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Brett Goodwin

University of North Dakota, Biology, Faculty Member

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University of Colorado Denver

Centro Universitario de Belo Horizonte

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Papers by Brett Goodwin

A prospective study of injury affecting competitive collegiate swimmers

by Dennis Caine and Brett Goodwin

Research in Sports Medicine an International Journal, 2013

The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence and distribution of injuries affecting... more The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence and distribution of injuries affecting collegiate competitive swimmers and to test possible injury risk factors. A prospective cohort design was used to follow 34 swimmers (16 M, 18 F) from an NCAA Division I Midwest University over one academic year. Exposure-based injury rates were determined for both practice and competition. Risk of injury was assessed relative to gender, years swimming, and history of injury. Twenty of 34 swimmers sustained 31 injuries with overall injury rates of 5.55 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures and 3.04 injuries per 1000 hours exposure. Practice injury rates for female swimmers were higher than for women's practice injury rates in other NCAA sports. The most common injury locations were the shoulder, back, and knee. Risk factors that remained significant in the multivariate analysis were history of injury to the same anatomical location and history of injury at other anatomical sites.

An Epidemiological Investigation of Injuries Affecting Competitive Collegiate Swimmers

by Dennis Caine and Brett Goodwin

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2011

Epidemiological Review of Injury in Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers

by Glen Bergeron, Brett Goodwin, and Caroline G. Caine

Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 2015

The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning... more The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning ballet injuries affecting pre-professional ballet dancers. The literature search was limited to published peer-reviewed reports and involved an extensive examination of Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL. The following search terms were used in various combinations: ballet, injury, epidemiology, risk factor, pre-professional, and intervention. Additional citations were located using the ancestry approach. Unlike some other athletic activities that have been the focus of recent intervention research, there is a paucity of intervention and translational research in pre-professional ballet, and sample sizes have often been small and have not accounted for the multivariate nature of ballet injury. Exposure-based injury rates in this population appear similar to those reported for professional ballet dancers and female gymnasts. A preponderance of injuries affect the lower extremity of these dancers, with sprains and strains being the most frequent type of injury reported. The majority of injuries appear to be overuse in nature. Injury risk factors have been tested in multiple studies and indicate a variety of potential injury predictors that may provide useful guidance for future research.

Epidemiological Review of Injury in Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers

by Caroline G. Caine, Brett Goodwin, and Dennis Caine

Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 2015

The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning... more The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning ballet injuries affecting pre-professional ballet dancers. The literature search was limited to published peer-reviewed reports and involved an extensive examination of Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL. The following search terms were used in various combinations: ballet, injury, epidemiology, risk factor, pre-professional, and intervention. Additional citations were located using the ancestry approach. Unlike some other athletic activities that have been the focus of recent intervention research, there is a paucity of intervention and translational research in pre-professional ballet, and sample sizes have often been small and have not accounted for the multivariate nature of ballet injury. Exposure-based injury rates in this population appear similar to those reported for professional ballet dancers and female gymnasts. A preponderance of injuries affect the lower extremity of these dancers, with sprains and strains being the most frequent type of injury reported. The majority of injuries appear to be overuse in nature. Injury risk factors have been tested in multiple studies and indicate a variety of potential injury predictors that may provide useful guidance for future research.

A resource-based approach to assessing interseeding success in reconstructed tallgrass prairies

by Stephen Rossiter, Brett Goodwin, and Marissa Ahlering

Interseeding is a common method used to increase species richness within established reconstructe... more Interseeding is a common method used to increase species richness within established reconstructed grasslands. This process depends upon the ability of the practitioner to produce resource conditions that facilitate seedling emergence in systems where such emergence is often limited. We tested effects of a mowing disturbance on interseeding success by seeding a mix of 10 common tallgrass prairie species into 1-m2 plots within two warm-season grass dominated grasslands. We clipped the vegetation on a subset of the plots once or repeatedly and measured environmental variables including litter depth, soil surface light, soil moisture, and soil nitrate within the first growing season. While clipping consistently increased soil surface light, seeded species emergence varied in response to measured environmental resources between sites. In the lowland site, emergence over two growing seasons was primarily explained by microsite and early season light availability. In the more recently burned upland site, emergence was primarily limited by later season light conditions associated with clipping. Despite this variation, seed additions increased plot-scale species richness irrespective of clipping effects mainly as a result of high establishment of wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) in both sites. It appears that effects of season-long defoliation management on seedling emergence depend on microsite conditions at seeding and we conclude that soil surface and established vegetation management are necessary when interseeding to increase grassland species richness.

A Survey of Injuries Affecting Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers

by Glen Bergeron, Brett Goodwin, Jessica Thomas, Caroline G. Caine, and Suzanne André

A cross-sectional design was employed retrospectively to evaluate injuries self-reported by 71 pr... more A cross-sectional design was employed retrospectively to evaluate injuries self-reported by 71 pre-professional ballet dancers over one season. Some of the descriptive findings of this survey were consistent with those of previous research and suggest particular demographic and
injury trends in pre-professional ballet. These results include gender distribution, mean age and age range of participants, training hours, injury location, acute versus overuse injuries, as well as average number of physiotherapy treatments per dancer. Other results provide information that was heretofore unreported or inconsistent with previous investigations. These findings involved proportion of dancers injured, average number of injuries per dancer, overall injury incidence during
an 8.5 month period, incidence rate by technique level, mean time loss per injury, proportion of recurrent injury, and activity practiced at time of injury. The results of univariate analyses revealed several significant findings, including a decrease in incidence rate of injury with increased months of experience in the pre-professional program, dancers having
lower injury risk in rehearsal and performance than in class, and a reduced risk of injury for dancers at certain technique levels. However, only this latter finding remained significant in multivariate analysis.
The results of this study underscore the importance of determining injury rates by gender, technique level, and activity setting in addition to overall injury rates. They also point to the necessity of looking at both overall and individual dancer based injury risks.

