Papers by Ana M . S . Bettencourt
Abstract: SfM (structure from motion) photogrammetry is a technique developed in the field of com... more Abstract: SfM (structure from motion) photogrammetry is a technique developed in the field of computer vision that enables the generation of three-dimensional (3D) models from a set of over- lapping images captured from disparate angles. The application of this technique in the field of cultural heritage, particularly in the context of megalithic monuments, is inherently challenging due to the spatial constraints of these environments and the usual limitations posed by their architec- tural design, which often results in poor lighting conditions. This article presents an accurate and cost-efficient methodology for the study and documentation of rock art, which has been applied to three megalithic monuments in the Iberian Peninsula: one in Spain and two in Portugal. The three working environments are complex, but the combination of techniques used and improvements such as rendering for the enhancement of engravings and the creation of 3D stop-motion models made it possible to integrate all the information in 3D formats that allow its universal dissemination. This not only preserves the heritage in graphic form but also makes it accessible to the public, both for study and for virtual visits.
This paper presents and discusses the results of chromatographic analyses conducted on the conten... more This paper presents and discusses the results of chromatographic analyses conducted on the contents of a ceramic pot recovered from Cova da
Moura, a coastal funerary context located on the western slope of the Serra de Santa Luzia in Carreço, within the municipality and district of Viana
do Castelo, Northwest Portugal.
The site was excavated in 1931 by Abel Viana, who uncovered a monument beneath a tumulus that concealed a cluster of granite outcrops with
numerous cavities (tafoni). Depositional activities in these cavities revealed several artifacts, including fragments of various ceramic containers,
metal and glass objects, knapped and polished stone tools, animal remains, a diverse assemblage of plant-derived charcoal, and at least one
anthropomorphic stele. The materials exhibit a wide chronological range, with the earliest occupation dating from the Late Middle Bronze Age (circa
15th-14th century BCE) and the most recent from the Late Iron Age.
Among these finds was a fragmented ceramic pot containing organic residues at its internal base, dated from the regional Bronze Age.
Chromatographic analysis of these residues identified traces of animal meat, possibly from monogastric species, and plant oils, both of which appear
to have been exposed to high temperatures.
This study represents the first application of organic chemical analysis to a ceramic vessel from a plausible Middle Bronze Age funerary context in
Northwestern Portugal. The findings suggest the presence of commensal rituals or the deposition of prepared meat offerings as part of funerary practices.
Com este texto efetua-se o primeiro estado da arte sobre o Neolítico da bacia hidrográfica do rio... more Com este texto efetua-se o primeiro estado da arte sobre o Neolítico da bacia hidrográfica do rio Ave, no Noroeste de Portugal. Trata-se de um período cronológico para o qual se desconhecem contextos de povoado, motivo pelo qual a síntese se centra no estudo do que se conhece sobre os monumentos funerários, nomeadamente os monumentos megalíticos, a par de parcas evidências de outro tipo de contextos. É realizada, igualmente, uma análise sobre o papel simbólico e social deste tipo de cenários na longa diacronia, reusados desde o Calcolítico até, provavelmente, a Idade do Ferro.
The settlement of São João de Rei (Póvoa de Lanhoso, Braga, Portugal) has provided new archaeobot... more The settlement of São João de Rei (Póvoa de Lanhoso, Braga, Portugal) has provided new archaeobotanical data to reconstruct diverse aspects related to wood resources management by Iron Age communities in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. This site has several phases of occupation from 6th-5th BCE to the Roman Period, with several chronological hiatuses. Data provided by charcoal analysis have attested the existence of a diversi ed exploitation of different taxa from the mixed deciduous woodlands (Quercus spp.) and the riverine forests (Salix/Populus, Fraxinus sp.) as well as shrubby (Arbutus unedo) and scrubland (Fabaceae) formations for rewood procurement. The register of several dendrological attributes has allowed us to identify alterations in the growth of annual tree-rings that might be related to the existence of silvicultural practices.
