Stems and roots are interconnected by their secondary phloem, a complex tissue that exhibits func... more Stems and roots are interconnected by their secondary phloem, a complex tissue that exhibits functional differences related to the anatomical structure of each organ. Here, we compared the structure of secondary phloem in mature stems and roots of Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae). We sampled the main stems at a height of 1.3 m and the roots at a depth of 0.5 m. We described both the qualitative and quantitative features of all secondary phloem cell types, and compared the quantitative features using a paired Student’s t test. The same percentage of sieve tubes in the conducting phloem between the organs indicates a similar conducting efficiency between stem and roots, even though sieve tubes have wider diameters in the stems. Overall, stems had a higher portion of nonconducting secondary phloem than the roots, with a higher number of both parenchyma and sclerenchyma bands, likely indicating a higher storage and support potential of the phloem in stems.
Bark comprises structurally and functionally complex plant tissues, providing a rich source of tr... more Bark comprises structurally and functionally complex plant tissues, providing a rich source of traits for taxonomic, phylogenetic, evolutionary and ecological studies. We compared bark traits of Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart. (Leguminosae) specimens growing in two Cerrado habitats (cerrado sensu stricto and gallery forest, being fire-prone and non-fire-prone habitats respectively), to determine which bark traits could be considered diagnostic and adaptively informative. We analysed the anatomy and thickness of the periderm, cortex, primary and secondary phloem, and also the bark histochemistry. Stryphnodendron polyphyllum is distinctive from other Stryphnodendron species reported in the literature, by the presence of a rhytidome, stratified lenticels and the non-collapsed parenchyma cells in the non-conducting phloem, which are, therefore, diagnostic traits for this species. Bark of S. polyphyllum showed a trade-off in resource allocation between the periderm and secondary phloem, whereas the thicker rhytidome seemed to be associated with fire protection in specimens from the fire-prone habitat, the wider sieve tubes in the thicker conducting secondary phloem indicated efficiency of photosynthate transport in the specimens from non-fire-prone habitat.
O presente estudo traz informações sobre a utilização da madeira de duas variedades de Sclerolobi... more O presente estudo traz informações sobre a utilização da madeira de duas variedades de Sclerolobium paniculatum (var. subvelutinum e rubiginosum) em propriedades rurais do sul do Maranhão, a análise anatômica do lenho e a correlação destas características com o uso da madeira. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 17 agricultores residentes na zona rural dessa região, com a finalidade de se conhecer a utilização destas variedades nas propriedades rurais. As variedades subvelutinum Benth. e rubiginosum (Mart. ex Tul. ) Benth. são conhecidas na região como cachamorra-preta e cachamorra-branca, respectivamente, sendo a primeira mais utilizada na confecção de cercados. Para o estudo anatômico do lenho, foram coletados discos à altura do peito de três indivíduos de cada variedade e, destes, obtidas amostras do cerne, na região de transição com o alburno. As amostras foram processadas de acordo com a metodologia usual para anatomia de madeira. Houve diferença estatística significativa (p<0,...
IAWA journal / International Association of Wood Anatomists
Development of Intra-anD Interxylary SeconDary phloem In CoCCinia indiCa (cucurbItaceae) vidya S.... more Development of Intra-anD Interxylary SeconDary phloem In CoCCinia indiCa (cucurbItaceae) vidya S. patil 1 , carmen r. marcati 2 and Kishore S. rajput 1, * SummAry Stem anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investi-gated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Sec-ondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicol-lateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascul...
Phytomorphology: An International Journal of Plant Morphology
Stem anatomy was investigated in a woody climber, Sirychnos bicolor Prog., ot' the Loganiacea... more Stem anatomy was investigated in a woody climber, Sirychnos bicolor Prog., ot' the Loganiaceae. Inter- and intraxylary secondary phloem was present. Secondary xylcm was diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and was composed of tracheids. vessels (both wider and narrow vessels), fibres with bordered pits, axial and ray parenchyma cells. Several irregularly arranged phloem islands of various shapes and dimensions (interxylary phloem) were embedded in thick walled xylem cells. Interxylary phloem development begins as small segments of the cambium inward development of secondary xylcm was retarded and gradually stopped while outward development of secondary phloem continued. The vascular cambium formed a depression in the areas where formation of xylem was stopped. Development of these depressions resulted in detachment of such segments from rest of the cambial cylinder. New cambial cells were originated on outer margin from the phloem parenchyma cells located outside to these...
