Papers by Clara Ines Saldamando Benjumea
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2013
The purpose of this study was to examine the population structure of Neoleucinodes elegantalis (G... more The purpose of this study was to examine the population structure of Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in relation to host plant association and ecological Holdridge zones. Adult collections were made in cultivated and wild Solanaceae species in 13 departments of Colombia. Sequencing of 658 bp of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase 1 on 103 individuals produced 25 haplotypes. Haplotypes Hl, H2, H4, and H7 were the most frequent and were geographically separated by the Andean mountains. We obtained an FST = 0.57 (P < 0.0001), where most of the genetic differentiation (42.64%) was between individuals within each department. Pairwise FST analysis produced higher genetic values between geographically separated departments than between closely related sites. H2 and H7 apparently behave as generalist populations, as they were found in different habitats and different hosts. The most divergent populations of N. elegantalis were found in southern Colombia,...
Neotropical Entomology, 2010
Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is a polifagous insect of major economic impact in the western hemi... more Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is a polifagous insect of major economic impact in the western hemisphere and exhibits two strains (i.e., corn and rice) that are morphologically identical but differ in ecology, genetics and physiology. In this work we identifi ed these strains and their respective hybrids by using a PCR-RFLP of the COI gene and PCR of the tandem region FR. Moreover, we performed a population structure analysis by using 253 larvae from Tolima, a region where S. frugiperda is a pest on corn, rice, sorghum and cotton. Corn strain was found on 42% in corn, 34% in cotton, 19% in sorghum and 0.04 % in rice and rice strain on 35% in corn, 0.06% in cotton, 0.06% in sorghum and 53% in rice, demonstrating that corn strain specifi city is superior to rice strain. Hybrids between these strains were more abundant in corn. The distributions on their host plants refl ect a population genetic differentiation in S. frugiperda with values of PhiPT (COI) = 0.31, P < 0.0001, PhiPT (FR) = 0.17, P < 0.0001 for all crops and PhiPT (COI) = 0.42, P < 0.01, PhiPT (FR) = 0.13, P < 0.01 for the sixteen sampled farms. The dendrograms showed two clusters representing both strains. The results obtained in this study suggest that the management of this insect must differ on each host plant, given the specialization that both strains present, particularly in corn and rice.
Tecia solanivora, Povolny (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): una revisión sobre su origen, dispersión y estrategias de control biológico, 2013
En 1956, Tecia solanivora fue reportada por primera vez en Centroamérica.
Este insecto Lepidópte... more En 1956, Tecia solanivora fue reportada por primera vez en Centroamérica.
Este insecto Lepidóptero de la familia Gelechiidae fue encontrado causando
daños graves a los cultivos de papa (Solanum tuberosum), lo que afectó
negativamente la economía local. Aunque este insecto tiene movilidad reducida,
ha invadido varios países en Centro y Sur América así como las
Islas Canarias en España. El daño causado por T. solanivora ha sido detectado
en tubérculos cosechados en campo y en almacenamiento. El Impacto
económico de la plaga en países del área andina es mucho mas serio que
en Centro América, principalmente debido a que la papa es un importante
alimento básico de las familias y su producción es intensiva. Por lo tanto,
T. solanivora es considerada el insecto plaga mas perjudicial del cultivo
de la papa en diferentes países. Esta revisión se enfoca en el actual conocimiento
científico alrededor de T. solanivora, el cual incluye su origen y
dispersión a través de los países, las implicaciones en los cultivos de papa,
las estrategias para controlar su impacto. Adicionalmente, el conocimiento
generado desde la filogeografía y genética de poblaciones de T. solanivora,
se discute como estrategia complementaria para enfrentar esta plaga.
Phylogeography of Tecia solanivora from Colombia Based on Cytochrome Oxydase I and Cytochrome b Mitochondrial Genes, 2015
The Guatemalan potato moth, Tecia solanivora (Povolny) (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae), is the most i... more The Guatemalan potato moth, Tecia solanivora (Povolny) (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae), is the most important insect pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L.,
worldwide. Larvae attack tubers and are difficult to control. The insect has been
characterized by microsatellites and the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene.