The effects of a large-scale wind farm on breeding season survival of female mallards and blue-winged teal in the Prairie Pothole Region

by Johann Walker, Jeffrey S Gleason, Charles Loesch, and Brett Goodwin

The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2013

The wetlands and grasslands of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) make it the most productive breed... more The wetlands and grasslands of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) make it the most productive breeding habitat for North American ducks. The growth rate of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations is sensitive to changes in survival of adult females during the breeding season. Much of the PPR is suitable for large-scale wind-energy development and collisions of breeding females with wind turbines may be a novel source of mortality in this area. We assessed the effects of wind energy on breeding female mallard and bluewinged teal (A. discors) survival by monitoring 77 radio-marked mallards and 88 blue-winged teal during the 2009 and 2010 breeding seasons at the Tatanka Wind Farm (TWF) near Kulm, North Dakota. During the same period, we monitored 70 female mallards and 75 blue-winged teal at an adjacent reference site without wind turbines (REF). We used an information-theoretic approach to investigate relationships between female survival and site (TWF vs. REF), year (2009 vs. 2010, and date. Collision mortalities were rare. Only 1 radio-marked female mallard and no blue-winged teal collided with wind turbines. Most mortalities were caused by predators (78.3%; 36/46), irrespective of species and site. For mallards, the best-approximating model indicated that breeding season survival was 1) lowest when a high proportion of radio-marked females were incubating, and 2) dependent on year and site such that expected survival (Ŝ) in 2009 was higher at TWF (Ŝ ¼ 0.90, 85% CI ¼ 0.79-0.98) than at REF (Ŝ ¼ 0.83, 85% CI ¼ 0.68-0.95), but expected survival in 2010 was lower at TWF (Ŝ ¼ 0.62, 85% CI ¼ 0.46-0.79) than at REF (Ŝ ¼ 0.84, 85% CI ¼ 0.72-0.94). For blue-winged teal, the constant model was the best-approximating model and indicated that expected female survival was 0.75 (85% CI ¼ 0.69-0.82). The most competitive model for blue-winged teal that included the effect of wind turbines indicated that expected survival at TWF (Ŝ ¼ 0.71, 85% CI ¼ 0.62-0.79) was lower than survival at REF (Ŝ ¼ 0.81, 85% CI ¼ 0.73-0.89). The limited number of collisions observed for female mallards and blue-winged teal nesting at TWF suggests that wind turbines had no direct effect on female survival. Thus, conservation strategies that include protection of wetland and grassland habitat in wind-developed landscapes will most likely not cause a direct reduction in survival of breeding females due to collisions with wind turbines. Ó 2013 The Wildlife Society.

Climate and Habitat Influence Prevalence of Meningeal Worm Infection in North Dakota, Usa

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2015

The meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) is a parasite of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus vi... more The meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) is a parasite of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and is also a significant pathogen of moose (Alces alces) and other ungulates. Changes in climate or habitat may facilitate range expansion or increase the prevalence of meningeal worm infection in white-tailed deer, resulting in increased exposure to susceptible ungulates. We examined 3,730 white-tailed deer during 2002-05 to determine the prevalence and range of meningeal worm infection in North Dakota, USA, and investigated whether these had changed since earlier surveys. We used multiple logistic regression to model potential effects of habitat and climate on prevalence in white-tailed deer. We also examined how habitat influences intermediate hosts by comparing gastropod abundance and microclimate among habitat types. Prevalence in deer was 14% statewide, and prevalence and geographic range had increased since the early 1990s. Natural woodlands provided the best habitat for intermediate hosts, and increases in prevalence of infection in deer may be due to recent patterns in growing-season precipitation. This study has redefined the geographic distribution of meningeal worm infection and increased understanding of how climate and habitat influence the prevalence and distribution of this parasite.

Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable?

Landscape Ecology, 2000

With growing interest in landscape connectivity, it is timely to ask what research has been done ... more With growing interest in landscape connectivity, it is timely to ask what research has been done and what remains to be done. I surveyed papers investigating landscape connectivity from 1985 to 2000. From these papers, I determined if connectivity had been treated as an independent or dependent variable, what connectivity metrics were used, and if the study took an empirical or modeling approach to studying connectivity. Most studies treated connectivity as an independent variable, despite how little we know about how landscape structure and organism movement behaviour interact to determine landscape connectivity. Structural measures of connectivity were more common than functional measures, particularly if connectivity was treated as an independent variable. Though there was a good balance between modeling and empirical approaches overall -studies dealing with connectivity as a dependent, functional variable were mainly modeling studies. Based on the research achieved thus far, future landscape connectivity research should focus on: ͑1͒ elucidating the relationship between landscape structure, organism movement behaviour, and landscape connectivity ͑e.g., treating connectivity as a dependent variable͒, ͑2͒ determining the relationships between different measures of connectivity, particularly structural and functional measures, and ͑3͒ empirically testing model predictions regarding landscape connectivity.

