created during the Sui (581-619) Dynasty in the mural on the northern wall of Cave 116 in Dunhuang, who represented the three times Preach of the Dragon Tree. So, which iconography of the Maitreya Buddha was found in Dunhuang in the Northern Wei Dynasty? And what will Maitreya Buddha preach about?
In this issue, we will look at the iconography of Maitreya Buddha and the role of Maha Kasyapa, w... more In this issue, we will look at the iconography of Maitreya Buddha and the role of Maha Kasyapa, which was found their relationship on the Goryeo buddhistic Painting. And what happened to Maha Kasyapa after delivering Shakyamuni’s Cloth kasaya and his bowl to Maitreya?
We looked at the rock-carved Monk Ananda with Kundika at Sinseonsa Temple on Danseoksan Mountain,... more We looked at the rock-carved Monk Ananda with Kundika at Sinseonsa Temple on Danseoksan Mountain, Gyeongju. Venerable Monk Ananda’s bottle(Kundika) symbolizes the ‘Buddhist Law and Water Story’ in which the water inside the bottle can be moved to another place without even a single drop remaining. This refers to Ananda's ability to codify the Buddhadharma by memorizing all of Shakymuni sermons after his nirvana. In other words, Ananda's Kundika symbolizes that the codified Buddhadharma is passed on to Maitreya.
It is said that Xuanzang (602-664) is asending to Tusita heaven after his death and descended to ... more It is said that Xuanzang (602-664) is asending to Tusita heaven after his death and descended to Jambdvipa together with Maitreya during the Dharma-ending period. What does this mean? He was reborn in Dosolcheon instead of being reborn in paradise Sukhavati, which can only be achieved by exercising the Bodhisattva mind and Mahayana mind. Why did he want to descend to there with Maitreya in the future?
In 『Goseungjeon高僧傳』, after Doan (道安312-382), Beophyeon (法顯337-422), Hyeonjang (玄奘602?-664), and U... more In 『Goseungjeon高僧傳』, after Doan (道安312-382), Beophyeon (法顯337-422), Hyeonjang (玄奘602?-664), and Uijeong (義淨635-713) were widely known through the acts of Maitreya belief. They were reborn in Tusita heaven. However, Kasyapa attained Arahantship, which is higher in enlightenment than them, but waited alone until Maitreya appeared in the future. What are they waiting for?
Based on 『Sangsheng-sutra』, monk iconography related to Maitreya faith were divided into three ty... more Based on 『Sangsheng-sutra』, monk iconography related to Maitreya faith were divided into three types: 1. Assistant monk for Maitreya Bodhisattva 2. A monk kneeling on one knee and praying to Maitreya 3. A Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk of the 『Lotus Sutra』 In particular, the Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk is who recited the Lotus Sutra and prayed for asending to Tusita-heaven. Sumagidu is an expression of Buddha Shakyamuni stroking his head in praise of his doing.
In Maitreya faith, the expression of Sumagidu手摩其頭 monks in the Lotus Sutra serves as a basis for interpreting the expression of Maitreya buddha statues and the two Buddhas together in a niche in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The East Asian Maritime World 1400-1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges. East Asian Maritime History, Band 4, 2007
The neighbor lands have as a necessary connected in history of cults, knowledge, economy, politic... more The neighbor lands have as a necessary connected in history of cults, knowledge, economy, politic and the others, in which played an important role of the land road and sea route. In this article, I shall use the Korean History works Taekli-ji, Taedongji-ji and Choson wangjo sillok 朝鮮王朝實錄 (Chronical History of the Choson dynasty) pursuing a study of sea routes between China and Korea, in which of both lands have a same sea named Korean West Sea in Korea, and East China Sea in China. It is used the name of Korean West Sea in this article.
The Qing Dynasty Mazu媽祖's Faith has the character of the Merchant god in China, and the Muzu's go... more The Qing Dynasty Mazu媽祖's Faith has the character of the Merchant god in China, and the Muzu's god is in charge of not only the livelihood of the Huiguan會館's merchants, but also the members' offspring and disease issues. Looking at the social role of the goddess by dividing it into five different bodies, the roles of 'Songsaeng nangnang送生娘娘' and 'Zisun nangnang子孫娘娘' show the 'male preference' and raise awareness of the dignity of life through the symbol of the double face of 'Songsaengnangnang'. In particular, 'Jisun Nang Nang' is the sea god in charge of the safety of ships and maritime trade. 'Banjinnangnang' and 'Yanguang nangnang眼光娘娘' represent the fear of measles and smallpox in the 19th century Qing Dynasty.