However, the studies used populations from S. tuberosum and no data are available
for populations on other species of potatoes. We used mitochondrial gene markers
cytochrome oxydase I and cytochrome b to analyze phylogeography of T.
solanivora from S. tuberosum and S. phureja from Antioquia, Boyacá, Nariño, and
Norte de Santander regions of Colombia, demonstrating the species was genetically
structured and no genetic differentiation was found between the two hosts. The
Tajima-Nei test showed the population from Boyacá where most potatoes are
produced in Colombia was the only one with recent expansion. The divergence
(expansion) time of T. solanivora populations from Boyacá occurred 180,000 years
ago according to mismatch distribution analysis. Sequences of cytochrome b from
Genbank from Canary Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and
Venezuela showed T. solanivora genetically structured as reported elsewhere.
Populations under recent expansion are from Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
according to the Tajima-Nei test. Mismatch distribution analysis showed divergence
in Guatemala occurred 1.5 million years ago, followed by Costa Rica at 1.38 million
years, and Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia 388,000 years ago. Results
coincided with reports of invasion patterns of the species from Central to South
America after the species originated in Guatemala.
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a Neotropical moth that has diverg... more Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a Neotropical moth that has diverged into corn, Zea mays L., and rice, Oryza sativa L., host strains because these plants are their most frequently used hosts. The corn strain also has been found in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, and the rice strain in small grasses and pasture grasses. Studies of the reproductive isolation between these two strains have provided ambiguous results from populations in the United States. In Colombia, we tested pre-and postzygotic isolation in these strains. Both strains showed postzygotic isolation for several life-history traits, including number of egg masses, number of larvae, number of females, pupal developmental time, female and male longevity, and female and male pupal weight. We observed a reduction of the number of hybrid females and a reduction in fertility in hybrids in S. frugiperda. These results suggest the possibility of HaldaneÕs rule. Heterosis in the F 1(2) and F 2(1) generations was observed for number of larvae and adult longevity. This line presented a high standard deviation, suggesting instability in this cross. A possible effect of the X chromosome may explain the reduction in viability and sterility in F1 hybrids of host strains of S. frugiperda. No temporal isolation was observed between the corn and rice strains. Differences in longevity between corn and rice strains might be another form of temporal isolation between these strains, because differences in adulthood time might reduce the encounters between them and thus hybridization.
Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an
oligophagous pest in the Weste... more Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an
oligophagous pest in the Western Hemisphere and found on cultivated and wild
Solanaceae species. In Colombia, the insect has diverged into four host races
according to variation in female genitalia size, wing morphometrics, and haplotype.
Adult insects were collected on Solanaceae species from Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, and Venezuela. Sequencing of 586 bp of the
mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) in 276 individuals produced 50
haplotypes. AMOVA confirmed population structuring (FST = 0.73, P < 0.0001).
UPGMA dendrogram for FST paired distances indicated the Andes Mountains
influenced the genetic differentiation of the pest as previously reported in Colombia.
The pest might have passed through political and geographical borders by free
commercialization of Solanaceae fruit from Ecuador (S. quitoense) and Honduras
(S. melongena) because much genetic similarity was found between races from
both countries. The Tajima test (D) indicated that populations of N. elegantalis from
Brazil and Ecuador had expanded recently whereas populations from other
countries were in equilibrium. Mismatch analysis showed populations of the pest
expanded in Central and South America from 338,000 to 1.3 million years ago,
suggesting haplotype race divergence occurred before domestication of
Solanaceae plants in the Americas (10,000 years ago). The Mantel test was
significant (r2 = 0.1943, p < 0.0001), suggesting isolation by distance, particularly in
South America.
Chemical Composition of Female Sexual Glands of Spodoptera frugiperda Corn and Rice Strains from Tolima, Colombia, 2017
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a Neotropical
polyphagous moth that is an ... more Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a Neotropical
polyphagous moth that is an important pest of maize, Zea mays L., in the Western
Hemisphere. In the Americas, including Colombia, the insect also is a pest of rice,
Oryza sativa L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; cotton, Gossypium
hirsutum L.; and sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L. The species in Colombia has
diverged into strains in maize and rice as their most frequent hosts. Studies of
reproductive isolation in Colombia showed that females of the corn strain rarely
mated with males of the rice strain while females of the rice strain mated with both
strains. Because behavioral isolation can be influenced by chemical composition of
female sexual glands, we examined the volatile compounds for both strains,
considering the time of extraction and male stimulation in production of metabolites.