Quantifying a dynamic risk landscape: heterogeneous predator activity and implications for prey persistence

Ecology, 2009

Spatial heterogeneity in predation risk can ameliorate impacts on prey populations, particularly ... more Spatial heterogeneity in predation risk can ameliorate impacts on prey populations, particularly for prey of generalists. Spatially heterogeneous risk implies the existence of refugia, and the spatial scale of those refugia and their persistence over time affect whether prey can avoid predation by aggregating therein. Our objective was to quantify the magnitude, spatial scale, and temporal persistence of heterogeneity in risk of predation by white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), an abundant generalist predator of gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) and songbirds. We used track plates to measure white-footed mouse activity at .170 trees in each of three forest plots in upstate New York during summers of 2003-2005. We quantified the mean and coefficient of variation of track activity among trees by fitting the beta-binomial distribution to data from each plot and study period. We measured temporal persistence by disattenuated autocorrelation, and spatial scale by fitting exponential variograms. Mice were much less abundant in 2005 than the other two years, leading to lower overall track activity but higher coefficient of variation among trees. Mouse track activity at individual trees was positively autocorrelated between monthly study periods in 2003 and 2004, and even between the two years, whereas temporal autocorrelation in 2005 was much weaker. Track activity showed positive spatial autocorrelation over lag distances from ;30 to .1000 m. These findings indicate that mouse activity, and hence risk to their prey, varies substantially in space at spatial and temporal scales that appear responsive to mouse population dynamics. The spatial scale and temporal persistence of that variation imply that prey may benefit from returning to, or failing to disperse from, refugia.

Spatiotemporal Variation in a Lyme Disease Host and Vector: Black-Legged Ticks on White-Footed Mice

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2001

We monitored population density of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), burdens of immature b... more We monitored population density of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), burdens of immature black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) on mice, and infection prevalence of host-seeking ticks on six forest plots in southeastern New York State from 1995 through 1999. Despite densities of mice that fluctuated two orders of magnitude, average larval and nymphal tick burdens per mouse remained remarkably constant. Spatial variability in mouse density and tick burdens was modest. The total number of larval and nymphal ticks that fed on the mouse population each year depended strongly on population density of mice; a steady increase was observed in both mouse density and total tick meals on mice from 1996 through 1999. The result was a steady increase in the infection prevalence of nymphal and adult ticks with the etiological agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, over this time. We suggest that fluctuations in population density of mice, combined with possible regulation of tick burdens on mice, may influence risk of human exposure to Lyme disease.

How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity?

Oikos, 2002

. How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity? -Oikos 99: 552-570. We investiga... more . How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity? -Oikos 99: 552-570. We investigated the impact of landscape structure on landscape connectivity using a combination of simulation and empirical experiments. In a previous study we documented the movement behaviour of a specialized goldenrod beetle (Trirhabda borealis Blake) in three kinds of patches: habitat (goldenrod) patches and two types of matrix patch (cut vegetation and cut vegetation containing camouflage netting as an impediment to movement). In the current study, we used this information to construct simulation and experimental landscapes consisting of mosaics of these three patch types, to study the effect of landscape structure on landscape connectivity, using the T. borealis beetle as a model system. In the simulation studies, landscape connectivity was based on movements of individual beetles, and was measured in six different ways. The simulations revealed that the six measures of landscape connectivity were influenced by different aspects of landscape structure, suggesting that: (1) landscape connectivity is a poorly defined concept, and (2) the same landscape may have different landscape connectivity values when different measures of landscape connectivity are used. There were two general predictions that held over all measures of landscape connectivity: (1) increasing interpatch distance significantly decreased landscape connectivity and (2) the influence of matrix elements on landscape connectivity was small in comparison to the influence of habitat elements. Empirical mark-release-resight experiments using Trirhabda beetles in experimental landscapes supported the simulation results.

USE OF TRACK PLATES TO QUANTIFY PREDATION RISK AT SMALL SPATIAL SCALES

Journal of Mammalogy, 2005

Spatial heterogeneity in risk is a critical component of predator-prey interactions. However, at ... more Spatial heterogeneity in risk is a critical component of predator-prey interactions. However, at small spatial scales, it is difficult to quantify predation risk without altering it. We used track plates to measure local predation risk created by white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) foraging activity on oak-forest plots in Millbrook, New York. Live gypsy moth pupae (Lymantria dispar) were placed at 2 heights on trees and monitored for predation. Pupae deployed on trees visited by mice were more likely to be eaten than those on trees not visited. Logistic regression indicated that predation rates on gypsy moth pupae were positively correlated with track activity, indicating that areas of concentrated mouse activity were areas of heightened risk for gypsy moths. Survival of individual oat grains placed on and 50 cm from track plates were not statistically different, indicating that mice exhibited no detectable behavioral reaction toward track plates. We conclude that track plates offer an economical and reliable means of quantifying local risk of attack by terrestrial mammals without substantially altering the spatial distribution of risk.

Spatio-temporal patterns in county-level incidence and reporting of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States, 1990–2000

Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2007

We present an exploratory analysis of reported county-specific incidence of Lyme disease in the n... more We present an exploratory analysis of reported county-specific incidence of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States for the years 1990-2000. We briefly review the disease ecology of Lyme disease and the use of risk maps to describe local incidence as estimates of local risk of disease. We place the relevant elements of local environmental and ecological variables, local disease incidence, and (importantly) local disease reporting in a conceptual context to frame our analysis. We then apply hierarchical linear models of increasing complexity to summarize observed patterns in reported incidence, borrowing information across counties to improve local precision. We find areas of increasing incidence in the central northeastern Atlantic coast counties, increasing incidence branching to the north and west, and an area of fairly stable and slightly decreasing reported incidence in western New York.