Rock art of Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age of Northern Portugal (Paredes de Coura)
Abstract:... more Rock art of Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age of Northern Portugal (Paredes de Coura)
Abstract:
About 7 km north of the town of Paredes de Coura, in the district of Viana do Castelo, in Northwest Portugal, Monte de Porreiras is located in the Union of Parishes of Porreiras and Insalde, in the upper section of the basin of the Coura river, a tributary of the river Minho, flowing into its southern bank. The area is dominated by large granite outcrops, many of which are large and rounded blocks, from fine to medium grain, light-coloured granite. There is an important complex of outcrops engraved with rock art, including the one identified as rock 6 in this paper.
It is a profusely decorated rock with a long diachrony of carving. The initial phase includes abstract circular motifs, which can be categorised as Classical Atlantic Art, chronologically integrated in the regional Neo-Chalcolithic period. The second phase includes representation of several types of equids, horsemen, and antenna-hilted daggers, which indicates the extensive diachrony of use of this space. Based on parallels for such weapons, it is possible to identify a probable chronology from between the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula.
In relation to the engraved motifs, it is possible to observe a shift from an abstract grammar, during the first phase, to a figurative grammar, in which we can identify a narrative related to human and animal sacrifices, associated with the use of antenna-hilted daggers. These depictions recall a symbolism reminiscent of Strabo's writings, including bronze objects containing sacrificial scenes. The final phase of engraving indicates new symbolic changes, with valorisation of isolated actions perpetrated by horsemen, carrying throwing weapons, which may be a representation of a deity or hero.
Keywords: rock art; Protohistory; religion; antenna-hilted daggers; sacrificial actions; deities or heroes?
Ocupação do Bronze Final do povoado de Santo António e sua eventual relação com as atividades de ... more Ocupação do Bronze Final do povoado de Santo António e sua eventual relação com as atividades de extração de sal.
Presentation of the Penedos da Portela menhir (Vila Verde, Braga), mentioned since the end of the... more Presentation of the Penedos da Portela menhir (Vila Verde, Braga), mentioned since the end of the 19th century and re-located in 1994 and 2007 by two of the authors, after archaeological survey work carried out for the archaeological inventory of the Vila Verde municipality. The menhir is probably in situ and marks one of the natural entrances to the Megalithic necropolis of the Montes do Borrelho and Moinho Velho. It appears to have been partially smoothed on the west and south sides, from top to bottom, giving it the appearance it has today.
KEYWORDS: Neolithic; Megalithism; Menhir; Minho province.
O presente artigo surge na sequência das ações de acompanhamento arqueológico efetuadas no â... more O presente artigo surge na sequência das ações de acompanhamento arqueológico efetuadas no âmbito do projeto de execução do Interface Logístico do Parque de Negócio de Escariz, pela empresa Araducta Arqueologia Unipessoal, Lda. Os trabalhos realizados possibilitaram a descoberta de um afloramento ostentando uma gravura rupestre, designada por Gravura Rupestre do Coruto. A descoberta deste sítio arqueológico determinou, numa primeira fase, a limpeza do afloramento gravado e a escavação da sua área envolvente. Posteriormente, foram realizadas ações de registo e de estudo, bem como de corte, remoção e transporte para outro local, acompanhada de um placard explicativo. Palavras-chave: Idade do Bronze, Gravura rupestre, Levantamento, Escavação, Modelo Residual Morfológico, Valorização.
The colourant composition of a northern Portugal megalithic barrow decorated with ‘solar’ motifs ... more The colourant composition of a northern Portugal megalithic barrow decorated with ‘solar’ motifs was studied using a multi-analytical approach, allowing the characterisa- tion of the painting techniques, pigments and binders. The red pigment was prepared with iron oxide minerals, using vegetal oils as organic additives, while the black pigment was char- coal without any organic additives or binders. The solar motif was first drawn with charcoal and subsequently painted with a red pigment.