There are various parameters that affect tree height and may cause dwarfism. Our goal was to stud... more There are various parameters that affect tree height and may cause dwarfism. Our goal was to study the anatomical variations in the leaf and xylem structure in dwarf and normal trees of Copaifera langsdorffii and their correlation with physico-chemical properties of the soils. Trees from two spatially close but different vegetation types, transitional forest and rupestrian field, showed markedly different wood and leaf characteristics. Adult trees of C. langsdorffii show normal height (up to 25 m) in transitional forests while in the rupestrian field they show dwarfism (small trees up to 2.5 m tall). Physical soil characteristics (such as rocky crust, low water availability due to shallow soil) presumably limit root growth and affect the rate of photosynthesis, which consequently affect the extension growth of the plant. Compared to normal trees, C. langsdorffii dwarf trees are characterized by narrow vessels and a higher proportion of vessels in multiples, features of the water transport system/hydraulic structure known to prevent embolism, wider rays with a greater potential to store starch, and higher stomatal density and potential conductance index.
The genus Styrax L. (Styracaceae) has a wide distribution in Brazil, occurring in diverse ecosyst... more The genus Styrax L. (Styracaceae) has a wide distribution in Brazil, occurring in diverse ecosystems. To get a better insight into the ecological adaptations of wood structure, we studied two species, S. camporum and S. ferrugineus from the cerrado, and three species, S. latifolium, S. martii and S. leprosus from the Atlantic forest. For each species, the wood of root and stem was analyzed separately and observations included qualitative as well as quantitative wood characteristics. The results show that there were significant anatomical differences between the forest and cerrado species as well as between the root and stem wood within single species. Quantitatively, the most informative features in the root wood that separated the forest from the cerrado species were diameter, length and number of vessels, length of fibres, and width and frequency of rays. In the stem wood, length and frequency of vessels, length of fibres, and width and frequency of rays were the most informative features. In contrast to the forest species, which had larger vessel diameters in their stem wood, the cerrado species had larger vessel diameters in their root wood. The calculated vulnerability index indicates that all Styrax species have adaptations to mesic conditions. The cerrado species had the smallest index values, which could be related to the seasonally dry condition of this environment.
Stem diameter in Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms (Phytolaccaceae) increases by forming conc... more Stem diameter in Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms (Phytolaccaceae) increases by forming concentric rings of xylem alternating with phloem, which show frequent anastomoses. After a period of primary growth and the formation of first (normal) ring of vascular cambium, further successive rings are initiated outside this cambium. The second ring of cambium originates from the pericycle parenchyma located between the proto-phloem, and the pericycle fibres. Each cambium produces centripetally secondary xylem and centrifugally secondary phloem. Differentiation of xylem precedes that of phloem and the first elements formed are always xylem fibres. Structurally, the vascular cylinder is composed by successive rings of secondary xylem and phloem. These rings are separated by wide bands of conjunctive parenchyma tissue. Presence of collateral vascular bundles with irregular orientation is observed in the region of anastomoses of two or more bands of conjunctive tissue. These bundles are surrounded by isodiametric, lignified and thick-walled cells. In some of the cambial rings, occurrence of polycentric rays was also noticed; these rays are tall, and characterized by the presence of meristematic regions that differentiated into thick-walled elements of secondary xylem. Origin and development of the successive cambia and the structure of xylem are discussed.
... 1) Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciências Florestais, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bot... more ... 1) Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciências Florestais, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, CP 237, CEP 18603-970, Brazil [E-mail: [email protected]]. ... Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne. Détienne, P., P. Jacquet &amp; A. Mariaux. 1982. ...
Page 1. IAWA Journal, Vol. 29 (3), 2008: 291299 PERFORATED RAY CELLS IN THE WOOD OF ROOTS AND BR... more Page 1. IAWA Journal, Vol. 29 (3), 2008: 291299 PERFORATED RAY CELLS IN THE WOOD OF ROOTS AND BRANCHES OF CERRADO SPECIES FROM BRAZIL Julia Oliveira Sonsin1,*, Silvia Rodrigues Machado2 and Carmen Regina Marcati1 SUMMARY ...
Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen, a climbing species of the Amaranthaceae increases in stem thi... more Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen, a climbing species of the Amaranthaceae increases in stem thickness by forming successive cambia. The family is dominated by herbaceous species and is constantly under discussion due to its disputed nature of the meristem. In the young stem small alternate segments of vascular cambium cease to divide and new arc of cambium initiates outside to it. The newly formed arcs connect with pre-existing alternate segments of cambium to complete the ring. On the contrary, in thick stems, instead of small segments, complete ring of cambium is replaced by new one. These new alternate segments/cambia originate from the parenchyma cells located outside to the phloem produced by previous cambium. Cambium is storied and exclusively composed of fusiform initials while ray cells remain absent at least in the early part of the secondary growth. However, large heterocellular rays are observed in 15-mm diameter stems but their frequency is much lower. In some of the rays, ray cells become meristematic and differentiate into radially arranged xylem and phloem elements. In fully grown plants, stems are composed of several successive rings of secondary xylem alternating with secondary phloem. Secondary xylem is diffuse-porous and composed of vessels, fibres, axial parenchyma while exceptionally large rays are observed only in the outermost regions of thick stems.