A PRESCRIPTION FOR LONGER LIFE? BOT FLY PARASITISM OF THE WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE

Ecology, 2005

Investigation of host-parasite interactions typically reveals a negative impact of parasitism on ... more Investigation of host-parasite interactions typically reveals a negative impact of parasitism on the host species. In contrast, mounting evidence indicates that bot fly (Cuterebra sp.) infestation enhances the survival of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). We propose that life history trade-offs, namely, between reproduction and survival, can explain this counterintuitive observation. By using an extensive data set spanning a decade, 12 sites in two states, and over 30 000 mouse captures, we offer a new perspective on the effects of bot fly parasitism on white-footed mice. Analysis of persistence time corroborated earlier studies that showed significantly higher survival rates of infested mice. Although a higher proportion of infested than uninfested females were in breeding condition, secondary reproductive success appeared to be negatively impacted by parasitism via declines in the number of litters and the total number of offspring produced by infested females. Population growth rates were negatively correlated with infestation prevalence, further indicating a negative effect of parasitism. Based on the negative impact of parasitism on reproduction, we propose that enhanced survival of infested mice can be explained by the diversion of resources from reproduction to body maintenance. Parasite-induced life history shifts in which mice decrease current reproduction to promote future reproduction, such as increasing the age at maturity, may also contribute to the decline in population growth rate observed in years of high infestation prevalence.

LIMITED DISPERSAL AND HETEROGENEOUS PREDATION RISK SYNERGISTICALLY ENHANCE PERSISTENCE OF RARE PREY

Ecology, 2005

White-footed mice prey on gypsy moth pupae while foraging for other, more abundant food. Mice app... more White-footed mice prey on gypsy moth pupae while foraging for other, more abundant food. Mice appear capable of locally extirpating moths since mice exert high predation pressure on sparse pupae and are numerically decoupled from moth populations. Nevertheless, during 23 years of monitoring, moths persisted at scales Ͼ1 ha despite frequent extinctions at smaller spatial scales. We hypothesized that spatially heterogeneous intensity in mouse foraging and/or limited moth dispersal might allow moth persistence. Using a spatially explicit, individual-based, empirically parameterized model, we show that neither spatially heterogeneous predation by mice, nor limited moth dispersal alone allows moth persistence at typical mouse densities. However, synergy between both factors allows moth population persistence at naturally occurring mouse densities. For example, in models with 40 mice/ha, both limited moth dispersal with spatially homogeneous predation risk and spatially heterogeneous predation risk with unlimited moth dispersal had a 0% chance of moth persistence, but the combination of limited dispersal and heterogeneous predation risk resulted in a ϳ75% chance of moth persistence. Furthermore, both for limited moth dispersal with spatially homogeneous predation risk and for spatially heterogeneous predation risk with unlimited moth dispersal, moth persistence was only guaranteed at very low mouse densities, while the combination of limited moth dispersal with heterogeneous predation guaranteed moth persistence within a broad range of mouse densities. The findings illustrate a novel mechanism of ''spatial selection and satiation'' that can enhance rare species persistence under intense incidental predation by generalist predators.

SPATIAL SELECTION AND INHERITANCE: APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPTS TO POPULATION DYNAMICS IN HETEROGENEOUS SPACE

Ecology, 2007

Organisms in highly suitable sites generally produce more offspring, and offspring can inherit th... more Organisms in highly suitable sites generally produce more offspring, and offspring can inherit this suitability by not dispersing far. This combination of spatial selection and spatial inheritance acts to bias the distribution of organisms toward suitable sites and thereby increase mean fitness (i.e., per capita population increase). Thus, population growth rates in heterogeneous space change over time by a process conceptually analogous to evolution by natural selection, opening avenues for theoretical cross-pollination between evolutionary biology and ecology. We operationally define spatial inheritance and spatial selective differential and then combine these two factors in a modification of the breeder's equation, derived from simple models of population growth in heterogeneous space. The modified breeder's equation yields a conservative criterion for persistence in hostile environments estimable from field measurements. We apply this framework for understanding gypsy moth population persistence amidst abundant predators and find that the predictions of the modified breeder's equation match initial changes in population growth rate in independent simulation output. The analogy between spatial dynamics and natural selection conceptually links ecology and evolution, provides a spatially implicit framework for modeling spatial population dynamics, and represents an important null model for studying habitat selection.

Predicting Invasiveness of Plant Species Based on Biological Information

Conservation Biology, 1999

Previous studies suggest that, within particular groups of plant species, biological attributes c... more Previous studies suggest that, within particular groups of plant species, biological attributes can be used to predict the potential invasiveness of species that are intentionally introduced for horticultural or agricultural purposes. We examined the broad question of whether commonly available biological information can predict the invasiveness of a wide range of intentionally and accidentally introduced species. We collected information from published floras on 165 pairs of plant species. In each pair, one species originated in Europe and successfully invaded New Brunswick, Canada, and the other was a congeneric species that has not invaded North America. Only three biological characters-lifeform, stem height, and flowering period-and European geographic range were known for all species. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses using two-thirds (110) of the species pairs and tested the predictive ability of resulting models using the remaining 55 pairs. Although a significant logistic regression model was obtained using the biological attributes, the model could not predict invasiveness of the test species pairs. In contrast, a model using only European range successfully predicted invasiveness in 70% of the test species. The importance of geographic range suggests that prediction of invasiveness on a species-by-species basis is not likely to help stem the flow of accidentally introduced invasive species. Species that are inadvertently picked up and moved to a new location due to their wide distribution are the same species that are likely to succeed in a new environment due to their wide environmental tolerances.