Recommendation from family and friends is considered to be the most credible source in the travel... more Recommendation from family and friends is considered to be the most credible source in the travel decision-making process. Since studies on destination loyalty focus on this variable, this study investigated tourists' motivations, perceived attributes of the city and satisfaction obtained from the visit by comparing the following two groups: those who indicated that they obtained travel information from relatives/friends (n ¼ 120) and those who obtained information from other sources (n ¼ 186). The research methodology consists of a quantitative approach based on a self-administered survey applied to travellers who visited Braga (a medium sized city located in the Northwest of Portugal), during 2017. The results indicated that there were some significant differences between the two groups with respect to demographic characteristics, tourists' motivations and perceived attributes of the city. However, the groups did not differ in their global image of the destination and intention to recommend it to relatives and friends.
The inclusion of faunal remains in funerary practices is widely documented in Iberian prehistory.... more The inclusion of faunal remains in funerary practices is widely documented in Iberian prehistory. For the late prehistory (Neolithic to Bronze Age), there is relatively more data than in earlier periods, with limb segments being very common, and complete animals are rarer. In Bronze Age contexts from SouthWestern Iberia, a high percentage of human burials in subterranean chambers (hypogea) are associated with limb bones of cattle (Bos taurus) and sheep/goats (Ovis/Capra), along with other grave goods. Traditionally, this practice is interpreted as the result of rituals of commensality. In this paper, we present a different perspective. Besides commensality, we show that the inclusion of the same species and the same anatomical parts is a highly standardised behaviour. Beyond the tight connection between humans and animals, this pattern also points to a strong symbolism of these domestic species and to symbolic meaning of the anatomical parts themselves.
Being at the Western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of ... more Being at the Western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of Neolithization. A few studies, all based on modern popu- lations, reported the presence of DNA of likely African origin in this region, generally concluding it was the result of recent gene flow, probably during the Islamic period. Here, we provide evidence of much older gene flow from Africa to Iberia by sequencing whole genomes from four human remains from Northern Portugal and Southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP (from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age). We found one of them to carry an unequi- vocal Sub-Saharan mitogenome of most probably West or West-Central African origin, never reported before in prehistoric remains outside Africa. Our analyses of ancient nuclear genomes show small but significant levels of Sub-Saharan African affinity in several ancient Iberian samples, which indicates that what we detected was not an occasional individual phenomenon, but an admixture event recognizable at the population level. We interpret this result as evidence of an early migration process from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula through a Western route, possibly across the Strait of Gibraltar.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2019
Being at the western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of ... more Being at the western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of Neolithization. A few studies, all based on modern populations, reported the presence of DNA of likely African origin in this region, generally concluding it was the result of recent gene flow, probably during the Islamic period. Here, we provide evidence of much older gene flow from Africa to Iberia by sequencing whole genomes from four human remains from northern Portugal and southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP (from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age). We found one of them to carry an unequivocal sub-Saharan mitogenome of most probably West or West-Central African origin, to our knowledge never reported before in prehistoric remains outside Africa. Our analyses of ancient nuclear genomes show small but significant levels of sub-Saharan African affinity in several ancient Iberian samples, which indicates that what we detected was not an occasional individual phenomenon, but a...
Torre Velha 12 is located in Serpa (Beja) and was excavated and directed by two of the authors (L... more Torre Velha 12 is located in Serpa (Beja) and was excavated and directed by two of the authors (LB and SG), during an emergency intervention within the Alqueva Project. This site is characterized by negative structures filled with pottery sherds and other materials dating to the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. The aim of this paper is to publish the study of the faunal remains dated from Bronze Age (2nd millennium BCE). The faunal assemblage is small and comes from non-funerary pits and from funerary hypogea. Other than a bone artefact and an undetermined shell fragment, all of the remains integrated in the pits were classified as mammals. Sheep/goat is was frequently found while other species such as cattle and swines had lower frequencies. Fragments of cattle limbs are the only faunal remains associated with human burials and reveal a clear taxonomical and anatomical pattern that may be an indicator of a careful and structured anthropogenic behavior. The aim of this paper is to understand the social relationship between animals and the Bronze Age communities.