Brazil is the world's largest producer of charcoal and a great part of this material still comes ... more Brazil is the world's largest producer of charcoal and a great part of this material still comes from native forests -especially from the cerrado biome, which is highly impacted by anthropogenic degradation. The need to control charcoal production increases the demand of charcoal identification, but there is little information about the anatomical modifications due to carbonization. In this paper, fresh and charred wood samples from five Brazilian species were analyzed (Dalbergia violacea, Stryphnodendron polyphyllum, Tapirira guianensis, Vochysia tucanorum, and Pouteria torta). anatomical characters were described and measurements of the main anatomical features of wood and charcoal were statistically compared. Minor modifications were observed: reduction of tangential vessel diameter was the most evident change after carbonization; shrinkage of rays (in width) occurred only in some individuals. The present study supports the identification of charred woods, hopefully contributing to the control of charcoal production, and to palaeoenvironmental and archaeobotanical studies.
A comparative study of the secondary xylem (wood) anatomy of 11 species (38 specimens) occurring ... more A comparative study of the secondary xylem (wood) anatomy of 11 species (38 specimens) occurring in cerrado s.s. and the adjacent gallery forest (both cerrado s.l. habitat) was made with the aim of identifying the anatomical characteristics of ecological value and correlating them with the environmental conditions. The anatomical features that vary, in general, between the two habitats are: growth ring distinctness (well or poorly defined); tyloses and deposits (more abundant in cerrado specimens); gelatinous fibres (more evident in cerrado specimens and in different patterns between habitats); variation in paratracheal and banded parenchyma (more abundant in cerrado); and more cells per parenchyma strand in cerrado. In general, gallery forest specimens have wider vessels, fewer vessels per square millimetre and larger intervessel pits, indicating more efficient water conduction, whereas cerrado s.s. specimens are the opposite, with low vulnerability and mesomorphy indices, demonstrating greater safety under conditions of water stress.
Marcati, C.R.; Oliveira, J.S. and Machado, S.R. Growth rings in cerrado woody species: occurrence... more Marcati, C.R.; Oliveira, J.S. and Machado, S.R. Growth rings in cerrado woody species: occurrence and anatomical markers. Biota Neotrop. Sep/Dez 2006 vol. 6, no. 3 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v6n3/pt/abstract?article+bn00206032006 ISSN 1676-0611 Growth ring occurrence was investigated in 48 representative species of cerrado in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We characterized growth ring markers and described the growth layer structure of the basal portion of the most developed stem branches in woody plants. Growth rings were poorly defined in 33%, well defined in 61% and not discernable in 6% of the species studied. Various anatomical features were used as growth markers, such as: thick-walled latewood fibres; radially flattened latewood fibres; fibre zones; distended rays; marginal bands of axial parenchyma; marginal lines of parenchyma; and closeness of the narrow bands of scalariform parenchyma. In a single species, different growth ring markers often occurred together. Within growth layers, variations in the anatomical features were observed. Variations in the axial parenchyma distribution within growth rings in Vochysia cinnamomea, Qualea multiflora, V. rufa and V. tucanorum, wood are here reported for the first time. Variation in the distance of the axial parenchyma in narrow bands along the rays within growth layers in Annona coriacea, A. crassiflora, Diospyrus hispida and Roupala montana wood is also reported. Phenology and habit of the studied species were important aspects related to both growth ring presence and distinctness as well as to the anatomical features' variations within growth layers. Este estudo investigou a ocorrência de camadas de crescimento em 48 espécies representativas de cerrado no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Amostras foram obtidas da porção basal de ramos caulinares mais desenvolvidos. Foram caracterizados os marcadores de crescimento, bem como foi descrita a estrutura das camadas de crescimento. As camadas de crescimento apresentaram-se mal definidas em 33% e bem definidas em 61%, sendo ausentes em 6% das espécies analisadas. Várias características anatômicas foram utilizadas como marcadores de crescimento, tais como: fibras de paredes espessas; fibras achatadas radialmente, zonas fibrosas; raios distendidos; faixas marginais de parênquima axial; linhas de parênquima marginal; e proximidade das linhas de parênquima escalariforme. Diferentes marcadores podem ocorrer em uma mesma espécie. Variações na distribuição do parênquima axial nas camadas de crescimento em Vochysia cinnamomea, Qualea multiflora, V. rufa and V. tucanorum, bem como variação na distância das linhas de parênquima axial ao longo dos raios dentro das camadas de crescimento em Annona coriacea, A. crassiflora, Diospyrus hispida e Roupala montana são aqui reportadas pela primeira vez. A fenologia e o hábito das espécies foram aspectos importantes relacionados tanto com a presença e nitidez das camadas de crescimento no lenho quanto com as variações dentro dessas camadas.
