Uto pía y Pra xis La ti noa me ri ca na / Año 14. Nº 44 (Ene ro-Mar zo, 2009) Pp. 39 - 51 Re vis ... more Uto pía y Pra xis La ti noa me ri ca na / Año 14. Nº 44 (Ene ro-Mar zo, 2009) Pp. 39 - 51 Re vis ta Inter na cio nal de Fi lo so fía Ibe roa me ri ca na y Teo ría So cial / ISSN 1315-5216 CESA FCES Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Ma ra cai bo-Ve ne zue la ... Per cep cio nes so cioam ...
A partir del concepto de paisaje y bajo los enfoques de la geografía cultural y la ecología polít... more A partir del concepto de paisaje y bajo los enfoques de la geografía cultural y la ecología política se hizo la zonificación participativa de la cuenca del río Huámito, Michoacán, México, a fin de analizar el papel del agua dentro de la cultura local en términos de percepciones, perspectivas, discursos y roles de poder de los diversos grupos sociales locales. Con este ejercicio metodológico se logró una descripción de las complejas relaciones sociales y espacialidades en el uso de los recursos naturales. La geografía cultural y las metodologías de investigación participativa, como enfoques complementarios, fueron herramientas que permitieron realizar una aproximación a la integración conceptual interdisciplinaria con la ecología política.
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Jun 25, 2018
This article presents participatory mapping (PM) and Participatory Geographical Information Syste... more This article presents participatory mapping (PM) and Participatory Geographical Information Systems (PGIS) approaches as an appropriate and still developing kind of community-based spatial study in archaeology. Researchers and practitioners who advocate reflexive mapping practices in the field recognize that mapping is not an objective practice and that maps are necessarily the product of those who create them. We consider that a PM/PGIS approach can contribute to this reflexive practice through the incorporation of local spatial knowledge (LSK) which is always placebased and reflects a long and close physical interaction with the landscape. For local communities, this approach helps them to be incorporated as active subjects in the registration and interpretation of their cultural heritage, as well as in the defense and management of it. At the same time, archaeological studies are enriched by incorporating contemporary perspectives and local people's knowledge into interpretations of past landscapes.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Apr 1, 2013
RESUMEN En este artículo se exploran las estrategias de adaptación local para hacer frente a las ... more RESUMEN En este artículo se exploran las estrategias de adaptación local para hacer frente a las perturbaciones relacionadas con el cambio climático mediante dos estudios de caso en zonas rurales de México y El Salvador. Además, los resultados son discutidos en el contexto de la intersección entre las respuestas locales y el papel de las iniciativas institucionales y políticas públicas, las cuales son determinantes para estructurar la efectividad de las respuestas locales a largo plazo.
Based on fieldwork carried out over the last five years, this article presents the case for commu... more Based on fieldwork carried out over the last five years, this article presents the case for communities being permitted to make their own forest carbon inventories for the purposes of monitoring under national REDD+ programmes, following brief training. Modern technology, particularly PDAs (small, handheld computers), can provide the platform both for mapping and for storing data, and can easily be used by people with only a few years primary education, although a technical agency will be needed to back up such systems. There are many advantages to this approach: costs are much lower than when professionals do the work, while the data are equally accurate. ‘Ownership´ of the data may be important in legitimising communities´ claims to carbon credits in the forests they manage.
This work is guided by a concern: How can we achieve a collaboration between local communities an... more This work is guided by a concern: How can we achieve a collaboration between local communities and archaeologists that allows us to generate not only scientific information about past landscapes, but also knowledge socially valued by the inhabitants of the regions we investigate. In this article we present the first experiences of participatory mapping undertaken in different locations of the Valley of Yocavil and some reflections of those encounters.
International Journal of E-Planning Research, 2021
Applications of participatory mapping (PMapping) and PGIS to the mapping of local spatial knowled... more Applications of participatory mapping (PMapping) and PGIS to the mapping of local spatial knowledge are expanding; therefore, updated ethics and good practice improvements are needed. The intention here is to secern, or distinguish between, two pairs of concepts essential to PMapping – between ‘facts' and ‘values' in the knowledge being mapped and between ‘representation' and ‘representativity in the Pmapping processes. Local spatial knowledge is not homogeneous; facts and values are distinct although intrinsically related. In a world of ‘fake news´ and attacks on science, it is even more essential to distinguish facts from values in maps and other media. Concerning representation of both facts and values, the questions are how to represent local knowledge. Concerning representativity in the process, whose local spatial knowledge is being presented, and why? PMapping is not democratic; it is exceptionalist and informed – that should be acknowledged as a strength, not a d...