From the end of the 3rd millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, new motifs appear... more From the end of the 3rd millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, new motifs appear in Northwest Portugal. This corresponds to what one of the authors has called Figurative Art. The engravings of human feet-barefoot or with shoes-fall within this new "style". This motif is not well known in Northern Portugal, although it has recently been the subject of a synthesis study on the Atlantic façade of this region. Starting from an inventory work, contextualising the several scales of analysis and the theoretical posture that knowledge is simultaneously cumulative and interpretative, this text reveals the shoeprints existing in Northwest Portugal and the interpretations that have been made about them. Currently there are 81 shoeprints in the region, distributed on 18 outcrops, in 17 different sites. This study has made it possible to create two typological subgroups, namely shoeprints with simple soles and with sole and heel. Within each group it was possible to perceive the existence of places with only one or few shoeprints, versus places with many shoeprints and that there are shoeprints of different dimensions and different orientations. The analysis of this data has made it possible to hypothesise that the engraving of these motifs may have arisen at the end of the Chalcolithic, beginning of the Bronze Age, reaching its peak during the latter period and ending at the beginning of the Iron Age. It is also hypothesised that they represent different age groups and that they may relate to pilgrimages or trips that formed part of rites of passage to adulthood, probably of individuals of higher status within a hierarchised society and which occurred at certain times of year, especially during the summer.
The Iron Age site of Crastoeiro (Mondim de Basto, Vila Real, North Portugal) revealed an interest... more The Iron Age site of Crastoeiro (Mondim de Basto, Vila Real, North Portugal) revealed an interesting set of pits opened in the bedrock. Soil samples were collected from these and a carpological study was carried out in order to obtain information about crop diversity and characterize the storage structures. Nineteen samples from 4 pits yielded important results for the understanding of agriculture and storage practices in Crasto eiro. Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta) was the predominant crop in the studied pits. The presence of spikelets suggests grain was stored partially processed, which might have been a strategy to allow long-term storage. Broomcorn millet (Pani-cum miliaceum), hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) were also found. Radiocarbon dates on rye grains are the oldest in the Iberian Peninsula, suggesting rye was introduced in the region in the end of the Iron Age, at the time of early Roman contacts. In a regional perspective the results from Crastoeiro highlight the use of undemanding crops well adapted to harsh environments, including cold climate and poor soils. RESUMEN El yacimiento de la Edad del Hierro de Crastoeiro (Mondim de Basto, Vila Real, Norte de Portugal) reveló un interesante conjunto de fosas excavadas en la roca. De su interior se reco-gieron muestras de sedimento y se realizó un estudio carpológi-co con el objetivo de obtener información sobre la diversidad de cultivos y prácticas agrícolas y de caracterizar las estructuras de almacenamiento. Los resultados del estudio de 19 muestras procedentes de 4 fosas son relevantes para la comprensión de la agricultura y las prácticas de almacenaje en el Crastoeiro. La espelta (Triticum spelta) fue el cultivo predominante en el interior de las fosas estudiadas. La presencia de espiguillas su-giere que el grano se almacenó parcialmente procesado, o bien se trató de una estrategia que permitía un almacenaje a largo plazo. Se han encontrado otros cereales, entre ellos, el mijo (Panicum miliaceum), la cebada vestida (Hordeum vulgare), el centeno (Secale cereale) y el panizo (Setaria italica). Fechas de radiocarbono a partir de granos de centeno mostraron que éstos son los más antiguos de la Península Ibérica, lo que sugiere que el centeno se introdujo en la región hacia el final de la Edad del Hierro, en el marco de los primeros contactos con los romanos. Desde una perspectiva regional los resultados obtenidos en el yacimiento de Crastoeiro se corresponden con el uso de cultivos poco exigentes, bien adaptados a entornos adversos, incluyendo los climas fríos y suelos pobres.