Testing for Habitat Detection Distances Using Orientation Data

by Brett Goodwin, Thomas Contreras, and Darren Bender

Oikos, 1999

... Brett J. Goodwin, Darren J. Bender, Thomas A. Contreras, Lenore Fahrig and John F. Wegner, Bi... more

A prospective study of injury affecting competitive collegiate swimmers

by Dennis Caine and Brett Goodwin

Research in Sports Medicine an International Journal, 2013

The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence and distribution of injuries affecting... more The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence and distribution of injuries affecting collegiate competitive swimmers and to test possible injury risk factors. A prospective cohort design was used to follow 34 swimmers (16 M, 18 F) from an NCAA Division I Midwest University over one academic year. Exposure-based injury rates were determined for both practice and competition. Risk of injury was assessed relative to gender, years swimming, and history of injury. Twenty of 34 swimmers sustained 31 injuries with overall injury rates of 5.55 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures and 3.04 injuries per 1000 hours exposure. Practice injury rates for female swimmers were higher than for women's practice injury rates in other NCAA sports. The most common injury locations were the shoulder, back, and knee. Risk factors that remained significant in the multivariate analysis were history of injury to the same anatomical location and history of injury at other anatomical sites.

An Epidemiological Investigation of Injuries Affecting Competitive Collegiate Swimmers

by Dennis Caine and Brett Goodwin

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2011

Epidemiological Review of Injury in Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers

by Glen Bergeron, Brett Goodwin, and Caroline G. Caine

Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 2015

The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning... more The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning ballet injuries affecting pre-professional ballet dancers. The literature search was limited to published peer-reviewed reports and involved an extensive examination of Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL. The following search terms were used in various combinations: ballet, injury, epidemiology, risk factor, pre-professional, and intervention. Additional citations were located using the ancestry approach. Unlike some other athletic activities that have been the focus of recent intervention research, there is a paucity of intervention and translational research in pre-professional ballet, and sample sizes have often been small and have not accounted for the multivariate nature of ballet injury. Exposure-based injury rates in this population appear similar to those reported for professional ballet dancers and female gymnasts. A preponderance of injuries affect the lower extremity of these dancers, with sprains and strains being the most frequent type of injury reported. The majority of injuries appear to be overuse in nature. Injury risk factors have been tested in multiple studies and indicate a variety of potential injury predictors that may provide useful guidance for future research.

Epidemiological Review of Injury in Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers

by Caroline G. Caine, Brett Goodwin, and Dennis Caine

Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 2015

The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning... more The objective of this study was to provide an epidemiological review of the literature concerning ballet injuries affecting pre-professional ballet dancers. The literature search was limited to published peer-reviewed reports and involved an extensive examination of Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL. The following search terms were used in various combinations: ballet, injury, epidemiology, risk factor, pre-professional, and intervention. Additional citations were located using the ancestry approach. Unlike some other athletic activities that have been the focus of recent intervention research, there is a paucity of intervention and translational research in pre-professional ballet, and sample sizes have often been small and have not accounted for the multivariate nature of ballet injury. Exposure-based injury rates in this population appear similar to those reported for professional ballet dancers and female gymnasts. A preponderance of injuries affect the lower extremity of these dancers, with sprains and strains being the most frequent type of injury reported. The majority of injuries appear to be overuse in nature. Injury risk factors have been tested in multiple studies and indicate a variety of potential injury predictors that may provide useful guidance for future research.

A resource-based approach to assessing interseeding success in reconstructed tallgrass prairies

by Stephen Rossiter, Brett Goodwin, and Marissa Ahlering

Interseeding is a common method used to increase species richness within established reconstructe... more Interseeding is a common method used to increase species richness within established reconstructed grasslands. This process depends upon the ability of the practitioner to produce resource conditions that facilitate seedling emergence in systems where such emergence is often limited. We tested effects of a mowing disturbance on interseeding success by seeding a mix of 10 common tallgrass prairie species into 1-m2 plots within two warm-season grass dominated grasslands. We clipped the vegetation on a subset of the plots once or repeatedly and measured environmental variables including litter depth, soil surface light, soil moisture, and soil nitrate within the first growing season. While clipping consistently increased soil surface light, seeded species emergence varied in response to measured environmental resources between sites. In the lowland site, emergence over two growing seasons was primarily explained by microsite and early season light availability. In the more recently burned upland site, emergence was primarily limited by later season light conditions associated with clipping. Despite this variation, seed additions increased plot-scale species richness irrespective of clipping effects mainly as a result of high establishment of wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) in both sites. It appears that effects of season-long defoliation management on seedling emergence depend on microsite conditions at seeding and we conclude that soil surface and established vegetation management are necessary when interseeding to increase grassland species richness.

A Survey of Injuries Affecting Pre-Professional Ballet Dancers

by Glen Bergeron, Brett Goodwin, Jessica Thomas, Caroline G. Caine, and Suzanne André

A cross-sectional design was employed retrospectively to evaluate injuries self-reported by 71 pr... more A cross-sectional design was employed retrospectively to evaluate injuries self-reported by 71 pre-professional ballet dancers over one season. Some of the descriptive findings of this survey were consistent with those of previous research and suggest particular demographic and
injury trends in pre-professional ballet. These results include gender distribution, mean age and age range of participants, training hours, injury location, acute versus overuse injuries, as well as average number of physiotherapy treatments per dancer. Other results provide information that was heretofore unreported or inconsistent with previous investigations. These findings involved proportion of dancers injured, average number of injuries per dancer, overall injury incidence during
an 8.5 month period, incidence rate by technique level, mean time loss per injury, proportion of recurrent injury, and activity practiced at time of injury. The results of univariate analyses revealed several significant findings, including a decrease in incidence rate of injury with increased months of experience in the pre-professional program, dancers having
lower injury risk in rehearsal and performance than in class, and a reduced risk of injury for dancers at certain technique levels. However, only this latter finding remained significant in multivariate analysis.
The results of this study underscore the importance of determining injury rates by gender, technique level, and activity setting in addition to overall injury rates. They also point to the necessity of looking at both overall and individual dancer based injury risks.