Participatory spatial tools—community mapping, PGIS, and others—find increasing resonance among r... more Participatory spatial tools—community mapping, PGIS, and others—find increasing resonance among research and non-governmental organizations to make stakeholder claims and community perspectives explicit for more inclusive landscape governance. In this paper, we situate the use of participatory spatial tools in debates on integrated landscape approaches and inclusive development. We show that using such spatial tools is not new but argue that their application for inclusive landscape governance requires a new research agenda that focuses on expanding the scope of application of the tools, improving the inclusivity of the processes, and developing new technologies.
International Journal of E-Planning Research, 2021
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of surveillance technologies in cities around ... more The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of surveillance technologies in cities around the world. The new surveillance systems are unfolding at unprecedented speed and scale in response to the fears of COVID-19, yet with little discussion about long-term consequences or implications. The authors approach the drivers and procedures for COVID-19 surveillance, addressing a particular focus to close-circuit television (CCTV) and tracking apps. This paper describes the technologies, how they are used, what they are capable of, the reasons why one should be concerned, and how citizens may respond. No commentary should downplay the seriousness of the current pandemic crisis, but one must consider the immediate and longer-term threats of insinuated enhanced surveillance, and look to how surveillance could be managed in a more cooperative social future.
Restrictions on the use of public space and physical distancing have been key policy measures to ... more Restrictions on the use of public space and physical distancing have been key policy measures to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and protect public health. At the time of writing, one half of the world's population has been asked to stay home and avoid many public places. What will be the long term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on public space once the restrictions have been lifted? The depth and extent of transformation is unclear, especially as it relates to the future design, use and perceptions of public space. This article aims to highlight emerging questions at the interface of COVID-19 and city design. It is possible that the COVID-19 crisis may fundamentally change our relationship with public space. In the ensuing months and years, it will be critical to study and measure these changes in order to inform urban planning and design in a post-COVID world.
The first COVID-19 case in Mexico was confirmed on 26 February 2020 and by May 3 the number of re... more The first COVID-19 case in Mexico was confirmed on 26 February 2020 and by May 3 the number of registered cases had risen to 30,927. However the rate of transmission varied greatly from city to city. We used data on temperature, humidity and ultraviolet radiation (UV) from 45 cities all over the country to explore whether there was an association between these variables and rates of transmission and rates of accumulation of COVID-19 ascribed deaths. The advantage of an in-country study of this kind is that many of the variables that can confound international studies are held constant (e.g. public health policies, methods of reporting, cultural, behavioural and genetic factors). Although the official statistics undoubtedly greatly underestimate the situation in Mexico due to lack of testing, they are underestimated in all cities so this should not introduce bias across the sample. We found that temperature and humidity had no discernible association with transmission rates but that ...
This paper reviews persistent principles of participation processes. On the basis of a review of ... more This paper reviews persistent principles of participation processes. On the basis of a review of recent interrogations of the (Public) Participatory Geographic Information Systems (P)PGIS and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) approaches, a summary of five prevailing principles in participatory spatial information handling is presented. We investigate these five principles that are common to (P)PGIS and VGI on the basis of a framework of two dimensions that govern the participatory use of spatial information from the perspective of people and society. This framework is presented as a shared perspective of (P)PGIS and VGI and illustrates that, although both share many of these same principles, the ways in which these principles are approached are highly diverse. The paper ends with a future outlook in which we discuss the interconnected memes of potential technological futures, the signification of localness in 'local spatial knowledge', and the ramifications of ethical tenets by which PGIS and VGI can strengthen each other as two sides of the same coin.
How community forest monitoring can enable countries to achieve national and international REDD+ ... more How community forest monitoring can enable countries to achieve national and international REDD+ objectives POLICY WORKING PAPER Key messages Policy rationale: A key decision under REDD+ is that countries must ensure the full and effective participation of local people in the design and implementation of REDD-related activities. In addition, the UNFCCC encourages the creation of guidance on how local communities can be involved in monitoring and reporting REDD+. National demand: The REDD+ strategies of forest countries set out the scope of REDD+ including safeguarding/enhancing environmental, social, and governance conditions. Local data will be needed to measure progress towards these goals, and several countries are looking into how communities can help to fill this information need. Growing evidence: Although more research needs to be conducted, there is growing evidence that community forest monitoring provides a reliable, cost-effective, culturally relevant and sustainable approach to data gathering for local monitoring as well as for REDD+. Freeware "apps" on smartphones are making it easier for community data to be gathered and reported. Nested monitoring: The case studies of community-based and participatory monitoring demonstrate the potential to nest local monitoring for a range of indicators (such as carbon, biodiversity, social welfare and governance) within national REDD+ strategies and international agreements. Improving success: As national and international policy makers develop monitoring systems for REDD+, there is a clear opportunity to engage local communities in the design of local indicators that can be used both for local management and to help guide REDD+ implementation, particularly with respect to ensuring the social and environmental integrity of the system.