The bark of Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) differs anatomically in the root and stem. Roots h... more The bark of Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) differs anatomically in the root and stem. Roots have layered secondary phloem; short sieve tubes with simple, transverse or more or less inclined sieve plates; fibres in tangential bands; astrosclereids; wide rays, and a poorly developed periderm. Stems have non-layered secondary phloem; longer sieve tubes with compound, scalariform, inclined sieve plates; sclerified cells and brachysclereids; a developed periderm, and a non-persistent rhytidome. Prismatic crystals, starch grains, phenolic compounds and lipidic contents were observed in root and stem bark cells. The differences between the secondary phloem of root and stem are discussed.
This work presents information about the use of wood of Sclerolobium paniculatum (var. subvelutin... more This work presents information about the use of wood of Sclerolobium paniculatum (var. subvelutinum and rubiginosum) at rural properties in the south of the state of Maranhão, Brazil, about the woods' anatomy and about the correlation between certain anatomical characteristics and the wood's practical use. Interviews were made with 17 farmers from this region in order to know how they use the two varieties in their properties. Regionally, the subvelutinum Benth. and rubiginosum (Mart. ex Tul. ) Benth. varieties are known as "cachamorra-preta" and "cachamorra-branca", respectively and the former is the most frequently applied, especially as fences. For the wood anatomy analyses, discs at the breast height were collected from three specimens of each variety. Next, samples were obtained from the discs core, and usual wood anatomy methodology was applied. The two varieties were statistically different (p<0,05) for six anatomical parameters. Fiber and vessel elements characteristics seem to be the most important features to explain the different use of the two varieties. It is suggested that more studies should be performed on climate variations and soil characteristics to get a better understanding about the causes of the wood anatomy quantitative differences found in this study.
Wood from stem and root of L. salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) was studied. Three plants were samp... more Wood from stem and root of L. salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) was studied. Three plants were sampled in a "cerrado" area in Pratânia municipality, São Paulo state (23º02'55,5" S e 48º31'26,1" W). Stem samples were collected at breast height (1.30 m from soil), and root samples were collected 30 to 40 cm from the stem base. There were qualitative and quantitative variations between root and stem wood. The most relevant quantitative characteristics diferentiating root wood from stem wood were: vessel elements length and frequency; fibre length, diameter and wall thickness; and ray width and height. Well defined growth increments were observed in root and stem wood. Simple and multiple perforation plates were observed in vessel elements in root and stem wood, however radiate plates were observed only in root wood. Septate fibres and wider rays were observed in root wood.
Comparative wood anatomy of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) in forest ... more Comparative wood anatomy of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) in forest and "cerradão"). The present study compares qualitative and quantitative characters of the wood of a tree species (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.-Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) from semideciduous mesophytic forest and "cerradão". Analysis revealed vessels with significantly larger diameter in trees from "cerradão" and intervascular pits being significantly larger in trees from forest. In contrast to the trees from the forest, gelatinous fibers, which have a special layer innermost of the wall, were found in great quantity in trees from "cerradão". Furthermore, the presence of subdivided marginal parenchyma and the absence of axial canals in some of the parenchyma bands are for the first time mentioned for this species.
Stems and roots are interconnected by their secondary phloem, a complex tissue that exhibits func... more Stems and roots are interconnected by their secondary phloem, a complex tissue that exhibits functional differences related to the anatomical structure of each organ. Here, we compared the structure of secondary phloem in mature stems and roots of Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae). We sampled the main stems at a height of 1.3 m and the roots at a depth of 0.5 m. We described both the qualitative and quantitative features of all secondary phloem cell types, and compared the quantitative features using a paired Student’s t test. The same percentage of sieve tubes in the conducting phloem between the organs indicates a similar conducting efficiency between stem and roots, even though sieve tubes have wider diameters in the stems. Overall, stems had a higher portion of nonconducting secondary phloem than the roots, with a higher number of both parenchyma and sclerenchyma bands, likely indicating a higher storage and support potential of the phloem in stems.
Bark comprises structurally and functionally complex plant tissues, providing a rich source of tr... more Bark comprises structurally and functionally complex plant tissues, providing a rich source of traits for taxonomic, phylogenetic, evolutionary and ecological studies. We compared bark traits of Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart. (Leguminosae) specimens growing in two Cerrado habitats (cerrado sensu stricto and gallery forest, being fire-prone and non-fire-prone habitats respectively), to determine which bark traits could be considered diagnostic and adaptively informative. We analysed the anatomy and thickness of the periderm, cortex, primary and secondary phloem, and also the bark histochemistry. Stryphnodendron polyphyllum is distinctive from other Stryphnodendron species reported in the literature, by the presence of a rhytidome, stratified lenticels and the non-collapsed parenchyma cells in the non-conducting phloem, which are, therefore, diagnostic traits for this species. Bark of S. polyphyllum showed a trade-off in resource allocation between the periderm and secondary phloem, whereas the thicker rhytidome seemed to be associated with fire protection in specimens from the fire-prone habitat, the wider sieve tubes in the thicker conducting secondary phloem indicated efficiency of photosynthate transport in the specimens from non-fire-prone habitat.