The effects of a large-scale wind farm on breeding season survival of female mallards and blue-winged teal in the Prairie Pothole Region

by Johann Walker, Jeffrey S Gleason, Charles Loesch, and Brett Goodwin

The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2013

The wetlands and grasslands of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) make it the most productive breed... more The wetlands and grasslands of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) make it the most productive breeding habitat for North American ducks. The growth rate of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations is sensitive to changes in survival of adult females during the breeding season. Much of the PPR is suitable for large-scale wind-energy development and collisions of breeding females with wind turbines may be a novel source of mortality in this area. We assessed the effects of wind energy on breeding female mallard and bluewinged teal (A. discors) survival by monitoring 77 radio-marked mallards and 88 blue-winged teal during the 2009 and 2010 breeding seasons at the Tatanka Wind Farm (TWF) near Kulm, North Dakota. During the same period, we monitored 70 female mallards and 75 blue-winged teal at an adjacent reference site without wind turbines (REF). We used an information-theoretic approach to investigate relationships between female survival and site (TWF vs. REF), year (2009 vs. 2010, and date. Collision mortalities were rare. Only 1 radio-marked female mallard and no blue-winged teal collided with wind turbines. Most mortalities were caused by predators (78.3%; 36/46), irrespective of species and site. For mallards, the best-approximating model indicated that breeding season survival was 1) lowest when a high proportion of radio-marked females were incubating, and 2) dependent on year and site such that expected survival (Ŝ) in 2009 was higher at TWF (Ŝ ¼ 0.90, 85% CI ¼ 0.79-0.98) than at REF (Ŝ ¼ 0.83, 85% CI ¼ 0.68-0.95), but expected survival in 2010 was lower at TWF (Ŝ ¼ 0.62, 85% CI ¼ 0.46-0.79) than at REF (Ŝ ¼ 0.84, 85% CI ¼ 0.72-0.94). For blue-winged teal, the constant model was the best-approximating model and indicated that expected female survival was 0.75 (85% CI ¼ 0.69-0.82). The most competitive model for blue-winged teal that included the effect of wind turbines indicated that expected survival at TWF (Ŝ ¼ 0.71, 85% CI ¼ 0.62-0.79) was lower than survival at REF (Ŝ ¼ 0.81, 85% CI ¼ 0.73-0.89). The limited number of collisions observed for female mallards and blue-winged teal nesting at TWF suggests that wind turbines had no direct effect on female survival. Thus, conservation strategies that include protection of wetland and grassland habitat in wind-developed landscapes will most likely not cause a direct reduction in survival of breeding females due to collisions with wind turbines. Ó 2013 The Wildlife Society.

Climate and Habitat Influence Prevalence of Meningeal Worm Infection in North Dakota, Usa

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2015

The meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) is a parasite of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus vi... more The meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) is a parasite of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and is also a significant pathogen of moose (Alces alces) and other ungulates. Changes in climate or habitat may facilitate range expansion or increase the prevalence of meningeal worm infection in white-tailed deer, resulting in increased exposure to susceptible ungulates. We examined 3,730 white-tailed deer during 2002-05 to determine the prevalence and range of meningeal worm infection in North Dakota, USA, and investigated whether these had changed since earlier surveys. We used multiple logistic regression to model potential effects of habitat and climate on prevalence in white-tailed deer. We also examined how habitat influences intermediate hosts by comparing gastropod abundance and microclimate among habitat types. Prevalence in deer was 14% statewide, and prevalence and geographic range had increased since the early 1990s. Natural woodlands provided the best habitat for intermediate hosts, and increases in prevalence of infection in deer may be due to recent patterns in growing-season precipitation. This study has redefined the geographic distribution of meningeal worm infection and increased understanding of how climate and habitat influence the prevalence and distribution of this parasite.

Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable?

Landscape Ecology, 2000

With growing interest in landscape connectivity, it is timely to ask what research has been done ... more With growing interest in landscape connectivity, it is timely to ask what research has been done and what remains to be done. I surveyed papers investigating landscape connectivity from 1985 to 2000. From these papers, I determined if connectivity had been treated as an independent or dependent variable, what connectivity metrics were used, and if the study took an empirical or modeling approach to studying connectivity. Most studies treated connectivity as an independent variable, despite how little we know about how landscape structure and organism movement behaviour interact to determine landscape connectivity. Structural measures of connectivity were more common than functional measures, particularly if connectivity was treated as an independent variable. Though there was a good balance between modeling and empirical approaches overall -studies dealing with connectivity as a dependent, functional variable were mainly modeling studies. Based on the research achieved thus far, future landscape connectivity research should focus on: ͑1͒ elucidating the relationship between landscape structure, organism movement behaviour, and landscape connectivity ͑e.g., treating connectivity as a dependent variable͒, ͑2͒ determining the relationships between different measures of connectivity, particularly structural and functional measures, and ͑3͒ empirically testing model predictions regarding landscape connectivity.