Altogether, 27 compounds were detected by gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry in the female sexual glands of both strains under laboratory
conditions. The most relevant were the pheromones (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and
(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, among other volatiles reported for Lepidoptera. While 11
constituents were exclusive for the rice strain and eight for the corn strain, nine
were common to both strains. A detrended correspondence analysis associated a
group of compounds with each strain, while no significant differences were found in
the abundance of compounds in common (T-test/Mann Whitney). In addition, the
production of compounds was optimal after 3 hours of the scotophase for the corn
strain and after 6 hours for the rice strain, while the presence of males was a
positive influence in the production of compounds for females of both strains
The fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is a migratory important pest of corn, sorghum, ... more The fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is a migratory important pest of corn, sorghum, rice, grass and bermudagrass in North and South America. This species has diverged into two genetically differentiated but morphologically identical strains, "the rice" and "the corn". They have been analyzed by sequencing the genes cytochrome oxydase I, II and ITS1 from populations from the United States and Brazil. However, no such studies were performed in Colombia. In here, we identi ied 43 haplotypes by sequencing a fragment of the COI gene from 102 individuals, of which 40 had already been identi ied as the "corn" and "rice" strains or to their hybrids from Tolima, and the rest were collected from corn, cotton, sorghum, grass and rice ields in other regions of Colombia. The corn strain haplotype H1 was the most frequently found in this country, representing the main target for FAW monitoring programs. AMOVA analysis con irmed the population structure between Colombian and North American S. frugiperda haplotypes (F ST = 0.76812, P < 0.001), but not within the different Colombian regions, suggesting high gene low within the country. The ML trees obtained for Tolima and for Colombia as a whole did not generate clustering amongst S. frugiperda sequences, neither via host-plant association nor by geographical areas. The minimum spanning network for Colombia corroborated our inding that the haplotype H1 has the highest frequency in the country. Our data suggest that haplotype frequency determination will be useful in the establishment of a monitoring system for this species.
Knowledge of the genetic basis of divergence in mating signal characters that
contribute to repro... more Knowledge of the genetic basis of divergence in mating signal characters that
contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation.
Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper
acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in
three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase
(PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two species of
grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of
pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for
most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song
components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage
was detected. Wright–Castle–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of
genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg
number (ne ¼ 5.87 ± 5.84), SL (ne ¼ 2.37 ± 4.79) and PL (ne ¼ 0.87 ± 0.86).
On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results
suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection
whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental
results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few
factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg
number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between
closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral
character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the
number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for
subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses
Blackberry anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is an important disease of cultivated blac... more Blackberry anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is an important disease of cultivated blackberry in the world. In Colombia, it is the number one limiting factor for commercial production. This study was conducted to determine the species of Colletotrichum infecting blackberry plants as well as the organ distribution, pathogenicity and response to benomyl of the isolated strains. Sixty isolates from stems (n = 20), thorns (n = 20) and inflorescences (n = 20) were identified as Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by a speciesspecific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both Colletotrichum species were found in the same plant but on different organs. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species predominated in thorn lesions (n = 16) and C. acutatum in stems (n = 15) and inflorescence (n = 15). Pathogenicity assays on detached blackberry organs demonstrated differences between the two species with an average period of lesion development of 8.7 days for C. gloeosporioides and 10.3 days for C. acutatum. Wound inoculated organs had 90% disease development compared to 17.5% in non-wounded. All C. acutatum isolates (n = 34) were benomyl tolerant, whereas C. gloeosporioides isolates (n = 26) were 30.7% sensitive and 69.2% moderately tolerant. Phylogenetic analysis with ITS sequences of a subset of 18 strains showed that strains classified as C. gloeosporioides had 100% identity to Colletotrichum kahawae, which belongs to the C. gloeosporioides species complex, whereas C. acutatum strains clustered into two different groups, with high similarity to the A2 and the A4 molecular groups. These data demonstrate for the first time the differential distribution of both species complexes in blackberry plant organs and further clarifies the taxonomy of the strains.
Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is a polifagous insect of major economic impact in the western hemi... more Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) is a polifagous insect of major economic impact in the western hemisphere and exhibits two strains (i.e., corn and rice) that are morphologically identical but differ in ecology, genetics and physiology. In this work we identifi ed these strains and their respective hybrids by using a PCR-RFLP of the COI gene and PCR of the tandem region FR. Moreover, we performed a population structure analysis by using 253 larvae from Tolima, a region where S. frugiperda is a pest on corn, rice, sorghum and cotton. Corn strain was found on 42% in corn, 34% in cotton, 19% in sorghum and 0.04 % in rice and rice strain on 35% in corn, 0.06% in cotton, 0.06% in sorghum and 53% in rice, demonstrating that corn strain specifi city is superior to rice strain. Hybrids between these strains were more abundant in corn. The distributions on their host plants refl ect a population genetic differentiation in S. frugiperda with values of PhiPT (COI) = 0.31, P < 0.0001, PhiPT (FR) = 0.17, P < 0.0001 for all crops and PhiPT (COI) = 0.42, P < 0.01, PhiPT (FR) = 0.13, P < 0.01 for the sixteen sampled farms. The dendrograms showed two clusters representing both strains. The results obtained in this study suggest that the management of this insect must differ on each host plant, given the specialization that both strains present, particularly in corn and rice.
Habitat change in Rhodnius spp may represent an environmental challenge for the development of th... more Habitat change in Rhodnius spp may represent an environmental challenge for the development of the species, particularly when feeding frequency and population density vary in nature. To estimate the effect of these variables in stability on development, the degree of directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the wing size and shape of R. prolixus and R. robustus-like were measured under laboratory controlled conditions. DA and FA in wing size and shape were significant in both species, but their variation patterns showed both inter-specific and sexual dimorphic differences in FA of wing size and shape induced by nutrition stress. These results suggest different abilities of the genotypes and sexes of two sylvatic and domestic genotypes of Rhodnius to buffer these stress conditions. However, both species showed non-significant differences in the levels of FA between treatments that simulated sylvan vs domestic conditions, indicating that the developmental noise did not explain the variation in wing size and shape found in previous studies. Thus, this result confirm that the variation in wing size and shape in response to treatments constitute a plastic response of these genotypes to population density and feeding frequency.
Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a moth
that has genetically diverg... more Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a moth
that has genetically diverged in two strains named “corn” and “rice.” This study was
focused on carrying out a molecular characterization of the species with Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) using larvae collected in the departments
of Córdoba (North), Meta (East), and Valle del Cauca (West) in corn, cotton, and
rice fields, to improve the information of the species obtained in 2008. In this work,
134 DNA extractions were made from each larva head and 45 samples were
amplified with three combinations of AFLP primers that produced 101 loci. The
AFLP were useful to determine that populations of S. frugiperda of Colombia have a
high genetic variability, but they do not differentiate the strains as other authors
reported. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that populations of
S. frugiperda from the three departments were not genetically differentiated. The
UPGMA dendrogram obtained also showed that there is no a genetic differentiation
of the genotyped individuals based on the geographical location or the crop
sampled. Our results coincide with a previous report obtained with the same
species of Colombia based on a sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome
oxidase I (COI).
Brycon henni is a native species in Magdalena´s
River basin, and because of its cultural and eco... more Brycon henni is a native species in Magdalena´s
River basin, and because of its cultural and economic importance, is strongly overexploited. This study aimed
to describe the genetic variability and population structure of this species from Nare and Guatapé rivers basins.
A total of 195 individuals were collected and DNA extractions were obtained from muscle and blood tissue.
Fourteen primers were evaluated with the RAPD technique, being four of them polymorphic, and produced
66 different fragments (63% polymorphism). Besides, using the molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis, the
population structure was described for all sites (ΦST=0.297, ΦST=0.163; Nare and Guatapé river basins, respectively),
and suggested the importance of the migratory behaviour of the species in the genetic differentiation.
