This paper reports the results of a study intended to investigate the possibility that cognitive ... more This paper reports the results of a study intended to investigate the possibility that cognitive dissonance in 'presence' may play a role in the widely reported phenomenon of underestimation of egocentric distances in immersive virtual environments. In this study, we compare the accuracy of egocentric distance estimates, obtained via direct blind walking, across two cognitively different immersion conditions: one in which the presented virtual environment consists of a perfectly registered, high fidelity 3D model of the same space in which the user is physically located, and one in which the presented virtual environment is a high-fidelity 3D model of a different real space. In each space, we compare distance estimates obtained in the immersive virtual environment with distance estimates obtained in the corresponding physical environment. We also compare distance perception accuracy across two different exposure conditions: one in which the participant experiences the virtual space before s/he is exposed to the real space, and one in which the participant experiences the real space first. We find no significant difference in the accuracy of distance estimates obtained in the real vs. virtual environments when the virtual environment represents the same space as the occupied real environment, regardless of the order of exposure, but, consistent with previously reported findings by others, we find that distances are significantly underestimated in the virtual world, relative to the real world, when the virtual environment represents a different space from the occupied real environment. In the case of the non-co-located environment only, we also find a significant effect of previous experience in the represented space, i.e. participants who complete the experiment in the real world first exhibit less distance underestimation in the corresponding virtual environment than do participants who complete the experiment in the virtual world first. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that participants will be more likely to act in a virtual environment in the same way as they would the real world when they are able to cognitively accept the presented virtual environment as being 'equivalent' to a real world space.
... Connecting the Dots: Simple Text Input in Immersive Environments……………39 Scott Frees, Rami Kho... more ... Connecting the Dots: Simple Text Input in Immersive Environments……………39 Scott Frees, Rami Khouri, G. Drew Kessler ... Dynamic IBR Techniques for Fixed Cost Stereoscopic Support……………51 Jason Kimball, Vid Petrovic, Falko Kuester VR Panels ...
This chapter describes several limitations present in current 3-D programs used for conceptual de... more This chapter describes several limitations present in current 3-D programs used for conceptual design and then introduces a new threedimensional paint tool, as implemented in a beta version of Alias Upfront, that attempts to deal with some of those limitations.
In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / thre... more In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / three-dimensional immersive architectural design system. This system combines a tablet PC, an optically tracked room, a display wall, a SpaceTraveler motion controller, and stereographic eyewear to allow immersive conceptual design and walkthrough using a version of SketchUp that has been enhanced with Ruby plug-ins. The tablet PC provides a ”sketchpad” type of user interface for SketchUp, while the tracked space and display wall enable the designer simultaneously to design at full (or any other) scale in an immersive (VR) environment.
Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization - APGV '04, 2004
Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in imm... more Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in immersive virtual environments (IVEs). Motivated by the long-term goal of exploring the potential of IVEs for facilitating the process of conceptual design
Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization - APGV '06, 2006
Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accu... more Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accurate judgments about egocentric distances in an immersive virtual environment (IVE) in the special case that the IVE represents a high fidelity model of the same physical space ...
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology - VRST '08, 2008
Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtu... more Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtual environments when viewed through head mounted displays. Though many possible variables and factors have been investigated, the source of the compression is yet to be fully realized. Recent experiments have hinted in the direction of an unsatisfied feeling of presence being the cause. This paper investigates this presence hypothesis by exploring the benefit of providing self-embodiment to the user through the form of a virtual avatar, presenting an experiment comparing errors in egocentric distance perception through direct-blind walking between subjects with a virtual avatar and without. The result of this experiment finds a significant improvement with egocentric distance estimations for users equipped with a virtual avatar over those without.
… Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference …, 2006
In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / thre... more In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / three-dimensional immersive architectural design system. This system combines a tablet PC, an optically tracked room, a display wall, a SpaceTraveler motion controller, and stereographic eyewear to allow immersive conceptual design and walkthrough using a version of SketchUp that has been enhanced with Ruby plug-ins. The tablet PC provides a "sketchpad" type of user interface for SketchUp, while the tracked space and display wall enable the designer simultaneously to design at full (or any other) scale in an immersive (VR) environment.
Abstract To what extent does providing people with a low-latency, fully tracked, geometrically de... more Abstract To what extent does providing people with a low-latency, fully tracked, geometrically detailed and faithfully-sized avatar representation of themselves within a head-mounted display (HMD)-based immersive virtual environment (IVE) affect the accuracy ...
In previous work, we have found significant differences in participants' distance perception accu... more In previous work, we have found significant differences in participants' distance perception accuracy in different types of immersive virtual environments (IVEs). Could these differences be an indication of, or consequence of, differences in participants' sense of presence under these different virtual environment conditions? In this paper, we report the results of an experiment that seeks further insight into this question. In our experiment, users were fully tracked and immersed in one of three different IVEs: a photorealistically rendered replica of our lab, a non-photorealistically rendered replica of our lab, or a photorealistically rendered room that had similar dimensions as our lab, but was texture mapped with photographs from a different real place. Participants in each group were asked to perform a series of tasks, first in a normal (control) version of the IVE and then in a stress-enhanced version in which the floor surrounding the marked path was cut away to reveal a two-story drop. We assessed participants' depth of presence in each of these IVEs using a questionnaire, recordings of heart rate and galvanic skin response, and gait metrics derived from tracking data, and then compared the differences between the stressful and non-stressful versions of each environment. Pooling the data over all participants in each group, we found significant physiological indications of stress after the appearance of the pit in all three environments, but did not find significant differences in the magnitude of the physiological stress response between the different environment conditions. However, we did find significant differences in the change in gait: participants in the photorealistic replica room group walked significantly slower, and with shorter strides, after exposure to the stressful version of the environment, than did participants in either the photorealistically rendered unfamiliar room or the NPR replica room conditions.
Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accu... more Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accurate judgments about egocentric distances in an immersive virtual environment (IVE) in the special case that the IVE represents a high fidelity model of the same physical space ...
Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in imm... more Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in immersive virtual environments (IVEs). Motivated by the long-term goal of exploring the potential of IVEs for facilitating the process of conceptual design in ...
Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtu... more Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtual environments when viewed through head mounted displays. Though many possible variables and factors have been investigated, the source of the compression is yet to be fully realized. Recent experiments have hinted in the direction of an unsatisfied feeling of presence being the cause. This paper investigates this presence hypothesis by exploring the benefit of providing self-embodiment to the user through the form of a virtual avatar, presenting an experiment comparing errors in egocentric distance perception through direct-blind walking between subjects with a virtual avatar and without. The result of this experiment finds a significant improvement with egocentric distance estimations for users equipped with a virtual avatar over those without.
abstract={The visualization of scientific data sets can be enhanced by providing additional infor... more abstract={The visualization of scientific data sets can be enhanced by providing additional information that aids the data analysis process. This information is represented by so called annotations, which contain descriptive meta data about the underlying visualization. The meta data results from diverse sources like previous analysis sessions (eg ideas, comments, or sketches) or automated meta data extraction (eg descriptive statistics). Visually integrating annotations into an existing data visualization while maintaining easy data access and a ...