In a project to classify livestock grazing intensity using participatory geographic information s... more In a project to classify livestock grazing intensity using participatory geographic information systems (PGIS), we encountered the problem of how to synthesize PGIS‐based maps of livestock grazing intensity that were prepared separately by local experts. We investigated the utility of evidential belief functions (EBFs) and Dempster's rule of combination to represent classification uncertainty and integrate the PGIS‐based grazing intensity maps. These maps were used as individual sets of evidence in the application of EBFs to evaluate the proposition that “This area or pixel belongs to the high, medium, or low grazing intensity class because the local expert(s) says (say) so”. The class‐area‐weighted averages of EBFs based on each of the PGIS‐based maps show that the lowest degree of classification uncertainty is associated with maps in which “vegetation species” was used as the mapping criterion. This criterion, together with local landscape attributes of livestock use may be co...
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental eBooks, 2022
Proceso y procedimientos ������������������������������������������������������������������������... more Proceso y procedimientos ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1 antes de comenzar a mapear: diagnóstico comunitario, diseño del proyecto y planificación del proceso ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1.1 Primeros encuentros con la comunidad, diagnóstico y diseño del proyecto����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1.2 Talleres de capacitación en el uso de tecnologías espaciales y métodos de campo ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1.3 Revisión de bibliografía académica y de documentos históricos ������� 2.1.4 Registro de conocimiento tradicional-oral. �������������������������������������������� 2.2 durante el mapeo: adQuisición y análisis del conocimiento espacial ������������������������� 2.2.1 Cinco pasos sugeridos ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.2.2 Paso 1. Comenzando el mapeo: mapeo cognitivo (mental) ���������������� 2.2.3 Paso 2. Mapeo a escala ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.2.4 Paso 3. Recorridos de campo ������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.2.5 Paso 4. Representatividad: democratizar el proceso participativo ���� 2.2.6 Paso 5. Representación: elaboración de los productos "finales" ������ * Barabas A. M. (2003) Introducción. Una mirada etnográfica sobre los territorios simbólicos indígenas. En: Barabas, A. M. (Ed.), Diálogos con el Territorio. Simbolizaciones sobre el espacio en las culturas indígenas de México. Volumen ii, p. 13-35. México df: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (inah). ** Gruzinski S. (2013) La colonización de lo imaginario. Sociedades indígenas y occidentalización en el México español. Siglos Xvi-Xviii. México df: Fondo de Cultura Económica. *** Hernández, M. A. (2015). Los UEMAC. Los gigantes del Mezquital. México: Comisión para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (cdi). httpS://www.gob.mx/inpi/articuloS/libro-electronico-uemac-loS-giganteS-del-mezquital * Galería | Noticonquista (s/f) Noticonquista. Sitio web. httpS://www.noticonquiSta.unam.mx/imagen-popup/785 ** Jiménez Ramos, D. (2018). Geo-grafías Comunitarias. Procesos creativos, pedagógicos, de intervención y acompañamiento comunitario para la gestión social de los territorios. Camidabit, Los Paseantes y Altépetl, desarrollo comunitario productivo y ambiental ac, México.
A nivel internacional, las iniciativas de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático incluyen ... more A nivel internacional, las iniciativas de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático incluyen el reconocimiento de las partes interesadas, tanto fuera como dentro del sector público. A partir de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático, se propone REDD+ como un instrumento de política internacional que busca la reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación de los bosques, la conservación y gestión sostenible del bosque y las mejoras en las reservas de carbono. Promoviendo que diversos países sumen esfuerzos para superar el punto de inflexión y recuperen sus bosques. El contexto local formado por sistemas tradicionales de tendencia de los bosques y prácticas consuetudinarias de gestión y uso forestal, son determinantes para conocer la interrelación con otros sistemas como los jurídicos y los políticos, esto permite tomar decisiones certeras en la gestión forestal, particularmente en lo que refiere a la gobernanza, el desarrollo de capacidades y ...
This paper examines historical changes in the spatiality of political power through the analysis ... more This paper examines historical changes in the spatiality of political power through the analysis of four communities of Mexico's Mezquital Valley during the late Postclassic (900e1521) and early colonial (1521 e1574) periods. Recent research has suggested that the spatiality of ancient states is better understood by using networks and bounded-territory models rather than the dominant model of the modern nationstate. We find that tributary relationships and political entities of the Aztec imperial forces are better captured through a theoretical perspective that defines political entities as networks, while Hñahñu (Otomí) territoriality, usually defined by watershed divides, is more accurately illustrated using a model based on territory and boundaries. Post-conquest systems of spatial representation brought by the Spaniards were oriented towards idealized geometric forms and concrete borders. However, the study reveals that such systems were not fully implemented because colonial institutions were designed using pre-existing forms of political organization. Methodologically, the historical knowledge of a group of local experts was essential for reconstructing the changing spatial patterns of the region.