At that time, merchant associations burned large amounts of incense at the performance of the goddess Mazu to cure diseases. The method of prevention can be seen as distrust and alienation of Western clinics, which even opened a medical department in the Guangxu years, and represent the consciousness of the people who want to adhere to Chinese tradition.
Based on the Sangsaeng-sutra, it is described that the appearance of Maitreya Bodhisattva who exi... more Based on the Sangsaeng-sutra, it is described that the appearance of Maitreya Bodhisattva who existed in Tusita heaven(Dosolcheon도솔천) and what he is doing there. In addition, the Lotus-crown of Maitreya Bodhisattva in Gamsansa Temple 감산사 and the contemplating Maitreya of the Seosan Triad서산마애삼존불 was interpreted iconographically.
How would it be depicted in Buddhist art that Maitreya Bodhisattva is practicing the meditation? ... more How would it be depicted in Buddhist art that Maitreya Bodhisattva is practicing the meditation? What kind of image of Maitreya is doing the practioner actually visualizing? it was covered one of three images Maitreya in this paper.
What is the symbol of correct meditation, Siwei사유?
According to Sutra shangsheng of Maitreya-fait... more What is the symbol of correct meditation, Siwei사유? According to Sutra shangsheng of Maitreya-faith, it was depicted the lotus flower and heavenly things as a symbol of meditation, which are interpreted in this paper.
The meaning of contemplating buddha-figure Maitreya in Korea is interpreted according to sutra s... more The meaning of contemplating buddha-figure Maitreya in Korea is interpreted according to sutra shangsheng-faith Maitreya
Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, whe... more Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, where Mazu temples have been founded. The sailors and maritime merchants performed rituals to the goddess after they landed on the continent. The northern sea route terminated at Tianjin, in which there are seventeen Mazu 媽祖 temples. Mazu was a historical person, a girl named Lin Moniang 林默娘, who was born in the year 960 on the island of Meizhou in Putian, Xinghua prefecture, Fujian province. She had role as a patroness of the sea from the time of Northern Song(宋 960-1127) to the Yuan Dynasty. Usually maritime distress on the Yellow Sea was caused by the seasonal wind, which made of curosio 黑潮. The seasonal wind on the Yellow sea played the reason why there were existed seventeen Mazu temple in Tianjin .
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, where Mazu temples have been founded. The sailors and maritime merchants performed rituals to the goddess after they landed on the continent. The northern sea route terminated at Tianjin, in which there are seventeen Mazu 媽祖 temples. Mazu was a historical person, a girl named Lin Moniang 林默娘, who was born in the year 960 on the island of Meizhou in Putian, Xinghua prefecture, Fujian province. She had role as a patroness of the sea from the time of Northern Song(宋 960-1127) to the Yuan Dynasty. Usually maritime distress on the Yellow Sea was caused by the seasonal wind, which made of curosio 黑潮. The seasonal wind on the Yellow sea played the reason why there were existed seventeen Mazu temple in Tianjin .
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
CHUNGGUKSA YONGU; The Journal of Chinese Historical Rsearches, 2012
In this article, I tried to declare the thought of natural concept of Heaven in China binding the... more In this article, I tried to declare the thought of natural concept of Heaven in China binding the Pictorial Stone Carving of symbol Good Omen. It is analysed on stone relief in Shandong. There is one principle between Heaven and Human Being, which are dependent on each other(天人相應說). There are about 40 Iconographies of Good Omen on Pictorial Stone Carvings in Wuliang Sanctuary, in that are indicated whether emperor are doing well on policy or not. If he won't do well for the people, will be happened natural disaster.
Specially, the Han-period are expressed on pictorial stone reliefs of the episode the first emperor Qin, who was dropped one of tripod(鼎) to Nine Tripod in river of Sa(泗水昇鼎). The symbol of Tripod means the legitimacy of emperor status from Ha(夏)dynasty to Zhou(周)Dynasty, in which meaning the power of emperor blessed by Heaven(天命).
It is concluded that showed on the Pictorial Stone Carving which chinese emperor tried to take the mind of people and which emperor was not good it.
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Papers by Heyryun Koh
Monk Ling Yu(靈裕 518-605), who built the Dazhu Sheong ku大住聖窟 at Ling quan si(靈泉寺) Temple in Henan Province, which carved the 53 Buddha’s name on the outside wall. It gave an idea of the 53 Buddha’s belief at that time. In this article will be tried to introduce Korea's 53 Buddha’s belief, which is newly interpreted.