Genetic distances among sampled sites showed that most of the genetic differentiation occurred between sites
Guatapé and El Cardal with respect to the others. A Mantel Test demonstrated a correlation between genetic and
geographic distances (r=0.431 both of the basins evaluated; r=0.377, Nare river middle basin), and suggested
isolation by distance. The outcomes obtained in this study have valuable implications in species conservation
and the genetic variability of natural populations of B. henni, and should be complemented with morphological
analyses.
Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest of fruits in the fami... more Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest of fruits in the family Solanaceae in the Western Hemisphere. The objectives of this study were to determine whether life zone or host plant explained morphological variation in females, and if so, if there was evidence of sexual selection driving diversification in this species. We collected larvae feeding on cultivated (Capsicum annuum L., Solanum betaceum Cavanilles, Solanum lycopersicum Lamarck, Solanum melongena L., and Solanum quitoense Lamarck) and wild species (Solanum atropurpureum Schrank, Solanum acerifolium Dunal, Solanum crinitum Lamarck, and Solanum hirtum Vahl) of Solanceae in Colombia. The genitalia traits of 547 reared females were measured and correlations with host plant fruit size were estimated. Six female genitalia morphological characters, apophysis posterioris, apophysis anterioris, ostium bursae, ductus bursae length, corpus bursae, and the seventh abdominal segment were measured. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis classified individuals based on female morphological similarity and clustered them into four main groups according to host plant: 1) S. aceriflolium; 2) S. quitoense, S. lycopersicum, C. annuum and S. hirtum; 3) S. atroporpureum; 4) S. melongena, S. crinitum and S. betaceum. In this unique study, we found that variation in female genitalia size is directly correlated with the size of its host fruit, which suggests a mechanism for reproductive isolation and divergence of the four host races. Ours is one of the first studies that shows female genitalia morphology is correlated with species of host plants and represents a valuable contribution to the study of sexual selection in the evolution of insects.
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Papers by Clara Ines Saldamando Benjumea
Este insecto Lepidóptero de la familia Gelechiidae fue encontrado causando
daños graves a los cultivos de papa (Solanum tuberosum), lo que afectó
negativamente la economía local. Aunque este insecto tiene movilidad reducida,
ha invadido varios países en Centro y Sur América así como las
Islas Canarias en España. El daño causado por T. solanivora ha sido detectado
en tubérculos cosechados en campo y en almacenamiento. El Impacto
económico de la plaga en países del área andina es mucho mas serio que
en Centro América, principalmente debido a que la papa es un importante
alimento básico de las familias y su producción es intensiva. Por lo tanto,
T. solanivora es considerada el insecto plaga mas perjudicial del cultivo
de la papa en diferentes países. Esta revisión se enfoca en el actual conocimiento
científico alrededor de T. solanivora, el cual incluye su origen y
dispersión a través de los países, las implicaciones en los cultivos de papa,
las estrategias para controlar su impacto. Adicionalmente, el conocimiento
generado desde la filogeografía y genética de poblaciones de T. solanivora,
se discute como estrategia complementaria para enfrentar esta plaga.
Gelechiidae), is the most important insect pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L.,
worldwide. Larvae attack tubers and are difficult to control. The insect has been
characterized by microsatellites and the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene.
However, the studies used populations from S. tuberosum and no data are available
for populations on other species of potatoes. We used mitochondrial gene markers
cytochrome oxydase I and cytochrome b to analyze phylogeography of T.
solanivora from S. tuberosum and S. phureja from Antioquia, Boyacá, Nariño, and
Norte de Santander regions of Colombia, demonstrating the species was genetically
structured and no genetic differentiation was found between the two hosts. The
Tajima-Nei test showed the population from Boyacá where most potatoes are
produced in Colombia was the only one with recent expansion. The divergence
(expansion) time of T. solanivora populations from Boyacá occurred 180,000 years
ago according to mismatch distribution analysis. Sequences of cytochrome b from
Genbank from Canary Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and
Venezuela showed T. solanivora genetically structured as reported elsewhere.