Uto pía y Pra xis La ti noa me ri ca na / Año 14. Nº 44 (Ene ro-Mar zo, 2009) Pp. 39 - 51 Re vis ... more Uto pía y Pra xis La ti noa me ri ca na / Año 14. Nº 44 (Ene ro-Mar zo, 2009) Pp. 39 - 51 Re vis ta Inter na cio nal de Fi lo so fía Ibe roa me ri ca na y Teo ría So cial / ISSN 1315-5216 CESA FCES Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Ma ra cai bo-Ve ne zue la ... Per cep cio nes so cioam ...
A partir del concepto de paisaje y bajo los enfoques de la geografía cultural y la ecología polít... more A partir del concepto de paisaje y bajo los enfoques de la geografía cultural y la ecología política se hizo la zonificación participativa de la cuenca del río Huámito, Michoacán, México, a fin de analizar el papel del agua dentro de la cultura local en términos de percepciones, perspectivas, discursos y roles de poder de los diversos grupos sociales locales. Con este ejercicio metodológico se logró una descripción de las complejas relaciones sociales y espacialidades en el uso de los recursos naturales. La geografía cultural y las metodologías de investigación participativa, como enfoques complementarios, fueron herramientas que permitieron realizar una aproximación a la integración conceptual interdisciplinaria con la ecología política.
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Jun 25, 2018
This article presents participatory mapping (PM) and Participatory Geographical Information Syste... more This article presents participatory mapping (PM) and Participatory Geographical Information Systems (PGIS) approaches as an appropriate and still developing kind of community-based spatial study in archaeology. Researchers and practitioners who advocate reflexive mapping practices in the field recognize that mapping is not an objective practice and that maps are necessarily the product of those who create them. We consider that a PM/PGIS approach can contribute to this reflexive practice through the incorporation of local spatial knowledge (LSK) which is always placebased and reflects a long and close physical interaction with the landscape. For local communities, this approach helps them to be incorporated as active subjects in the registration and interpretation of their cultural heritage, as well as in the defense and management of it. At the same time, archaeological studies are enriched by incorporating contemporary perspectives and local people's knowledge into interpretations of past landscapes.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Apr 1, 2013
RESUMEN En este artículo se exploran las estrategias de adaptación local para hacer frente a las ... more RESUMEN En este artículo se exploran las estrategias de adaptación local para hacer frente a las perturbaciones relacionadas con el cambio climático mediante dos estudios de caso en zonas rurales de México y El Salvador. Además, los resultados son discutidos en el contexto de la intersección entre las respuestas locales y el papel de las iniciativas institucionales y políticas públicas, las cuales son determinantes para estructurar la efectividad de las respuestas locales a largo plazo.
Based on fieldwork carried out over the last five years, this article presents the case for commu... more Based on fieldwork carried out over the last five years, this article presents the case for communities being permitted to make their own forest carbon inventories for the purposes of monitoring under national REDD+ programmes, following brief training. Modern technology, particularly PDAs (small, handheld computers), can provide the platform both for mapping and for storing data, and can easily be used by people with only a few years primary education, although a technical agency will be needed to back up such systems. There are many advantages to this approach: costs are much lower than when professionals do the work, while the data are equally accurate. ‘Ownership´ of the data may be important in legitimising communities´ claims to carbon credits in the forests they manage.
This work is guided by a concern: How can we achieve a collaboration between local communities an... more This work is guided by a concern: How can we achieve a collaboration between local communities and archaeologists that allows us to generate not only scientific information about past landscapes, but also knowledge socially valued by the inhabitants of the regions we investigate. In this article we present the first experiences of participatory mapping undertaken in different locations of the Valley of Yocavil and some reflections of those encounters.
International Journal of E-Planning Research, 2021
Applications of participatory mapping (PMapping) and PGIS to the mapping of local spatial knowled... more Applications of participatory mapping (PMapping) and PGIS to the mapping of local spatial knowledge are expanding; therefore, updated ethics and good practice improvements are needed. The intention here is to secern, or distinguish between, two pairs of concepts essential to PMapping – between ‘facts' and ‘values' in the knowledge being mapped and between ‘representation' and ‘representativity in the Pmapping processes. Local spatial knowledge is not homogeneous; facts and values are distinct although intrinsically related. In a world of ‘fake news´ and attacks on science, it is even more essential to distinguish facts from values in maps and other media. Concerning representation of both facts and values, the questions are how to represent local knowledge. Concerning representativity in the process, whose local spatial knowledge is being presented, and why? PMapping is not democratic; it is exceptionalist and informed – that should be acknowledged as a strength, not a d...
Participatory spatial tools—community mapping, PGIS, and others—find increasing resonance among r... more Participatory spatial tools—community mapping, PGIS, and others—find increasing resonance among research and non-governmental organizations to make stakeholder claims and community perspectives explicit for more inclusive landscape governance. In this paper, we situate the use of participatory spatial tools in debates on integrated landscape approaches and inclusive development. We show that using such spatial tools is not new but argue that their application for inclusive landscape governance requires a new research agenda that focuses on expanding the scope of application of the tools, improving the inclusivity of the processes, and developing new technologies.