In previous work, we have found significant differences in the accuracy with which people make in... more In previous work, we have found significant differences in the accuracy with which people make initial spatial judgments in different types of head-mounted, display-based immersive virtual environments (IVEs; Phillips, Interrante, Kaeding, Ries, & Anderson, 2010). In particular, we have found that people tend to less severely underestimate egocentric distances in a virtual environment that is a photorealistic replica of a
This paper reports the results of a study intended to investigate the possibility that cognitive ... more This paper reports the results of a study intended to investigate the possibility that cognitive dissonance in 'presence' may play a role in the widely reported phenomenon of underestimation of egocentric distances in immersive virtual environments. In this study, we compare the accuracy of egocentric distance estimates, obtained via direct blind walking, across two cognitively different immersion conditions: one in which the presented virtual environment consists of a perfectly registered, high fidelity 3D model of the same space in which the user is physically located, and one in which the presented virtual environment is a high-fidelity 3D model of a different real space. In each space, we compare distance estimates obtained in the immersive virtual environment with distance estimates obtained in the corresponding physical environment. We also compare distance perception accuracy across two different exposure conditions: one in which the participant experiences the virtual space before s/he is exposed to the real space, and one in which the participant experiences the real space first. We find no significant difference in the accuracy of distance estimates obtained in the real vs. virtual environments when the virtual environment represents the same space as the occupied real environment, regardless of the order of exposure, but, consistent with previously reported findings by others, we find that distances are significantly underestimated in the virtual world, relative to the real world, when the virtual environment represents a different space from the occupied real environment. In the case of the non-co-located environment only, we also find a significant effect of previous experience in the represented space, i.e. participants who complete the experiment in the real world first exhibit less distance underestimation in the corresponding virtual environment than do participants who complete the experiment in the virtual world first. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that participants will be more likely to act in a virtual environment in the same way as they would the real world when they are able to cognitively accept the presented virtual environment as being 'equivalent' to a real world space.
... Connecting the Dots: Simple Text Input in Immersive Environments……………39 Scott Frees, Rami Kho... more ... Connecting the Dots: Simple Text Input in Immersive Environments……………39 Scott Frees, Rami Khouri, G. Drew Kessler ... Dynamic IBR Techniques for Fixed Cost Stereoscopic Support……………51 Jason Kimball, Vid Petrovic, Falko Kuester VR Panels ...
This chapter describes several limitations present in current 3-D programs used for conceptual de... more This chapter describes several limitations present in current 3-D programs used for conceptual design and then introduces a new threedimensional paint tool, as implemented in a beta version of Alias Upfront, that attempts to deal with some of those limitations.
In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / thre... more In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / three-dimensional immersive architectural design system. This system combines a tablet PC, an optically tracked room, a display wall, a SpaceTraveler motion controller, and stereographic eyewear to allow immersive conceptual design and walkthrough using a version of SketchUp that has been enhanced with Ruby plug-ins. The tablet PC provides a ”sketchpad” type of user interface for SketchUp, while the tracked space and display wall enable the designer simultaneously to design at full (or any other) scale in an immersive (VR) environment.
Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization - APGV '04, 2004
Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in imm... more Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in immersive virtual environments (IVEs). Motivated by the long-term goal of exploring the potential of IVEs for facilitating the process of conceptual design
Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization - APGV '06, 2006
Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accu... more Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accurate judgments about egocentric distances in an immersive virtual environment (IVE) in the special case that the IVE represents a high fidelity model of the same physical space ...
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology - VRST '08, 2008
Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtu... more Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtual environments when viewed through head mounted displays. Though many possible variables and factors have been investigated, the source of the compression is yet to be fully realized. Recent experiments have hinted in the direction of an unsatisfied feeling of presence being the cause. This paper investigates this presence hypothesis by exploring the benefit of providing self-embodiment to the user through the form of a virtual avatar, presenting an experiment comparing errors in egocentric distance perception through direct-blind walking between subjects with a virtual avatar and without. The result of this experiment finds a significant improvement with egocentric distance estimations for users equipped with a virtual avatar over those without.
… Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference …, 2006
In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / thre... more In this paper we describe a SketchUp VR system in which we create a hybrid two-dimensional / three-dimensional immersive architectural design system. This system combines a tablet PC, an optically tracked room, a display wall, a SpaceTraveler motion controller, and stereographic eyewear to allow immersive conceptual design and walkthrough using a version of SketchUp that has been enhanced with Ruby plug-ins. The tablet PC provides a "sketchpad" type of user interface for SketchUp, while the tracked space and display wall enable the designer simultaneously to design at full (or any other) scale in an immersive (VR) environment.