Populations under recent expansion are from Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
according to the Tajima-Nei test. Mismatch distribution analysis showed divergence
in Guatemala occurred 1.5 million years ago, followed by Costa Rica at 1.38 million
years, and Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia 388,000 years ago. Results
coincided with reports of invasion patterns of the species from Central to South
America after the species originated in Guatemala.
oligophagous pest in the Western Hemisphere and found on cultivated and wild
Solanaceae species. In Colombia, the insect has diverged into four host races
according to variation in female genitalia size, wing morphometrics, and haplotype.
Adult insects were collected on Solanaceae species from Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, and Venezuela. Sequencing of 586 bp of the
mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) in 276 individuals produced 50
haplotypes. AMOVA confirmed population structuring (FST = 0.73, P < 0.0001).
UPGMA dendrogram for FST paired distances indicated the Andes Mountains
influenced the genetic differentiation of the pest as previously reported in Colombia.
The pest might have passed through political and geographical borders by free
commercialization of Solanaceae fruit from Ecuador (S. quitoense) and Honduras
(S. melongena) because much genetic similarity was found between races from
both countries. The Tajima test (D) indicated that populations of N. elegantalis from
Brazil and Ecuador had expanded recently whereas populations from other
countries were in equilibrium. Mismatch analysis showed populations of the pest
expanded in Central and South America from 338,000 to 1.3 million years ago,
suggesting haplotype race divergence occurred before domestication of
Solanaceae plants in the Americas (10,000 years ago). The Mantel test was
significant (r2 = 0.1943, p < 0.0001), suggesting isolation by distance, particularly in
South America.
polyphagous moth that is an important pest of maize, Zea mays L., in the Western
Hemisphere. In the Americas, including Colombia, the insect also is a pest of rice,
Oryza sativa L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; cotton, Gossypium
hirsutum L.; and sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L. The species in Colombia has
diverged into strains in maize and rice as their most frequent hosts. Studies of
reproductive isolation in Colombia showed that females of the corn strain rarely
mated with males of the rice strain while females of the rice strain mated with both
strains. Because behavioral isolation can be influenced by chemical composition of
female sexual glands, we examined the volatile compounds for both strains,
considering the time of extraction and male stimulation in production of metabolites.
Altogether, 27 compounds were detected by gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry in the female sexual glands of both strains under laboratory
conditions. The most relevant were the pheromones (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and
(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, among other volatiles reported for Lepidoptera. While 11
constituents were exclusive for the rice strain and eight for the corn strain, nine
were common to both strains. A detrended correspondence analysis associated a
group of compounds with each strain, while no significant differences were found in
the abundance of compounds in common (T-test/Mann Whitney). In addition, the
production of compounds was optimal after 3 hours of the scotophase for the corn
strain and after 6 hours for the rice strain, while the presence of males was a
positive influence in the production of compounds for females of both strains
contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation.
Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper
acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in
three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase
(PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two species of
grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of
pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for
most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song
components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage
was detected. Wright–Castle–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of
genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg
number (ne ¼ 5.87 ± 5.84), SL (ne ¼ 2.37 ± 4.79) and PL (ne ¼ 0.87 ± 0.86).
On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results
suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection
whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental
results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few
factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg
number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between
closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral
character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the
number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for
subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses
that has genetically diverged in two strains named “corn” and “rice.” This study was
focused on carrying out a molecular characterization of the species with Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) using larvae collected in the departments
of Córdoba (North), Meta (East), and Valle del Cauca (West) in corn, cotton, and
rice fields, to improve the information of the species obtained in 2008. In this work,
134 DNA extractions were made from each larva head and 45 samples were
amplified with three combinations of AFLP primers that produced 101 loci. The
AFLP were useful to determine that populations of S. frugiperda of Colombia have a
high genetic variability, but they do not differentiate the strains as other authors
reported. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that populations of
S. frugiperda from the three departments were not genetically differentiated. The
UPGMA dendrogram obtained also showed that there is no a genetic differentiation
of the genotyped individuals based on the geographical location or the crop
sampled. Our results coincide with a previous report obtained with the same
species of Colombia based on a sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome
oxidase I (COI).