International Journal of E-Planning Research, 2021
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of surveillance technologies in cities around ... more The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of surveillance technologies in cities around the world. The new surveillance systems are unfolding at unprecedented speed and scale in response to the fears of COVID-19, yet with little discussion about long-term consequences or implications. The authors approach the drivers and procedures for COVID-19 surveillance, addressing a particular focus to close-circuit television (CCTV) and tracking apps. This paper describes the technologies, how they are used, what they are capable of, the reasons why one should be concerned, and how citizens may respond. No commentary should downplay the seriousness of the current pandemic crisis, but one must consider the immediate and longer-term threats of insinuated enhanced surveillance, and look to how surveillance could be managed in a more cooperative social future.
Restrictions on the use of public space and physical distancing have been key policy measures to ... more Restrictions on the use of public space and physical distancing have been key policy measures to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and protect public health. At the time of writing, one half of the world's population has been asked to stay home and avoid many public places. What will be the long term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on public space once the restrictions have been lifted? The depth and extent of transformation is unclear, especially as it relates to the future design, use and perceptions of public space. This article aims to highlight emerging questions at the interface of COVID-19 and city design. It is possible that the COVID-19 crisis may fundamentally change our relationship with public space. In the ensuing months and years, it will be critical to study and measure these changes in order to inform urban planning and design in a post-COVID world.
The first COVID-19 case in Mexico was confirmed on 26 February 2020 and by May 3 the number of re... more The first COVID-19 case in Mexico was confirmed on 26 February 2020 and by May 3 the number of registered cases had risen to 30,927. However the rate of transmission varied greatly from city to city. We used data on temperature, humidity and ultraviolet radiation (UV) from 45 cities all over the country to explore whether there was an association between these variables and rates of transmission and rates of accumulation of COVID-19 ascribed deaths. The advantage of an in-country study of this kind is that many of the variables that can confound international studies are held constant (e.g. public health policies, methods of reporting, cultural, behavioural and genetic factors). Although the official statistics undoubtedly greatly underestimate the situation in Mexico due to lack of testing, they are underestimated in all cities so this should not introduce bias across the sample. We found that temperature and humidity had no discernible association with transmission rates but that ...
This paper reviews persistent principles of participation processes. On the basis of a review of ... more This paper reviews persistent principles of participation processes. On the basis of a review of recent interrogations of the (Public) Participatory Geographic Information Systems (P)PGIS and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) approaches, a summary of five prevailing principles in participatory spatial information handling is presented. We investigate these five principles that are common to (P)PGIS and VGI on the basis of a framework of two dimensions that govern the participatory use of spatial information from the perspective of people and society. This framework is presented as a shared perspective of (P)PGIS and VGI and illustrates that, although both share many of these same principles, the ways in which these principles are approached are highly diverse. The paper ends with a future outlook in which we discuss the interconnected memes of potential technological futures, the signification of localness in 'local spatial knowledge', and the ramifications of ethical tenets by which PGIS and VGI can strengthen each other as two sides of the same coin.
How community forest monitoring can enable countries to achieve national and international REDD+ ... more How community forest monitoring can enable countries to achieve national and international REDD+ objectives POLICY WORKING PAPER Key messages Policy rationale: A key decision under REDD+ is that countries must ensure the full and effective participation of local people in the design and implementation of REDD-related activities. In addition, the UNFCCC encourages the creation of guidance on how local communities can be involved in monitoring and reporting REDD+. National demand: The REDD+ strategies of forest countries set out the scope of REDD+ including safeguarding/enhancing environmental, social, and governance conditions. Local data will be needed to measure progress towards these goals, and several countries are looking into how communities can help to fill this information need. Growing evidence: Although more research needs to be conducted, there is growing evidence that community forest monitoring provides a reliable, cost-effective, culturally relevant and sustainable approach to data gathering for local monitoring as well as for REDD+. Freeware "apps" on smartphones are making it easier for community data to be gathered and reported. Nested monitoring: The case studies of community-based and participatory monitoring demonstrate the potential to nest local monitoring for a range of indicators (such as carbon, biodiversity, social welfare and governance) within national REDD+ strategies and international agreements. Improving success: As national and international policy makers develop monitoring systems for REDD+, there is a clear opportunity to engage local communities in the design of local indicators that can be used both for local management and to help guide REDD+ implementation, particularly with respect to ensuring the social and environmental integrity of the system.