Quantifying a dynamic risk landscape: heterogeneous predator activity and implications for prey persistence

Ecology, 2009

Spatial heterogeneity in predation risk can ameliorate impacts on prey populations, particularly ... more Spatial heterogeneity in predation risk can ameliorate impacts on prey populations, particularly for prey of generalists. Spatially heterogeneous risk implies the existence of refugia, and the spatial scale of those refugia and their persistence over time affect whether prey can avoid predation by aggregating therein. Our objective was to quantify the magnitude, spatial scale, and temporal persistence of heterogeneity in risk of predation by white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), an abundant generalist predator of gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) and songbirds. We used track plates to measure white-footed mouse activity at .170 trees in each of three forest plots in upstate New York during summers of 2003-2005. We quantified the mean and coefficient of variation of track activity among trees by fitting the beta-binomial distribution to data from each plot and study period. We measured temporal persistence by disattenuated autocorrelation, and spatial scale by fitting exponential variograms. Mice were much less abundant in 2005 than the other two years, leading to lower overall track activity but higher coefficient of variation among trees. Mouse track activity at individual trees was positively autocorrelated between monthly study periods in 2003 and 2004, and even between the two years, whereas temporal autocorrelation in 2005 was much weaker. Track activity showed positive spatial autocorrelation over lag distances from ;30 to .1000 m. These findings indicate that mouse activity, and hence risk to their prey, varies substantially in space at spatial and temporal scales that appear responsive to mouse population dynamics. The spatial scale and temporal persistence of that variation imply that prey may benefit from returning to, or failing to disperse from, refugia.

Spatiotemporal Variation in a Lyme Disease Host and Vector: Black-Legged Ticks on White-Footed Mice

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2001

We monitored population density of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), burdens of immature b... more We monitored population density of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), burdens of immature black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) on mice, and infection prevalence of host-seeking ticks on six forest plots in southeastern New York State from 1995 through 1999. Despite densities of mice that fluctuated two orders of magnitude, average larval and nymphal tick burdens per mouse remained remarkably constant. Spatial variability in mouse density and tick burdens was modest. The total number of larval and nymphal ticks that fed on the mouse population each year depended strongly on population density of mice; a steady increase was observed in both mouse density and total tick meals on mice from 1996 through 1999. The result was a steady increase in the infection prevalence of nymphal and adult ticks with the etiological agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, over this time. We suggest that fluctuations in population density of mice, combined with possible regulation of tick burdens on mice, may influence risk of human exposure to Lyme disease.

How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity?

Oikos, 2002

. How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity? -Oikos 99: 552-570. We investiga... more . How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity? -Oikos 99: 552-570. We investigated the impact of landscape structure on landscape connectivity using a combination of simulation and empirical experiments. In a previous study we documented the movement behaviour of a specialized goldenrod beetle (Trirhabda borealis Blake) in three kinds of patches: habitat (goldenrod) patches and two types of matrix patch (cut vegetation and cut vegetation containing camouflage netting as an impediment to movement). In the current study, we used this information to construct simulation and experimental landscapes consisting of mosaics of these three patch types, to study the effect of landscape structure on landscape connectivity, using the T. borealis beetle as a model system. In the simulation studies, landscape connectivity was based on movements of individual beetles, and was measured in six different ways. The simulations revealed that the six measures of landscape connectivity were influenced by different aspects of landscape structure, suggesting that: (1) landscape connectivity is a poorly defined concept, and (2) the same landscape may have different landscape connectivity values when different measures of landscape connectivity are used. There were two general predictions that held over all measures of landscape connectivity: (1) increasing interpatch distance significantly decreased landscape connectivity and (2) the influence of matrix elements on landscape connectivity was small in comparison to the influence of habitat elements. Empirical mark-release-resight experiments using Trirhabda beetles in experimental landscapes supported the simulation results.

USE OF TRACK PLATES TO QUANTIFY PREDATION RISK AT SMALL SPATIAL SCALES

Journal of Mammalogy, 2005

Spatial heterogeneity in risk is a critical component of predator-prey interactions. However, at ... more Spatial heterogeneity in risk is a critical component of predator-prey interactions. However, at small spatial scales, it is difficult to quantify predation risk without altering it. We used track plates to measure local predation risk created by white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) foraging activity on oak-forest plots in Millbrook, New York. Live gypsy moth pupae (Lymantria dispar) were placed at 2 heights on trees and monitored for predation. Pupae deployed on trees visited by mice were more likely to be eaten than those on trees not visited. Logistic regression indicated that predation rates on gypsy moth pupae were positively correlated with track activity, indicating that areas of concentrated mouse activity were areas of heightened risk for gypsy moths. Survival of individual oat grains placed on and 50 cm from track plates were not statistically different, indicating that mice exhibited no detectable behavioral reaction toward track plates. We conclude that track plates offer an economical and reliable means of quantifying local risk of attack by terrestrial mammals without substantially altering the spatial distribution of risk.

Spatio-temporal patterns in county-level incidence and reporting of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States, 1990–2000

Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 2007

We present an exploratory analysis of reported county-specific incidence of Lyme disease in the n... more We present an exploratory analysis of reported county-specific incidence of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States for the years 1990-2000. We briefly review the disease ecology of Lyme disease and the use of risk maps to describe local incidence as estimates of local risk of disease. We place the relevant elements of local environmental and ecological variables, local disease incidence, and (importantly) local disease reporting in a conceptual context to frame our analysis. We then apply hierarchical linear models of increasing complexity to summarize observed patterns in reported incidence, borrowing information across counties to improve local precision. We find areas of increasing incidence in the central northeastern Atlantic coast counties, increasing incidence branching to the north and west, and an area of fairly stable and slightly decreasing reported incidence in western New York.