O presente estudo traz informações sobre a utilização da madeira de duas variedades de Sclerolobi... more O presente estudo traz informações sobre a utilização da madeira de duas variedades de Sclerolobium paniculatum (var. subvelutinum e rubiginosum) em propriedades rurais do sul do Maranhão, a análise anatômica do lenho e a correlação destas características com o uso da madeira. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 17 agricultores residentes na zona rural dessa região, com a finalidade de se conhecer a utilização destas variedades nas propriedades rurais. As variedades subvelutinum Benth. e rubiginosum (Mart. ex Tul. ) Benth. são conhecidas na região como cachamorra-preta e cachamorra-branca, respectivamente, sendo a primeira mais utilizada na confecção de cercados. Para o estudo anatômico do lenho, foram coletados discos à altura do peito de três indivíduos de cada variedade e, destes, obtidas amostras do cerne, na região de transição com o alburno. As amostras foram processadas de acordo com a metodologia usual para anatomia de madeira. Houve diferença estatística significativa (p<0,...
IAWA journal / International Association of Wood Anatomists
Development of Intra-anD Interxylary SeconDary phloem In CoCCinia indiCa (cucurbItaceae) vidya S.... more Development of Intra-anD Interxylary SeconDary phloem In CoCCinia indiCa (cucurbItaceae) vidya S. patil 1 , carmen r. marcati 2 and Kishore S. rajput 1, * SummAry Stem anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investi-gated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Sec-ondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicol-lateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascul...
Phytomorphology: An International Journal of Plant Morphology
Stem anatomy was investigated in a woody climber, Sirychnos bicolor Prog., ot' the Loganiacea... more Stem anatomy was investigated in a woody climber, Sirychnos bicolor Prog., ot' the Loganiaceae. Inter- and intraxylary secondary phloem was present. Secondary xylcm was diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and was composed of tracheids. vessels (both wider and narrow vessels), fibres with bordered pits, axial and ray parenchyma cells. Several irregularly arranged phloem islands of various shapes and dimensions (interxylary phloem) were embedded in thick walled xylem cells. Interxylary phloem development begins as small segments of the cambium inward development of secondary xylcm was retarded and gradually stopped while outward development of secondary phloem continued. The vascular cambium formed a depression in the areas where formation of xylem was stopped. Development of these depressions resulted in detachment of such segments from rest of the cambial cylinder. New cambial cells were originated on outer margin from the phloem parenchyma cells located outside to these...
There are various parameters that affect tree height and may cause dwarfism. Our goal was to stud... more There are various parameters that affect tree height and may cause dwarfism. Our goal was to study the anatomical variations in the leaf and xylem structure in dwarf and normal trees of Copaifera langsdorffii and their correlation with physico-chemical properties of the soils. Trees from two spatially close but different vegetation types, transitional forest and rupestrian field, showed markedly different wood and leaf characteristics. Adult trees of C. langsdorffii show normal height (up to 25 m) in transitional forests while in the rupestrian field they show dwarfism (small trees up to 2.5 m tall). Physical soil characteristics (such as rocky crust, low water availability due to shallow soil) presumably limit root growth and affect the rate of photosynthesis, which consequently affect the extension growth of the plant. Compared to normal trees, C. langsdorffii dwarf trees are characterized by narrow vessels and a higher proportion of vessels in multiples, features of the water transport system/hydraulic structure known to prevent embolism, wider rays with a greater potential to store starch, and higher stomatal density and potential conductance index.
The genus Styrax L. (Styracaceae) has a wide distribution in Brazil, occurring in diverse ecosyst... more The genus Styrax L. (Styracaceae) has a wide distribution in Brazil, occurring in diverse ecosystems. To get a better insight into the ecological adaptations of wood structure, we studied two species, S. camporum and S. ferrugineus from the cerrado, and three species, S. latifolium, S. martii and S. leprosus from the Atlantic forest. For each species, the wood of root and stem was analyzed separately and observations included qualitative as well as quantitative wood characteristics. The results show that there were significant anatomical differences between the forest and cerrado species as well as between the root and stem wood within single species. Quantitatively, the most informative features in the root wood that separated the forest from the cerrado species were diameter, length and number of vessels, length of fibres, and width and frequency of rays. In the stem wood, length and frequency of vessels, length of fibres, and width and frequency of rays were the most informative features. In contrast to the forest species, which had larger vessel diameters in their stem wood, the cerrado species had larger vessel diameters in their root wood. The calculated vulnerability index indicates that all Styrax species have adaptations to mesic conditions. The cerrado species had the smallest index values, which could be related to the seasonally dry condition of this environment.