In a project to classify livestock grazing intensity using participatory geographic information s... more In a project to classify livestock grazing intensity using participatory geographic information systems (PGIS), we encountered the problem of how to synthesize PGIS‐based maps of livestock grazing intensity that were prepared separately by local experts. We investigated the utility of evidential belief functions (EBFs) and Dempster's rule of combination to represent classification uncertainty and integrate the PGIS‐based grazing intensity maps. These maps were used as individual sets of evidence in the application of EBFs to evaluate the proposition that “This area or pixel belongs to the high, medium, or low grazing intensity class because the local expert(s) says (say) so”. The class‐area‐weighted averages of EBFs based on each of the PGIS‐based maps show that the lowest degree of classification uncertainty is associated with maps in which “vegetation species” was used as the mapping criterion. This criterion, together with local landscape attributes of livestock use may be co...
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental eBooks, 2022
Proceso y procedimientos ������������������������������������������������������������������������... more Proceso y procedimientos ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1 antes de comenzar a mapear: diagnóstico comunitario, diseño del proyecto y planificación del proceso ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1.1 Primeros encuentros con la comunidad, diagnóstico y diseño del proyecto����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1.2 Talleres de capacitación en el uso de tecnologías espaciales y métodos de campo ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.1.3 Revisión de bibliografía académica y de documentos históricos ������� 2.1.4 Registro de conocimiento tradicional-oral. �������������������������������������������� 2.2 durante el mapeo: adQuisición y análisis del conocimiento espacial ������������������������� 2.2.1 Cinco pasos sugeridos ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.2.2 Paso 1. Comenzando el mapeo: mapeo cognitivo (mental) ���������������� 2.2.3 Paso 2. Mapeo a escala ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.2.4 Paso 3. Recorridos de campo ������������������������������������������������������������������� 2.2.5 Paso 4. Representatividad: democratizar el proceso participativo ���� 2.2.6 Paso 5. Representación: elaboración de los productos "finales" ������ * Barabas A. M. (2003) Introducción. Una mirada etnográfica sobre los territorios simbólicos indígenas. En: Barabas, A. M. (Ed.), Diálogos con el Territorio. Simbolizaciones sobre el espacio en las culturas indígenas de México. Volumen ii, p. 13-35. México df: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (inah). ** Gruzinski S. (2013) La colonización de lo imaginario. Sociedades indígenas y occidentalización en el México español. Siglos Xvi-Xviii. México df: Fondo de Cultura Económica. *** Hernández, M. A. (2015). Los UEMAC. Los gigantes del Mezquital. México: Comisión para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (cdi). httpS://www.gob.mx/inpi/articuloS/libro-electronico-uemac-loS-giganteS-del-mezquital * Galería | Noticonquista (s/f) Noticonquista. Sitio web. httpS://www.noticonquiSta.unam.mx/imagen-popup/785 ** Jiménez Ramos, D. (2018). Geo-grafías Comunitarias. Procesos creativos, pedagógicos, de intervención y acompañamiento comunitario para la gestión social de los territorios. Camidabit, Los Paseantes y Altépetl, desarrollo comunitario productivo y ambiental ac, México.
A nivel internacional, las iniciativas de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático incluyen ... more A nivel internacional, las iniciativas de mitigación y/o adaptación al cambio climático incluyen el reconocimiento de las partes interesadas, tanto fuera como dentro del sector público. A partir de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático, se propone REDD+ como un instrumento de política internacional que busca la reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación de los bosques, la conservación y gestión sostenible del bosque y las mejoras en las reservas de carbono. Promoviendo que diversos países sumen esfuerzos para superar el punto de inflexión y recuperen sus bosques. El contexto local formado por sistemas tradicionales de tendencia de los bosques y prácticas consuetudinarias de gestión y uso forestal, son determinantes para conocer la interrelación con otros sistemas como los jurídicos y los políticos, esto permite tomar decisiones certeras en la gestión forestal, particularmente en lo que refiere a la gobernanza, el desarrollo de capacidades y ...
This paper examines historical changes in the spatiality of political power through the analysis ... more This paper examines historical changes in the spatiality of political power through the analysis of four communities of Mexico's Mezquital Valley during the late Postclassic (900e1521) and early colonial (1521 e1574) periods. Recent research has suggested that the spatiality of ancient states is better understood by using networks and bounded-territory models rather than the dominant model of the modern nationstate. We find that tributary relationships and political entities of the Aztec imperial forces are better captured through a theoretical perspective that defines political entities as networks, while Hñahñu (Otomí) territoriality, usually defined by watershed divides, is more accurately illustrated using a model based on territory and boundaries. Post-conquest systems of spatial representation brought by the Spaniards were oriented towards idealized geometric forms and concrete borders. However, the study reveals that such systems were not fully implemented because colonial institutions were designed using pre-existing forms of political organization. Methodologically, the historical knowledge of a group of local experts was essential for reconstructing the changing spatial patterns of the region.