Vista, 2018
Para as comunidades do passado o mundo “físico” seria entendido como cheio de propriedades signif... more Para as comunidades do passado o mundo “físico” seria entendido como cheio de propriedades significantes. No seguimento dos trabalhos de Ingold (2000), Bradley (2000, 2009), ou Scarre (2009), o que hoje vemos como material inerte seria considerada “viva”. Essa será a presente perspetiva de abordagem. Certos afloramentos naturais estão associados a lendas ou crenças muitas vezes ligadas a criaturas mágicas ou estranhas “habitando” no seu interior ou “vivendo” entre eles o que, em muitos casos, converge na determinação de um lugar com denominação.
Tal como as pessoas, os afloramentos podem ser vistos como entidades que podem e fazem a diferença, atuando como agentes que corporizam significados e histórias (Tilley, 2002, 2004), consequentemente passados ao longo de gerações.
Durante a Pré-História alguns afloramentos foram gravados com motivos; outros, pela sua forma peculiar ou estranha, formaram parte de mitos históricos e de folclore. Em ambos os casos os afloramentos funcionaram como contentores de memória.
Pretende-se focar a importância da fotogrametria e do registo tridimensional deste tipo de património cultural (frequentemente em risco de destruição), mostrando o potencial desta ferramenta na inventariação e no estudo deste tipo de lugares de memória.
Muitos casos de estudo apresentados foram objeto de análise em diferentes projetos, desenvolvidos de acordo com metodologias da Arqueologia e Antropologia Cultural aplicadas ao Noroeste da Ibéria.
Este tipo de trabalho é fundamental tendo em conta a interpretação e o entendimento do papel dos afloramentos para as sociedades humanas e o seu contributo para a construção das paisagens pré-históricas e presentes.
ABSTRACT
With regard to the publication of two outcrops recorded with swastikas with straight or... more ABSTRACT
With regard to the publication of two outcrops recorded with swastikas with straight or practically straight arms, recently found in Northern Portugal, namely Alto do Castro, Vila Nova de Cerveira, and Monte de Novais, in the municipality of Caminha (both unpublished), the authors make a review on the places recorded with this imagery in the north of Portugal and south of Galicia.
This review aims to propose timelines for this phenomenon; to equate their origin in these northern territories and to interpret these types of places, within the framework of the settlement dynamics of protohistory.
A propósito da publicação de dois afloramentos gravados com suásticas de braços retos ou pra... more A propósito da publicação de dois afloramentos gravados com suásticas de braços retos ou praticamente retos, encontrados recentemente no Norte de Portugal, nomeadamente no Alto do Castro, no concelho de Vila Nova de Cerveira e no Monte de Novais, no concelho de Caminha (ambos inéditos), os autores fazem uma revisão sobre os lugares gravados com esta imagética no norte de Portugal e sul da Galiza. Esta revisão tem como objetivos propor balizas cronológicas para este fenómeno; equacionar a sua origem nestes territórios setentrionais e interpretar este tipo de lugares, no quadro das dinâmicas de povoamento da proto-história.With regard to the publication of two outcrops recorded with swastikas with straight or practically straight arms, recently found in Northern Portugal, namely Alto do Castro, Vila Nova de Cerveira, and Monte de Novais, in the municipality of Caminha (both unpublished), the authors make a review on the places recorded with this imagery in the north of P...