In this issue will be tried to introduce the Three stairs Buddhism(Sanjiejiao三階敎, Samgyegyo삼계교) and Jeomchal Dharma Assembly(Jeomchal Beobhoe점찰법회) in Silla(신라 BC 57-935) Dynasty, which based on the Sutra of the Divination of the Effect of Good and Evil( T17/839 占察善惡業報經, Jeomchal Seonag Eobbo Gyeong점찰선악업보경). This Buddhism presented a way to edify and save sentient beings in the last era of Dharma.
Jingwan(靜琬, Jeongwan정완, ?-639), a monk of the Sui (581-618) Dynasty, produced the Fangshan(房山, Bangsan방산) stone Sutra in preparation for the last era of Dharma. So, why did Jingwan decorate stone Sutra tablets on the wall of Leiyin dong(雷音洞, Noeum-dong뇌음동)? What does this mean?
According to Sutra, if a practitioner recites the Lotus Sutra for 21 days and nights, understands its meaning, and practices meditation, he can see the past seven Buddhas in Samadhi. At this time, if the practitioner repents of his bad deeds, when he is on his deathbed, a thousand Buddhas will extend their hands and the practitioner will not fall into the three evil paths and coexist in the Tusita Heaven where Maitreya Bodhisattva resides.
Looking at advanced research, this theory of dependent origination establishes the theory of Buddhahood that Buddha Shakyamuni attained Buddhahood while recognizing the relationship of Bodhisattva practice in his past.
According to early scriptures, Buddha Shakyamuni meditated under the Bodhi tree, attained the three wisdoms, and reached enlightenment. The first is the ability to remembers his past lives, the second is the ability to know future lives that he is getting the heavenly eye that allows him to see the life and death of sentient beings, and the third is the ability to achieves the extinction of suffering. And then finally he attained Buddhahood.
1. Assistant monk for Maitreya Bodhisattva
2. A monk kneeling on one knee and praying to Maitreya
3. A Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk of the 『Lotus Sutra』
In particular, the Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk is who recited the Lotus Sutra and prayed for asending to Tusita-heaven. Sumagidu is an expression of Buddha Shakyamuni stroking his head in praise of his doing.
In Maitreya faith, the expression of Sumagidu手摩其頭 monks in the Lotus Sutra serves as a basis for interpreting the expression of Maitreya buddha statues and the two Buddhas together in a niche in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
At that time, merchant associations burned large amounts of incense at the performance of the goddess Mazu to cure diseases. The method of prevention can be seen as distrust and alienation of Western clinics, which even opened a medical department in the Guangxu years, and represent the consciousness of the people who want to adhere to Chinese tradition.
According to Sutra shangsheng of Maitreya-faith, it was depicted the lotus flower and heavenly things as a symbol of meditation, which are interpreted in this paper.
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, where Mazu temples have been founded. The sailors and maritime merchants performed rituals to the goddess after they landed on the continent. The northern sea route terminated at Tianjin, in which there are seventeen Mazu 媽祖 temples. Mazu was a historical person, a girl named Lin Moniang 林默娘, who was born in the year 960 on the island of Meizhou in Putian, Xinghua prefecture, Fujian province. She had role as a patroness of the sea from the time of Northern Song(宋 960-1127) to the Yuan Dynasty. Usually maritime distress on the Yellow Sea was caused by the seasonal wind, which made of curosio 黑潮. The seasonal wind on the Yellow sea played the reason why there were existed seventeen Mazu temple in Tianjin .
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
Specially, the Han-period are expressed on pictorial stone reliefs of the episode the first emperor Qin, who was dropped one of tripod(鼎) to Nine Tripod in river of Sa(泗水昇鼎). The symbol of Tripod means the legitimacy of emperor status from Ha(夏)dynasty to Zhou(周)Dynasty, in which meaning the power of emperor blessed by Heaven(天命).
It is concluded that showed on the Pictorial Stone Carving which chinese emperor tried to take the mind of people and which emperor was not good it.
Monk Ling Yu(靈裕 518-605), who built the Dazhu Sheong ku大住聖窟 at Ling quan si(靈泉寺) Temple in Henan Province, which carved the 53 Buddha’s name on the outside wall. It gave an idea of the 53 Buddha’s belief at that time. In this article will be tried to introduce Korea's 53 Buddha’s belief, which is newly interpreted.
In this issue will be tried to introduce the Three stairs Buddhism(Sanjiejiao三階敎, Samgyegyo삼계교) and Jeomchal Dharma Assembly(Jeomchal Beobhoe점찰법회) in Silla(신라 BC 57-935) Dynasty, which based on the Sutra of the Divination of the Effect of Good and Evil( T17/839 占察善惡業報經, Jeomchal Seonag Eobbo Gyeong점찰선악업보경). This Buddhism presented a way to edify and save sentient beings in the last era of Dharma.