Indigenous classification systems represent cognitive experiences of human groups in the geograph... more Indigenous classification systems represent cognitive experiences of human groups in the geographical space. Formalization efforts of indigenous knowledge impose their own concepts, and therefore, it is often decontextualized. This research aims to formalize the farm land management system of an Hñahñu (otomí) community into a map using their own geographical concepts. A semantic analysis with Participatory Geographical Information System and Google Earth visualization is proposed as a method. Results show that farm land management system developed by Hñahñu include a set of geographical categories and subcategories. It was found that the Hñahñu classify them using the plot location in the landscape and the technique for providing water to grow crops as attributes. Although this recognition allowed the drawing of boundaries, the Hñahñu conceptualization of space challenged the conventional map, this led into a Google earth map. Google Earth showed the potential for improving indigenous knowledge representations within the community.
Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología, Jul 5, 2019
Resumen: objetivo/contexto: la arqueología ha empleado la elaboración de cartografía estándar (oc... more Resumen: objetivo/contexto: la arqueología ha empleado la elaboración de cartografía estándar (occidental) como una técnica para aprehender y analizar los paisajes arqueológicos pensados usualmente como pertenencias exclusivas de sociedades pretéritas, pasando por alto que las poblaciones actuales incorporan de múltiples maneras estas huellas materiales en sus vidas cotidianas. Este trabajo plantea una arqueología del paisaje con sentido local, elaborando narrativas que contemplen el lugar que ocupa lo arqueológico en las historias locales pasadas y presentes. Metodología: consideramos brevemente el papel desempeñado por las arqueologías latinoamericanas en los discursos de la modernidad ligados a los nacientes Estados. Repasamos cómo fue la construcción del objeto de estudio arqueológico que determinó la negación de las comunidades locales como sujetos de conocimiento válido sobre aquel, tomando como ejemplo el desarrollo de la práctica arqueológica en los Valles Calchaquíes del noroeste argentino. Finalmente, presentamos la cartografía participativa desde sus principales postulados teóricos y herramientas, y las primeras experiencias emprendidas por nosotros en la zona. Conclusiones: consideramos que la cartografía participativa conlleva beneficios tanto para la disciplina arqueológica como para las poblaciones locales, pues es una potencial herramienta para el diálogo de saberes y la multivocalidad. Originalidad: la propuesta presenta la cartografía participativa como un enfoque teórico-metodológico apropiado para reconocer e incorporar el conocimiento espacial local sobre los paisajes arqueológicos que poseen las comunidades actuales, enriqueciendo así su estudio y permitiendo una gestión más participativa y sustentable del patrimonio arqueológico.
Palabras claves: comunidades indígenas/locales, conocimiento espacial local, diálogo de saberes, gestión de paisajes arqueológicos, multivocalidad, Valles Calchaquíes
Participatory Cartography as a Theoretical-Methodological Proposal for an Archaeology of the Latin American Landscape. An Example from the Calchaquí Valleys (Argentina)
Abstract: Objective/context: Archaeology has employed developments in standard (western) cartography as a technique to understand and analyze archaeological landscapes usually thought of as belonging exclusively to past societies and which overlook the fact that today’s populations incorporate these material traces into their daily lives in multiple ways. This work proposes landscape archaeology based in a local sense, developing narratives that critique the place occupied by archaeology in past and present local histories. Methodology: We briefly consider the role played by Latin American archaeologies in the discourses of modernity linked to the emergence of States. We review how the construction of the objects of archaeological study leads to the denial of local communities as the subjects of their own valid knowledge; taking as an example the development of archaeological practice in the Calchaquí Valleys of northwestern Argentina. Finally, we present participatory cartography from its main theoretical principles and tools, and the first initiatives undertaken by us in the area. Conclusions: We consider that participatory cartography has benefits for both the discipline of archaeology and for local populations as a potential tool in the dialogue of knowledge and multivocality. Originality: The proposal we present is that participatory cartography is an appropriate theoretical-methodological approach for recognizing and incorporating the local spatial knowledge of archaeological landscapes held by present-day communities; thus enriching their study and enabling a more participatory and sustainable management of archaeological heritage.