ABSTRACT
The cave of Lorga de Dine (Council of Vinhais) occupies a little limestone massif. The ... more ABSTRACT
The cave of Lorga de Dine (Council of Vinhais) occupies a little limestone massif. The several excavation works occurred during the 60’s and the 80’s of the XX century allowed to recover a wide range of archaeological materialities dating back from the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
The recovered data prove the use of this place for funerary practices recurring to rites of inhumation. The present work considered the anthropological study of 5 human skulls, reaching the determination of sexual diagnosis and death age estimation (by observing cranial sutures and dentition), and the paleopathological study of cranial skeletons and dentition remains.
The study, supported by radiocarbon dates, identifies the use of this place for funerary purposes and contributes to a better understanding of human populations living between the 3rd and 2nd millennia in the river Douro basin.
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Papers by Ana M . S . Bettencourt
Moura, a coastal funerary context located on the western slope of the Serra de Santa Luzia in Carreço, within the municipality and district of Viana
do Castelo, Northwest Portugal.
The site was excavated in 1931 by Abel Viana, who uncovered a monument beneath a tumulus that concealed a cluster of granite outcrops with
numerous cavities (tafoni). Depositional activities in these cavities revealed several artifacts, including fragments of various ceramic containers,
metal and glass objects, knapped and polished stone tools, animal remains, a diverse assemblage of plant-derived charcoal, and at least one
anthropomorphic stele. The materials exhibit a wide chronological range, with the earliest occupation dating from the Late Middle Bronze Age (circa
15th-14th century BCE) and the most recent from the Late Iron Age.
Among these finds was a fragmented ceramic pot containing organic residues at its internal base, dated from the regional Bronze Age.
Chromatographic analysis of these residues identified traces of animal meat, possibly from monogastric species, and plant oils, both of which appear
to have been exposed to high temperatures.
This study represents the first application of organic chemical analysis to a ceramic vessel from a plausible Middle Bronze Age funerary context in
Northwestern Portugal. The findings suggest the presence of commensal rituals or the deposition of prepared meat offerings as part of funerary practices.
Abstract:
About 7 km north of the town of Paredes de Coura, in the district of Viana do Castelo, in Northwest Portugal, Monte de Porreiras is located in the Union of Parishes of Porreiras and Insalde, in the upper section of the basin of the Coura river, a tributary of the river Minho, flowing into its southern bank. The area is dominated by large granite outcrops, many of which are large and rounded blocks, from fine to medium grain, light-coloured granite. There is an important complex of outcrops engraved with rock art, including the one identified as rock 6 in this paper.
It is a profusely decorated rock with a long diachrony of carving. The initial phase includes abstract circular motifs, which can be categorised as Classical Atlantic Art, chronologically integrated in the regional Neo-Chalcolithic period. The second phase includes representation of several types of equids, horsemen, and antenna-hilted daggers, which indicates the extensive diachrony of use of this space. Based on parallels for such weapons, it is possible to identify a probable chronology from between the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula.
In relation to the engraved motifs, it is possible to observe a shift from an abstract grammar, during the first phase, to a figurative grammar, in which we can identify a narrative related to human and animal sacrifices, associated with the use of antenna-hilted daggers. These depictions recall a symbolism reminiscent of Strabo's writings, including bronze objects containing sacrificial scenes. The final phase of engraving indicates new symbolic changes, with valorisation of isolated actions perpetrated by horsemen, carrying throwing weapons, which may be a representation of a deity or hero.
Keywords: rock art; Protohistory; religion; antenna-hilted daggers; sacrificial actions; deities or heroes?
KEYWORDS: Neolithic; Megalithism; Menhir; Minho province.
Tal como as pessoas, os afloramentos podem ser vistos como entidades que podem e fazem a diferença, atuando como agentes que corporizam significados e histórias (Tilley, 2002, 2004), consequentemente passados ao longo de gerações.
Durante a Pré-História alguns afloramentos foram gravados com motivos; outros, pela sua forma peculiar ou estranha, formaram parte de mitos históricos e de folclore. Em ambos os casos os afloramentos funcionaram como contentores de memória.
