Global Studies

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n the year 1924, the fourth volume of The Handbook of Physical Education, a general work edited by Carl Diem, founder of the German Academy for Physical Education in Berlin, appeared. This fourth volume was written by the Professor of Physical Education at Leipzig University, Hermann Altrock, and it included the fields of “wrestling and weightlifting.” Altrock was a specialist in his subject and dealt with it both thoroughly and comprehensively. He produced accounts of strongmen performing on-stage or in circuses who, especially by the middle of the nineteenth century, had gainedincreastwentieth century of the use of light dumbell exercises and bodybuilding for back complaints, the development of general robustness, or for toning and shaping the body. 1

The Olympic Congress of 1914 took place in Paris immediately prior to World War I. It was to highlight Coubertin's standing in front of the President of France. While the formal celebrations were grandiose, the deliberations of the delegates about the future of the Games were a disaster for Coubertin, as he was utterly unprepared for these negotiations. He was confronted with the power of the newly founded international sports federations which wanted to have a decisive vote on their sports. Coubertin was even ready to resign on the question of women's participation in the Games. No complete Minutes of the Congress were ever published. Coubertin's description in his autobiography and the abridged version of the Proceedings after the Great War contain fakes which have not been questioned by the scholars of Olympic history because of the authority of Coubertin. Using newspaper records of the participants of various countries it is attempted to reconstruct what happened at the Congress.

Forgetting is often considered a problem of old age. It is seen as a sign of weakness, of individual frailty. Whoever uses oral history is fully aware of the problem that even an eyewitness for certain events at a certain period will have forgotten a lot or may even falsely remember something that took place in a different context. This is perfectly normal, although sometimes the historian might think that the person does not want to be remembered. As one can see in the aftermath of This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution and reproduction in any form, except for the modification and creation of derivative works, on the condition that the original work is properly cited.

policies are transformed into concrete realities that affect many different stakeholders. Socio-economists Robin Grimble and Kate Wellard noted that in the field of natural resources, projects and policies that are perceived to be successful from a governmental perspective often came at the expense of other stakeholders (most often 9 Ibid., 194–196. 10 Ibid., 193–214. 11 Philippe & Partners Law Firm, Final Report on Unconventional Gas in Europe,, Contracted Report for DG Energy (Brussels: Philippe & Partners, 2011), para. 324. 12 Börzel, “Member State Responses to Europeanization,” 197. 13 Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games,” International Organization 42, no. 03 (1988): 427–60.

The research adopted an intrapersonal perspective on identity and acculturation and explored the prediction of identity conflict in Chinese sojourners in Singapore. One hundred and six sojourners from the People's Republic of China completed a questionnaire which assessed tolerance of ambiguity, attributional complexity, host and co-national identification, quality and quantity of host and co-national contact, perceived discrimination, cultural distance, length of residence abroad and identity conflict.

This article discusses the intricate relationship between economics, temples, rituals, and king and kingship in early Bali. So far the anthropological representation of the organization of the pre-colonial or early colonial Balinese state and society has oscillated between the ‘theatre state’ in which ‘power served pomp’ and the alleged disjunction of the state from an economy based for the most part on irrigated agriculture (rice). This article suggests that regional lords as well as kings had a substantial share in the economy as well as in the ritual organization of irrigation agriculture. This involvement functioned on both the local or regional level, with its corresponding irrigation associations (subak) and their rituals, and on the transregional level, with its major temples – which also acted as redistribution centres – and their authorities.

Since early colonial times, Dutch government officials as well as anthropologists have made a distinction between what have been called "Bali Aga", the allegedly aboriginal inhabitants of Bali (Indonesia), and those inhabitants associated with title-bearing groups oriented towards royal courts and brahmana ritual specialists. While the former have been described as constituting a society characterized by equality and democracy, the latter have been portrayed as being almost the opposite. This article questions the basic assumptions about the "Bali Aga", especially the role of their ritual networks focusing on regional temples. These have been interpreted as a demonstration of equality and of a bounded "Bali Aga" ethnicity. This article suggests a different interpretation, one in which the ritual networks are understood as basic segments, not restricted to the Bali Aga, in the ritual organization of the pre-colonial Balinese state.

The villages on Bali’s north-east coast have a long history. Archaeological findings have shown that the coastal settlements of Tejakula District enjoyed trading relations with India as long as 2000 years ago or more. Royal decrees dating from the 10th to the 12th century, inscribed on copper tablets and preserved in the local villages as part of their religious heritage, bear witness to the fact that, over a period of over 1000 years, these played a major role as harbour and trading centres in the transmaritime trade between India and (probably) the Spice Islands. At the same time the inscriptions attest to the complexity in those days of Balinese society, with a hierarchical social organisation headed by a king who resided in the interior – precisely where, nobody knows. The interior was connected to the prosperous coastal settlements through a network of trade and ritual. The questions that faced the German-Balinese research team were first: Was there anything left over of this evidently glorious past? And second: Would our professional anthropological and archaeological research work be able to throw any more light on the vibrant past of these villages? This book is an attempt to answer both these and further questions on Bali’s coastal settlements, their history and culture.