Abstract To what extent does providing people with a low-latency, fully tracked, geometrically de... more Abstract To what extent does providing people with a low-latency, fully tracked, geometrically detailed and faithfully-sized avatar representation of themselves within a head-mounted display (HMD)-based immersive virtual environment (IVE) affect the accuracy ...
In previous work, we have found significant differences in participants' distance perception accu... more In previous work, we have found significant differences in participants' distance perception accuracy in different types of immersive virtual environments (IVEs). Could these differences be an indication of, or consequence of, differences in participants' sense of presence under these different virtual environment conditions? In this paper, we report the results of an experiment that seeks further insight into this question. In our experiment, users were fully tracked and immersed in one of three different IVEs: a photorealistically rendered replica of our lab, a non-photorealistically rendered replica of our lab, or a photorealistically rendered room that had similar dimensions as our lab, but was texture mapped with photographs from a different real place. Participants in each group were asked to perform a series of tasks, first in a normal (control) version of the IVE and then in a stress-enhanced version in which the floor surrounding the marked path was cut away to reveal a two-story drop. We assessed participants' depth of presence in each of these IVEs using a questionnaire, recordings of heart rate and galvanic skin response, and gait metrics derived from tracking data, and then compared the differences between the stressful and non-stressful versions of each environment. Pooling the data over all participants in each group, we found significant physiological indications of stress after the appearance of the pit in all three environments, but did not find significant differences in the magnitude of the physiological stress response between the different environment conditions. However, we did find significant differences in the change in gait: participants in the photorealistic replica room group walked significantly slower, and with shorter strides, after exposure to the stressful version of the environment, than did participants in either the photorealistically rendered unfamiliar room or the NPR replica room conditions.
Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accu... more Abstract In recent work [4, 2], we have discovered that people are able to make surprisingly accurate judgments about egocentric distances in an immersive virtual environment (IVE) in the special case that the IVE represents a high fidelity model of the same physical space ...
Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in imm... more Numerous studies have reported evidence of a compression of egocentric distance perception in immersive virtual environments (IVEs). Motivated by the long-term goal of exploring the potential of IVEs for facilitating the process of conceptual design in ...
Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtu... more Previous research has shown that egocentric distance estimation suffers from compression in virtual environments when viewed through head mounted displays. Though many possible variables and factors have been investigated, the source of the compression is yet to be fully realized. Recent experiments have hinted in the direction of an unsatisfied feeling of presence being the cause. This paper investigates this presence hypothesis by exploring the benefit of providing self-embodiment to the user through the form of a virtual avatar, presenting an experiment comparing errors in egocentric distance perception through direct-blind walking between subjects with a virtual avatar and without. The result of this experiment finds a significant improvement with egocentric distance estimations for users equipped with a virtual avatar over those without.
abstract={The visualization of scientific data sets can be enhanced by providing additional infor... more abstract={The visualization of scientific data sets can be enhanced by providing additional information that aids the data analysis process. This information is represented by so called annotations, which contain descriptive meta data about the underlying visualization. The meta data results from diverse sources like previous analysis sessions (eg ideas, comments, or sketches) or automated meta data extraction (eg descriptive statistics). Visually integrating annotations into an existing data visualization while maintaining easy data access and a ...
In previous work, we have found significant differences in the accuracy with which people make in... more In previous work, we have found significant differences in the accuracy with which people make initial spatial judgments in different types of head-mounted, display-based immersive virtual environments (IVEs; Phillips, Interrante, Kaeding, Ries, & Anderson, 2010). In particular, we have found that people tend to less severely underestimate egocentric distances in a virtual environment that is a photorealistic replica of a
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