Pretende-se focar a importância da fotogrametria e do registo tridimensional deste tipo de património cultural (frequentemente em risco de destruição), mostrando o potencial desta ferramenta na inventariação e no estudo deste tipo de lugares de memória.
Muitos casos de estudo apresentados foram objeto de análise em diferentes projetos, desenvolvidos de acordo com metodologias da Arqueologia e Antropologia Cultural aplicadas ao Noroeste da Ibéria.
Este tipo de trabalho é fundamental tendo em conta a interpretação e o entendimento do papel dos afloramentos para as sociedades humanas e o seu contributo para a construção das paisagens pré-históricas e presentes.
With regard to the publication of two outcrops recorded with swastikas with straight or practically straight arms, recently found in Northern Portugal, namely Alto do Castro, Vila Nova de Cerveira, and Monte de Novais, in the municipality of Caminha (both unpublished), the authors make a review on the places recorded with this imagery in the north of Portugal and south of Galicia.
This review aims to propose timelines for this phenomenon; to equate their origin in these northern territories and to interpret these types of places, within the framework of the settlement dynamics of protohistory.
The cave of Lorga de Dine (Council of Vinhais) occupies a little limestone massif. The several excavation works occurred during the 60’s and the 80’s of the XX century allowed to recover a wide range of archaeological materialities dating back from the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
The recovered data prove the use of this place for funerary practices recurring to rites of inhumation. The present work considered the anthropological study of 5 human skulls, reaching the determination of sexual diagnosis and death age estimation (by observing cranial sutures and dentition), and the paleopathological study of cranial skeletons and dentition remains.
The study, supported by radiocarbon dates, identifies the use of this place for funerary purposes and contributes to a better understanding of human populations living between the 3rd and 2nd millennia in the river Douro basin.
Moura, a coastal funerary context located on the western slope of the Serra de Santa Luzia in Carreço, within the municipality and district of Viana
do Castelo, Northwest Portugal.
The site was excavated in 1931 by Abel Viana, who uncovered a monument beneath a tumulus that concealed a cluster of granite outcrops with
numerous cavities (tafoni). Depositional activities in these cavities revealed several artifacts, including fragments of various ceramic containers,
metal and glass objects, knapped and polished stone tools, animal remains, a diverse assemblage of plant-derived charcoal, and at least one
anthropomorphic stele. The materials exhibit a wide chronological range, with the earliest occupation dating from the Late Middle Bronze Age (circa
15th-14th century BCE) and the most recent from the Late Iron Age.
Among these finds was a fragmented ceramic pot containing organic residues at its internal base, dated from the regional Bronze Age.
Chromatographic analysis of these residues identified traces of animal meat, possibly from monogastric species, and plant oils, both of which appear
to have been exposed to high temperatures.
This study represents the first application of organic chemical analysis to a ceramic vessel from a plausible Middle Bronze Age funerary context in
Northwestern Portugal. The findings suggest the presence of commensal rituals or the deposition of prepared meat offerings as part of funerary practices.
Abstract:
About 7 km north of the town of Paredes de Coura, in the district of Viana do Castelo, in Northwest Portugal, Monte de Porreiras is located in the Union of Parishes of Porreiras and Insalde, in the upper section of the basin of the Coura river, a tributary of the river Minho, flowing into its southern bank. The area is dominated by large granite outcrops, many of which are large and rounded blocks, from fine to medium grain, light-coloured granite. There is an important complex of outcrops engraved with rock art, including the one identified as rock 6 in this paper.
It is a profusely decorated rock with a long diachrony of carving. The initial phase includes abstract circular motifs, which can be categorised as Classical Atlantic Art, chronologically integrated in the regional Neo-Chalcolithic period. The second phase includes representation of several types of equids, horsemen, and antenna-hilted daggers, which indicates the extensive diachrony of use of this space. Based on parallels for such weapons, it is possible to identify a probable chronology from between the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula.