River basin, and because of its cultural and economic importance, is strongly overexploited. This study aimed
to describe the genetic variability and population structure of this species from Nare and Guatapé rivers basins.
A total of 195 individuals were collected and DNA extractions were obtained from muscle and blood tissue.
Fourteen primers were evaluated with the RAPD technique, being four of them polymorphic, and produced
66 different fragments (63% polymorphism). Besides, using the molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis, the
population structure was described for all sites (ΦST=0.297, ΦST=0.163; Nare and Guatapé river basins, respectively),
and suggested the importance of the migratory behaviour of the species in the genetic differentiation.
Genetic distances among sampled sites showed that most of the genetic differentiation occurred between sites
Guatapé and El Cardal with respect to the others. A Mantel Test demonstrated a correlation between genetic and
geographic distances (r=0.431 both of the basins evaluated; r=0.377, Nare river middle basin), and suggested
isolation by distance. The outcomes obtained in this study have valuable implications in species conservation
and the genetic variability of natural populations of B. henni, and should be complemented with morphological
analyses.
Este insecto Lepidóptero de la familia Gelechiidae fue encontrado causando
daños graves a los cultivos de papa (Solanum tuberosum), lo que afectó
negativamente la economía local. Aunque este insecto tiene movilidad reducida,
ha invadido varios países en Centro y Sur América así como las
Islas Canarias en España. El daño causado por T. solanivora ha sido detectado
en tubérculos cosechados en campo y en almacenamiento. El Impacto
económico de la plaga en países del área andina es mucho mas serio que
en Centro América, principalmente debido a que la papa es un importante
alimento básico de las familias y su producción es intensiva. Por lo tanto,
T. solanivora es considerada el insecto plaga mas perjudicial del cultivo
de la papa en diferentes países. Esta revisión se enfoca en el actual conocimiento
científico alrededor de T. solanivora, el cual incluye su origen y
dispersión a través de los países, las implicaciones en los cultivos de papa,
las estrategias para controlar su impacto. Adicionalmente, el conocimiento
generado desde la filogeografía y genética de poblaciones de T. solanivora,
se discute como estrategia complementaria para enfrentar esta plaga.
Gelechiidae), is the most important insect pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L.,
worldwide. Larvae attack tubers and are difficult to control. The insect has been
characterized by microsatellites and the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene.
However, the studies used populations from S. tuberosum and no data are available
for populations on other species of potatoes. We used mitochondrial gene markers
cytochrome oxydase I and cytochrome b to analyze phylogeography of T.
solanivora from S. tuberosum and S. phureja from Antioquia, Boyacá, Nariño, and
Norte de Santander regions of Colombia, demonstrating the species was genetically
structured and no genetic differentiation was found between the two hosts. The
Tajima-Nei test showed the population from Boyacá where most potatoes are
produced in Colombia was the only one with recent expansion. The divergence
(expansion) time of T. solanivora populations from Boyacá occurred 180,000 years
ago according to mismatch distribution analysis. Sequences of cytochrome b from
Genbank from Canary Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and
Venezuela showed T. solanivora genetically structured as reported elsewhere.
Populations under recent expansion are from Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
according to the Tajima-Nei test. Mismatch distribution analysis showed divergence
in Guatemala occurred 1.5 million years ago, followed by Costa Rica at 1.38 million
years, and Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia 388,000 years ago. Results
coincided with reports of invasion patterns of the species from Central to South
America after the species originated in Guatemala.
oligophagous pest in the Western Hemisphere and found on cultivated and wild
Solanaceae species. In Colombia, the insect has diverged into four host races
according to variation in female genitalia size, wing morphometrics, and haplotype.
Adult insects were collected on Solanaceae species from Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, and Venezuela. Sequencing of 586 bp of the
mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) in 276 individuals produced 50
haplotypes. AMOVA confirmed population structuring (FST = 0.73, P < 0.0001).
UPGMA dendrogram for FST paired distances indicated the Andes Mountains
influenced the genetic differentiation of the pest as previously reported in Colombia.