Jingwan(靜琬, Jeongwan정완, ?-639), a monk of the Sui (581-618) Dynasty, produced the Fangshan(房山, Bangsan방산) stone Sutra in preparation for the last era of Dharma. So, why did Jingwan decorate stone Sutra tablets on the wall of Leiyin dong(雷音洞, Noeum-dong뇌음동)? What does this mean?
According to Sutra, if a practitioner recites the Lotus Sutra for 21 days and nights, understands its meaning, and practices meditation, he can see the past seven Buddhas in Samadhi. At this time, if the practitioner repents of his bad deeds, when he is on his deathbed, a thousand Buddhas will extend their hands and the practitioner will not fall into the three evil paths and coexist in the Tusita Heaven where Maitreya Bodhisattva resides.
Looking at advanced research, this theory of dependent origination establishes the theory of Buddhahood that Buddha Shakyamuni attained Buddhahood while recognizing the relationship of Bodhisattva practice in his past.
According to early scriptures, Buddha Shakyamuni meditated under the Bodhi tree, attained the three wisdoms, and reached enlightenment. The first is the ability to remembers his past lives, the second is the ability to know future lives that he is getting the heavenly eye that allows him to see the life and death of sentient beings, and the third is the ability to achieves the extinction of suffering. And then finally he attained Buddhahood.
1. Assistant monk for Maitreya Bodhisattva
2. A monk kneeling on one knee and praying to Maitreya
3. A Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk of the 『Lotus Sutra』
In particular, the Sumagidu手摩其頭 monk is who recited the Lotus Sutra and prayed for asending to Tusita-heaven. Sumagidu is an expression of Buddha Shakyamuni stroking his head in praise of his doing.
In Maitreya faith, the expression of Sumagidu手摩其頭 monks in the Lotus Sutra serves as a basis for interpreting the expression of Maitreya buddha statues and the two Buddhas together in a niche in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
At that time, merchant associations burned large amounts of incense at the performance of the goddess Mazu to cure diseases. The method of prevention can be seen as distrust and alienation of Western clinics, which even opened a medical department in the Guangxu years, and represent the consciousness of the people who want to adhere to Chinese tradition.
According to Sutra shangsheng of Maitreya-faith, it was depicted the lotus flower and heavenly things as a symbol of meditation, which are interpreted in this paper.
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
Since Yuan 元 Dynasty(1271-1368) the sea route has been in operation from Zhejiang to Tianjin, where Mazu temples have been founded. The sailors and maritime merchants performed rituals to the goddess after they landed on the continent. The northern sea route terminated at Tianjin, in which there are seventeen Mazu 媽祖 temples. Mazu was a historical person, a girl named Lin Moniang 林默娘, who was born in the year 960 on the island of Meizhou in Putian, Xinghua prefecture, Fujian province. She had role as a patroness of the sea from the time of Northern Song(宋 960-1127) to the Yuan Dynasty. Usually maritime distress on the Yellow Sea was caused by the seasonal wind, which made of curosio 黑潮. The seasonal wind on the Yellow sea played the reason why there were existed seventeen Mazu temple in Tianjin .
This article is partly analysed about the Street Parades 行會 of 117 Merchants Club in Guangxi period 光緖年間(1875-1908), which were held to celebrate Mazu's Birthday each year in Tianjin 天津. I shell use the work entitled Tianjin tianhougong hanghui tu 天津 天后宮 行會圖(The Painting of Street Parades to the Palace of Heavenly Concubine in Tianjin). Which of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 24> Daigao hui 擡閣會 were described to ‘doing the Right way instead of Heaven' 替天行道 in Dadao hui 大刀會(Great Sword Society), and the colophon of <Painting of Street Parades 行會圖 Nr. 49> was revealed the place of Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會(Society of Japanese Apricot) in Shandong province, which society later will be organized the Boxer Rebellion 義和團 運動 with Dadao hui. Dadao hui 大刀會, Meihuaquan hui 梅花拳會 are combine with Secret Socity, which they tried to ‘help Qing Dynasty(淸1644-1911) and get rid of Western People' 扶淸滅洋. Thereupon it turned out the character of Street Parades of Emperor Club in Guangxi period, Tianjin.
Specially, the Han-period are expressed on pictorial stone reliefs of the episode the first emperor Qin, who was dropped one of tripod(鼎) to Nine Tripod in river of Sa(泗水昇鼎). The symbol of Tripod means the legitimacy of emperor status from Ha(夏)dynasty to Zhou(周)Dynasty, in which meaning the power of emperor blessed by Heaven(天命).
It is concluded that showed on the Pictorial Stone Carving which chinese emperor tried to take the mind of people and which emperor was not good it.