Stem diameter in Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms (Phytolaccaceae) increases by forming conc... more Stem diameter in Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms (Phytolaccaceae) increases by forming concentric rings of xylem alternating with phloem, which show frequent anastomoses. After a period of primary growth and the formation of first (normal) ring of vascular cambium, further successive rings are initiated outside this cambium. The second ring of cambium originates from the pericycle parenchyma located between the proto-phloem, and the pericycle fibres. Each cambium produces centripetally secondary xylem and centrifugally secondary phloem. Differentiation of xylem precedes that of phloem and the first elements formed are always xylem fibres. Structurally, the vascular cylinder is composed by successive rings of secondary xylem and phloem. These rings are separated by wide bands of conjunctive parenchyma tissue. Presence of collateral vascular bundles with irregular orientation is observed in the region of anastomoses of two or more bands of conjunctive tissue. These bundles are surrounded by isodiametric, lignified and thick-walled cells. In some of the cambial rings, occurrence of polycentric rays was also noticed; these rays are tall, and characterized by the presence of meristematic regions that differentiated into thick-walled elements of secondary xylem. Origin and development of the successive cambia and the structure of xylem are discussed.
... 1) Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciências Florestais, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bot... more ... 1) Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciências Florestais, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, CP 237, CEP 18603-970, Brazil [E-mail: [email protected]]. ... Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne. Détienne, P., P. Jacquet &amp; A. Mariaux. 1982. ...
Page 1. IAWA Journal, Vol. 29 (3), 2008: 291299 PERFORATED RAY CELLS IN THE WOOD OF ROOTS AND BR... more Page 1. IAWA Journal, Vol. 29 (3), 2008: 291299 PERFORATED RAY CELLS IN THE WOOD OF ROOTS AND BRANCHES OF CERRADO SPECIES FROM BRAZIL Julia Oliveira Sonsin1,*, Silvia Rodrigues Machado2 and Carmen Regina Marcati1 SUMMARY ...
Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen, a climbing species of the Amaranthaceae increases in stem thi... more Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen, a climbing species of the Amaranthaceae increases in stem thickness by forming successive cambia. The family is dominated by herbaceous species and is constantly under discussion due to its disputed nature of the meristem. In the young stem small alternate segments of vascular cambium cease to divide and new arc of cambium initiates outside to it. The newly formed arcs connect with pre-existing alternate segments of cambium to complete the ring. On the contrary, in thick stems, instead of small segments, complete ring of cambium is replaced by new one. These new alternate segments/cambia originate from the parenchyma cells located outside to the phloem produced by previous cambium. Cambium is storied and exclusively composed of fusiform initials while ray cells remain absent at least in the early part of the secondary growth. However, large heterocellular rays are observed in 15-mm diameter stems but their frequency is much lower. In some of the rays, ray cells become meristematic and differentiate into radially arranged xylem and phloem elements. In fully grown plants, stems are composed of several successive rings of secondary xylem alternating with secondary phloem. Secondary xylem is diffuse-porous and composed of vessels, fibres, axial parenchyma while exceptionally large rays are observed only in the outermost regions of thick stems.
Brazil is the world's largest producer of charcoal and a great part of this material still comes ... more Brazil is the world's largest producer of charcoal and a great part of this material still comes from native forests -especially from the cerrado biome, which is highly impacted by anthropogenic degradation. The need to control charcoal production increases the demand of charcoal identification, but there is little information about the anatomical modifications due to carbonization. In this paper, fresh and charred wood samples from five Brazilian species were analyzed (Dalbergia violacea, Stryphnodendron polyphyllum, Tapirira guianensis, Vochysia tucanorum, and Pouteria torta). anatomical characters were described and measurements of the main anatomical features of wood and charcoal were statistically compared. Minor modifications were observed: reduction of tangential vessel diameter was the most evident change after carbonization; shrinkage of rays (in width) occurred only in some individuals. The present study supports the identification of charred woods, hopefully contributing to the control of charcoal production, and to palaeoenvironmental and archaeobotanical studies.
A comparative study of the secondary xylem (wood) anatomy of 11 species (38 specimens) occurring ... more A comparative study of the secondary xylem (wood) anatomy of 11 species (38 specimens) occurring in cerrado s.s. and the adjacent gallery forest (both cerrado s.l. habitat) was made with the aim of identifying the anatomical characteristics of ecological value and correlating them with the environmental conditions. The anatomical features that vary, in general, between the two habitats are: growth ring distinctness (well or poorly defined); tyloses and deposits (more abundant in cerrado specimens); gelatinous fibres (more evident in cerrado specimens and in different patterns between habitats); variation in paratracheal and banded parenchyma (more abundant in cerrado); and more cells per parenchyma strand in cerrado. In general, gallery forest specimens have wider vessels, fewer vessels per square millimetre and larger intervessel pits, indicating more efficient water conduction, whereas cerrado s.s. specimens are the opposite, with low vulnerability and mesomorphy indices, demonstrating greater safety under conditions of water stress.