A PRESCRIPTION FOR LONGER LIFE? BOT FLY PARASITISM OF THE WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE

Ecology, 2005

Investigation of host-parasite interactions typically reveals a negative impact of parasitism on ... more Investigation of host-parasite interactions typically reveals a negative impact of parasitism on the host species. In contrast, mounting evidence indicates that bot fly (Cuterebra sp.) infestation enhances the survival of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). We propose that life history trade-offs, namely, between reproduction and survival, can explain this counterintuitive observation. By using an extensive data set spanning a decade, 12 sites in two states, and over 30 000 mouse captures, we offer a new perspective on the effects of bot fly parasitism on white-footed mice. Analysis of persistence time corroborated earlier studies that showed significantly higher survival rates of infested mice. Although a higher proportion of infested than uninfested females were in breeding condition, secondary reproductive success appeared to be negatively impacted by parasitism via declines in the number of litters and the total number of offspring produced by infested females. Population growth rates were negatively correlated with infestation prevalence, further indicating a negative effect of parasitism. Based on the negative impact of parasitism on reproduction, we propose that enhanced survival of infested mice can be explained by the diversion of resources from reproduction to body maintenance. Parasite-induced life history shifts in which mice decrease current reproduction to promote future reproduction, such as increasing the age at maturity, may also contribute to the decline in population growth rate observed in years of high infestation prevalence.

LIMITED DISPERSAL AND HETEROGENEOUS PREDATION RISK SYNERGISTICALLY ENHANCE PERSISTENCE OF RARE PREY

Ecology, 2005

White-footed mice prey on gypsy moth pupae while foraging for other, more abundant food. Mice app... more White-footed mice prey on gypsy moth pupae while foraging for other, more abundant food. Mice appear capable of locally extirpating moths since mice exert high predation pressure on sparse pupae and are numerically decoupled from moth populations. Nevertheless, during 23 years of monitoring, moths persisted at scales Ͼ1 ha despite frequent extinctions at smaller spatial scales. We hypothesized that spatially heterogeneous intensity in mouse foraging and/or limited moth dispersal might allow moth persistence. Using a spatially explicit, individual-based, empirically parameterized model, we show that neither spatially heterogeneous predation by mice, nor limited moth dispersal alone allows moth persistence at typical mouse densities. However, synergy between both factors allows moth population persistence at naturally occurring mouse densities. For example, in models with 40 mice/ha, both limited moth dispersal with spatially homogeneous predation risk and spatially heterogeneous predation risk with unlimited moth dispersal had a 0% chance of moth persistence, but the combination of limited dispersal and heterogeneous predation risk resulted in a ϳ75% chance of moth persistence. Furthermore, both for limited moth dispersal with spatially homogeneous predation risk and for spatially heterogeneous predation risk with unlimited moth dispersal, moth persistence was only guaranteed at very low mouse densities, while the combination of limited moth dispersal with heterogeneous predation guaranteed moth persistence within a broad range of mouse densities. The findings illustrate a novel mechanism of ''spatial selection and satiation'' that can enhance rare species persistence under intense incidental predation by generalist predators.

SPATIAL SELECTION AND INHERITANCE: APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPTS TO POPULATION DYNAMICS IN HETEROGENEOUS SPACE

Ecology, 2007

Organisms in highly suitable sites generally produce more offspring, and offspring can inherit th... more Organisms in highly suitable sites generally produce more offspring, and offspring can inherit this suitability by not dispersing far. This combination of spatial selection and spatial inheritance acts to bias the distribution of organisms toward suitable sites and thereby increase mean fitness (i.e., per capita population increase). Thus, population growth rates in heterogeneous space change over time by a process conceptually analogous to evolution by natural selection, opening avenues for theoretical cross-pollination between evolutionary biology and ecology. We operationally define spatial inheritance and spatial selective differential and then combine these two factors in a modification of the breeder's equation, derived from simple models of population growth in heterogeneous space. The modified breeder's equation yields a conservative criterion for persistence in hostile environments estimable from field measurements. We apply this framework for understanding gypsy moth population persistence amidst abundant predators and find that the predictions of the modified breeder's equation match initial changes in population growth rate in independent simulation output. The analogy between spatial dynamics and natural selection conceptually links ecology and evolution, provides a spatially implicit framework for modeling spatial population dynamics, and represents an important null model for studying habitat selection.

Predicting Invasiveness of Plant Species Based on Biological Information

Conservation Biology, 1999

Previous studies suggest that, within particular groups of plant species, biological attributes c... more Previous studies suggest that, within particular groups of plant species, biological attributes can be used to predict the potential invasiveness of species that are intentionally introduced for horticultural or agricultural purposes. We examined the broad question of whether commonly available biological information can predict the invasiveness of a wide range of intentionally and accidentally introduced species. We collected information from published floras on 165 pairs of plant species. In each pair, one species originated in Europe and successfully invaded New Brunswick, Canada, and the other was a congeneric species that has not invaded North America. Only three biological characters-lifeform, stem height, and flowering period-and European geographic range were known for all species. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses using two-thirds (110) of the species pairs and tested the predictive ability of resulting models using the remaining 55 pairs. Although a significant logistic regression model was obtained using the biological attributes, the model could not predict invasiveness of the test species pairs. In contrast, a model using only European range successfully predicted invasiveness in 70% of the test species. The importance of geographic range suggests that prediction of invasiveness on a species-by-species basis is not likely to help stem the flow of accidentally introduced invasive species. Species that are inadvertently picked up and moved to a new location due to their wide distribution are the same species that are likely to succeed in a new environment due to their wide environmental tolerances.

Testing for Habitat Detection Distances Using Orientation Data

by Brett Goodwin, Thomas Contreras, and Darren Bender

Oikos, 1999

... Brett J. Goodwin, Darren J. Bender, Thomas A. Contreras, Lenore Fahrig and John F. Wegner, Bi... more