Keywords: Calchaquí Valleys, dialogue of knowledge, local/indigenous communities, local spatial knowledge, management of archaeological landscapes, multivocality
A cartografia participativa como proposta teórico-metodológica para uma arqueologia da paisagem latino-americana. Um exemplo dos Valles Calchaquíes (Argentina)
Resumo: objetivo/contexto: a arqueologia tem empregado a elaboração de cartografia regular (ocidental) como uma técnica para apreender e analisar as paisagens arqueológicas pensadas usualmente como pertencentes exclusivas de sociedades pretéritas, passando por alto que as populações atuais incorporam de múltiplas maneiras estas impressões materiais em suas vidas quotidianas. Este trabalho propõe uma arqueologia da paisagem com sentido local, elaborando narrativas que contemplem o lugar que ocupa o arqueológico nas histórias locais passadas e presentes. Metodologia: consideramos brevemente o papel desempenhado pelas arqueologias latino-americanas nos discursos da modernidade unidos aos nascentes estados. Repassamos como foi a construção do objeto de estudo arqueológico que determinou a negação das comunidades locais como sujeitos de conhecimento válido sobre aquele, tomando como exemplo o desenvolvimento da prática arqueológica nos Valles Calchaquíes do noroeste argentino. Finalmente, apresentamos a cartografia participativa desde seus principais postulados teóricos e ferramentas, e as primeiras experiências empreendidas por nós na zona. Conclusões: consideramos que a cartografia participativa implica benefícios tanto para a disciplina arqueológica como para as populações locais pois é uma potencial ferramenta para o diálogo de saberes e da multivocalidade. Originalidade: a proposta apresenta a cartografia participativa como um enfoque teórico-metodológico apropriado para reconhecer e incorporar o conhecimento espacial local sobre as paisagens arqueológicas que possuem as comunidades atuais, enriquecendo assim seu estudo e permitindo um gerenciamento mais participativo e sustentável do patrimônio arqueológico.
Palavras-chave: comunidades indígenas/locais, conhecimento espacial local, diálogo de saberes, gerenciamento de paisagens arqueológicas, multivocalidade, Valles Calchaquíes
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Papers by Michael McCall
Palabras claves: comunidades indígenas/locales, conocimiento espacial local, diálogo de saberes, gestión de paisajes arqueológicos, multivocalidad, Valles Calchaquíes
Participatory Cartography as a Theoretical-Methodological Proposal for an Archaeology of the Latin American Landscape. An Example from the Calchaquí Valleys (Argentina)
Abstract: Objective/context: Archaeology has employed developments in standard (western) cartography as a technique to understand and analyze archaeological landscapes usually thought of as belonging exclusively to past societies and which overlook the fact that today’s populations incorporate these material traces into their daily lives in multiple ways. This work proposes landscape archaeology based in a local sense, developing narratives that critique the place occupied by archaeology in past and present local histories. Methodology: We briefly consider the role played by Latin American archaeologies in the discourses of modernity linked to the emergence of States. We review how the construction of the objects of archaeological study leads to the denial of local communities as the subjects of their own valid knowledge; taking as an example the development of archaeological practice in the Calchaquí Valleys of northwestern Argentina. Finally, we present participatory cartography from its main theoretical principles and tools, and the first initiatives undertaken by us in the area. Conclusions: We consider that participatory cartography has benefits for both the discipline of archaeology and for local populations as a potential tool in the dialogue of knowledge and multivocality. Originality: The proposal we present is that participatory cartography is an appropriate theoretical-methodological approach for recognizing and incorporating the local spatial knowledge of archaeological landscapes held by present-day communities; thus enriching their study and enabling a more participatory and sustainable management of archaeological heritage.
Keywords: Calchaquí Valleys, dialogue of knowledge, local/indigenous communities, local spatial knowledge, management of archaeological landscapes, multivocality
A cartografia participativa como proposta teórico-metodológica para uma arqueologia da paisagem latino-americana. Um exemplo dos Valles Calchaquíes (Argentina)
Resumo: objetivo/contexto: a arqueologia tem empregado a elaboração de cartografia regular (ocidental) como uma técnica para apreender e analisar as paisagens arqueológicas pensadas usualmente como pertencentes exclusivas de sociedades pretéritas, passando por alto que as populações atuais incorporam de múltiplas maneiras estas impressões materiais em suas vidas quotidianas. Este trabalho propõe uma arqueologia da paisagem com sentido local, elaborando narrativas que contemplem o lugar que ocupa o arqueológico nas histórias locais passadas e presentes. Metodologia: consideramos brevemente o papel desempenhado pelas arqueologias latino-americanas nos discursos da modernidade unidos aos nascentes estados. Repassamos como foi a construção do objeto de estudo arqueológico que determinou a negação das comunidades locais como sujeitos de conhecimento válido sobre aquele, tomando como exemplo o desenvolvimento da prática arqueológica nos Valles Calchaquíes do noroeste argentino. Finalmente, apresentamos a cartografia participativa desde seus principais postulados teóricos e ferramentas, e as primeiras experiências empreendidas por nós na zona. Conclusões: consideramos que a cartografia participativa implica benefícios tanto para a disciplina arqueológica como para as populações locais pois é uma potencial ferramenta para o diálogo de saberes e da multivocalidade. Originalidade: a proposta apresenta a cartografia participativa como um enfoque teórico-metodológico apropriado para reconhecer e incorporar o conhecimento espacial local sobre as paisagens arqueológicas que possuem as comunidades atuais, enriquecendo assim seu estudo e permitindo um gerenciamento mais participativo e sustentável do patrimônio arqueológico.
Palavras-chave: comunidades indígenas/locais, conhecimento espacial local, diálogo de saberes, gerenciamento de paisagens arqueológicas, multivocalidade, Valles Calchaquíes