Marcati, C.R.; Oliveira, J.S. and Machado, S.R. Growth rings in cerrado woody species: occurrence... more Marcati, C.R.; Oliveira, J.S. and Machado, S.R. Growth rings in cerrado woody species: occurrence and anatomical markers. Biota Neotrop. Sep/Dez 2006 vol. 6, no. 3 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v6n3/pt/abstract?article+bn00206032006 ISSN 1676-0611 Growth ring occurrence was investigated in 48 representative species of cerrado in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We characterized growth ring markers and described the growth layer structure of the basal portion of the most developed stem branches in woody plants. Growth rings were poorly defined in 33%, well defined in 61% and not discernable in 6% of the species studied. Various anatomical features were used as growth markers, such as: thick-walled latewood fibres; radially flattened latewood fibres; fibre zones; distended rays; marginal bands of axial parenchyma; marginal lines of parenchyma; and closeness of the narrow bands of scalariform parenchyma. In a single species, different growth ring markers often occurred together. Within growth layers, variations in the anatomical features were observed. Variations in the axial parenchyma distribution within growth rings in Vochysia cinnamomea, Qualea multiflora, V. rufa and V. tucanorum, wood are here reported for the first time. Variation in the distance of the axial parenchyma in narrow bands along the rays within growth layers in Annona coriacea, A. crassiflora, Diospyrus hispida and Roupala montana wood is also reported. Phenology and habit of the studied species were important aspects related to both growth ring presence and distinctness as well as to the anatomical features' variations within growth layers. Este estudo investigou a ocorrência de camadas de crescimento em 48 espécies representativas de cerrado no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Amostras foram obtidas da porção basal de ramos caulinares mais desenvolvidos. Foram caracterizados os marcadores de crescimento, bem como foi descrita a estrutura das camadas de crescimento. As camadas de crescimento apresentaram-se mal definidas em 33% e bem definidas em 61%, sendo ausentes em 6% das espécies analisadas. Várias características anatômicas foram utilizadas como marcadores de crescimento, tais como: fibras de paredes espessas; fibras achatadas radialmente, zonas fibrosas; raios distendidos; faixas marginais de parênquima axial; linhas de parênquima marginal; e proximidade das linhas de parênquima escalariforme. Diferentes marcadores podem ocorrer em uma mesma espécie. Variações na distribuição do parênquima axial nas camadas de crescimento em Vochysia cinnamomea, Qualea multiflora, V. rufa and V. tucanorum, bem como variação na distância das linhas de parênquima axial ao longo dos raios dentro das camadas de crescimento em Annona coriacea, A. crassiflora, Diospyrus hispida e Roupala montana são aqui reportadas pela primeira vez. A fenologia e o hábito das espécies foram aspectos importantes relacionados tanto com a presença e nitidez das camadas de crescimento no lenho quanto com as variações dentro dessas camadas.
The bark of Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) differs anatomically in the root and stem. Roots h... more The bark of Styrax camporum Pohl (Styracaceae) differs anatomically in the root and stem. Roots have layered secondary phloem; short sieve tubes with simple, transverse or more or less inclined sieve plates; fibres in tangential bands; astrosclereids; wide rays, and a poorly developed periderm. Stems have non-layered secondary phloem; longer sieve tubes with compound, scalariform, inclined sieve plates; sclerified cells and brachysclereids; a developed periderm, and a non-persistent rhytidome. Prismatic crystals, starch grains, phenolic compounds and lipidic contents were observed in root and stem bark cells. The differences between the secondary phloem of root and stem are discussed.
This work presents information about the use of wood of Sclerolobium paniculatum (var. subvelutin... more This work presents information about the use of wood of Sclerolobium paniculatum (var. subvelutinum and rubiginosum) at rural properties in the south of the state of Maranhão, Brazil, about the woods' anatomy and about the correlation between certain anatomical characteristics and the wood's practical use. Interviews were made with 17 farmers from this region in order to know how they use the two varieties in their properties. Regionally, the subvelutinum Benth. and rubiginosum (Mart. ex Tul. ) Benth. varieties are known as "cachamorra-preta" and "cachamorra-branca", respectively and the former is the most frequently applied, especially as fences. For the wood anatomy analyses, discs at the breast height were collected from three specimens of each variety. Next, samples were obtained from the discs core, and usual wood anatomy methodology was applied. The two varieties were statistically different (p<0,05) for six anatomical parameters. Fiber and vessel elements characteristics seem to be the most important features to explain the different use of the two varieties. It is suggested that more studies should be performed on climate variations and soil characteristics to get a better understanding about the causes of the wood anatomy quantitative differences found in this study.