The pest might have passed through political and geographical borders by free
commercialization of Solanaceae fruit from Ecuador (S. quitoense) and Honduras
(S. melongena) because much genetic similarity was found between races from
both countries. The Tajima test (D) indicated that populations of N. elegantalis from
Brazil and Ecuador had expanded recently whereas populations from other
countries were in equilibrium. Mismatch analysis showed populations of the pest
expanded in Central and South America from 338,000 to 1.3 million years ago,
suggesting haplotype race divergence occurred before domestication of
Solanaceae plants in the Americas (10,000 years ago). The Mantel test was
significant (r2 = 0.1943, p < 0.0001), suggesting isolation by distance, particularly in
South America.
polyphagous moth that is an important pest of maize, Zea mays L., in the Western
Hemisphere. In the Americas, including Colombia, the insect also is a pest of rice,
Oryza sativa L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; cotton, Gossypium
hirsutum L.; and sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L. The species in Colombia has
diverged into strains in maize and rice as their most frequent hosts. Studies of
reproductive isolation in Colombia showed that females of the corn strain rarely
mated with males of the rice strain while females of the rice strain mated with both
strains. Because behavioral isolation can be influenced by chemical composition of
female sexual glands, we examined the volatile compounds for both strains,
considering the time of extraction and male stimulation in production of metabolites.
Altogether, 27 compounds were detected by gas chromatography coupled to mass
spectrometry in the female sexual glands of both strains under laboratory
conditions. The most relevant were the pheromones (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and
(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, among other volatiles reported for Lepidoptera. While 11
constituents were exclusive for the rice strain and eight for the corn strain, nine
were common to both strains. A detrended correspondence analysis associated a
group of compounds with each strain, while no significant differences were found in
the abundance of compounds in common (T-test/Mann Whitney). In addition, the
production of compounds was optimal after 3 hours of the scotophase for the corn
strain and after 6 hours for the rice strain, while the presence of males was a
positive influence in the production of compounds for females of both strains
contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation.
Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper
acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in
three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase
(PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two species of
grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of
pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for
most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song
components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage
was detected. Wright–Castle–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of
genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg
number (ne ¼ 5.87 ± 5.84), SL (ne ¼ 2.37 ± 4.79) and PL (ne ¼ 0.87 ± 0.86).
On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results
suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection
whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental
results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few
factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg
number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between
closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral
character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the
number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for
subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses
that has genetically diverged in two strains named “corn” and “rice.” This study was
focused on carrying out a molecular characterization of the species with Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) using larvae collected in the departments
of Córdoba (North), Meta (East), and Valle del Cauca (West) in corn, cotton, and
rice fields, to improve the information of the species obtained in 2008. In this work,
134 DNA extractions were made from each larva head and 45 samples were
amplified with three combinations of AFLP primers that produced 101 loci. The
AFLP were useful to determine that populations of S. frugiperda of Colombia have a
high genetic variability, but they do not differentiate the strains as other authors
reported. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that populations of
S. frugiperda from the three departments were not genetically differentiated. The
UPGMA dendrogram obtained also showed that there is no a genetic differentiation
of the genotyped individuals based on the geographical location or the crop
sampled. Our results coincide with a previous report obtained with the same
species of Colombia based on a sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome
oxidase I (COI).
River basin, and because of its cultural and economic importance, is strongly overexploited. This study aimed
to describe the genetic variability and population structure of this species from Nare and Guatapé rivers basins.
A total of 195 individuals were collected and DNA extractions were obtained from muscle and blood tissue.
Fourteen primers were evaluated with the RAPD technique, being four of them polymorphic, and produced
66 different fragments (63% polymorphism). Besides, using the molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis, the
population structure was described for all sites (ΦST=0.297, ΦST=0.163; Nare and Guatapé river basins, respectively),
and suggested the importance of the migratory behaviour of the species in the genetic differentiation.
Genetic distances among sampled sites showed that most of the genetic differentiation occurred between sites
Guatapé and El Cardal with respect to the others. A Mantel Test demonstrated a correlation between genetic and
geographic distances (r=0.431 both of the basins evaluated; r=0.377, Nare river middle basin), and suggested
isolation by distance. The outcomes obtained in this study have valuable implications in species conservation
and the genetic variability of natural populations of B. henni, and should be complemented with morphological
analyses.