Wood from stem and root of L. salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) was studied. Three plants were samp... more Wood from stem and root of L. salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) was studied. Three plants were sampled in a "cerrado" area in Pratânia municipality, São Paulo state (23º02'55,5" S e 48º31'26,1" W). Stem samples were collected at breast height (1.30 m from soil), and root samples were collected 30 to 40 cm from the stem base. There were qualitative and quantitative variations between root and stem wood. The most relevant quantitative characteristics diferentiating root wood from stem wood were: vessel elements length and frequency; fibre length, diameter and wall thickness; and ray width and height. Well defined growth increments were observed in root and stem wood. Simple and multiple perforation plates were observed in vessel elements in root and stem wood, however radiate plates were observed only in root wood. Septate fibres and wider rays were observed in root wood.
Comparative wood anatomy of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) in forest ... more Comparative wood anatomy of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) in forest and "cerradão"). The present study compares qualitative and quantitative characters of the wood of a tree species (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.-Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) from semideciduous mesophytic forest and "cerradão". Analysis revealed vessels with significantly larger diameter in trees from "cerradão" and intervascular pits being significantly larger in trees from forest. In contrast to the trees from the forest, gelatinous fibers, which have a special layer innermost of the wall, were found in great quantity in trees from "cerradão". Furthermore, the presence of subdivided marginal parenchyma and the absence of axial canals in some of the parenchyma bands are for the first time mentioned for this species.
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Papers by Carmen Marcati
differences related to the anatomical structure of each organ. Here, we compared the structure of secondary
phloem in mature stems and roots of Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae). We sampled the main stems
at a height of 1.3 m and the roots at a depth of 0.5 m. We described both the qualitative and quantitative features
of all secondary phloem cell types, and compared the quantitative features using a paired Student’s t test. The
same percentage of sieve tubes in the conducting phloem between the organs indicates a similar conducting
efficiency between stem and roots, even though sieve tubes have wider diameters in the stems. Overall, stems had
a higher portion of nonconducting secondary phloem than the roots, with a higher number of both parenchyma
and sclerenchyma bands, likely indicating a higher storage and support potential of the phloem in stems.
taxonomic, phylogenetic, evolutionary and ecological studies. We compared bark traits of Stryphnodendron polyphyllum
Mart. (Leguminosae) specimens growing in two Cerrado habitats (cerrado sensu stricto and gallery forest, being fire-prone
and non-fire-prone habitats respectively), to determine which bark traits could be considered diagnostic and adaptively
informative. We analysed the anatomy and thickness of the periderm, cortex, primary and secondary phloem, and also the
bark histochemistry. Stryphnodendron polyphyllum is distinctive from other Stryphnodendron species reported in the
literature, by the presence of a rhytidome, stratified lenticels and the non-collapsed parenchyma cells in the non-conducting
phloem, which are, therefore, diagnostic traits for this species. Bark of S. polyphyllum showed a trade-off in resource
allocation between the periderm and secondary phloem, whereas the thicker rhytidome seemed to be associated with fire
protection in specimens from the fire-prone habitat, the wider sieve tubes in the thicker conducting secondary phloem
indicated efficiency of photosynthate transport in the specimens from non-fire-prone habitat.
differences related to the anatomical structure of each organ. Here, we compared the structure of secondary
phloem in mature stems and roots of Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae). We sampled the main stems
at a height of 1.3 m and the roots at a depth of 0.5 m. We described both the qualitative and quantitative features
of all secondary phloem cell types, and compared the quantitative features using a paired Student’s t test. The
same percentage of sieve tubes in the conducting phloem between the organs indicates a similar conducting
efficiency between stem and roots, even though sieve tubes have wider diameters in the stems. Overall, stems had
a higher portion of nonconducting secondary phloem than the roots, with a higher number of both parenchyma
and sclerenchyma bands, likely indicating a higher storage and support potential of the phloem in stems.
taxonomic, phylogenetic, evolutionary and ecological studies. We compared bark traits of Stryphnodendron polyphyllum
Mart. (Leguminosae) specimens growing in two Cerrado habitats (cerrado sensu stricto and gallery forest, being fire-prone
and non-fire-prone habitats respectively), to determine which bark traits could be considered diagnostic and adaptively
informative. We analysed the anatomy and thickness of the periderm, cortex, primary and secondary phloem, and also the
bark histochemistry. Stryphnodendron polyphyllum is distinctive from other Stryphnodendron species reported in the
literature, by the presence of a rhytidome, stratified lenticels and the non-collapsed parenchyma cells in the non-conducting
phloem, which are, therefore, diagnostic traits for this species. Bark of S. polyphyllum showed a trade-off in resource
allocation between the periderm and secondary phloem, whereas the thicker rhytidome seemed to be associated with fire
protection in specimens from the fire-prone habitat, the wider sieve tubes in the thicker conducting secondary phloem
indicated efficiency of photosynthate transport in the specimens from non-fire-prone habitat.