In relation to the engraved motifs, it is possible to observe a shift from an abstract grammar, during the first phase, to a figurative grammar, in which we can identify a narrative related to human and animal sacrifices, associated with the use of antenna-hilted daggers. These depictions recall a symbolism reminiscent of Strabo's writings, including bronze objects containing sacrificial scenes. The final phase of engraving indicates new symbolic changes, with valorisation of isolated actions perpetrated by horsemen, carrying throwing weapons, which may be a representation of a deity or hero.
Keywords: rock art; Protohistory; religion; antenna-hilted daggers; sacrificial actions; deities or heroes?
KEYWORDS: Neolithic; Megalithism; Menhir; Minho province.
Tal como as pessoas, os afloramentos podem ser vistos como entidades que podem e fazem a diferença, atuando como agentes que corporizam significados e histórias (Tilley, 2002, 2004), consequentemente passados ao longo de gerações.
Durante a Pré-História alguns afloramentos foram gravados com motivos; outros, pela sua forma peculiar ou estranha, formaram parte de mitos históricos e de folclore. Em ambos os casos os afloramentos funcionaram como contentores de memória.
Pretende-se focar a importância da fotogrametria e do registo tridimensional deste tipo de património cultural (frequentemente em risco de destruição), mostrando o potencial desta ferramenta na inventariação e no estudo deste tipo de lugares de memória.
Muitos casos de estudo apresentados foram objeto de análise em diferentes projetos, desenvolvidos de acordo com metodologias da Arqueologia e Antropologia Cultural aplicadas ao Noroeste da Ibéria.
Este tipo de trabalho é fundamental tendo em conta a interpretação e o entendimento do papel dos afloramentos para as sociedades humanas e o seu contributo para a construção das paisagens pré-históricas e presentes.
With regard to the publication of two outcrops recorded with swastikas with straight or practically straight arms, recently found in Northern Portugal, namely Alto do Castro, Vila Nova de Cerveira, and Monte de Novais, in the municipality of Caminha (both unpublished), the authors make a review on the places recorded with this imagery in the north of Portugal and south of Galicia.
This review aims to propose timelines for this phenomenon; to equate their origin in these northern territories and to interpret these types of places, within the framework of the settlement dynamics of protohistory.
The cave of Lorga de Dine (Council of Vinhais) occupies a little limestone massif. The several excavation works occurred during the 60’s and the 80’s of the XX century allowed to recover a wide range of archaeological materialities dating back from the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
The recovered data prove the use of this place for funerary practices recurring to rites of inhumation. The present work considered the anthropological study of 5 human skulls, reaching the determination of sexual diagnosis and death age estimation (by observing cranial sutures and dentition), and the paleopathological study of cranial skeletons and dentition remains.
The study, supported by radiocarbon dates, identifies the use of this place for funerary purposes and contributes to a better understanding of human populations living between the 3rd and 2nd millennia in the river Douro basin.
A partir do inventário das gravuras rupestres tecem-se considerações sobre aos lugares gravados no espaço e no tempo e fazem-se interpretações sobre o valor social e simbólico das diferentes imagéticas (Arte Atlântica e Arte Figurativa) no contexto cronológico-cultural em que se inserem.
Defende-se a hipótese de que este monte terá funcionado como lugar de significação ancestral na longa duração, com início na Pré-história Recente e com manifestações na Proto-história, materializando diferentes cosmogonias. A sua importância simbólica terá perdurada na imagética popular que o cristianiza de modos distintos e em diferentes momentos, sendo ainda hoje, lugar de manifestações religiosas onde humanos e animais são alvo de proteção divina.
This book is divided into three main parts, concerning the key methodological and general research lines of each group of contributions. Some texts clearly combine several approaches.
presented in 2013 and 2014 at the 2nd and 3rd Enardas Colloquia,
entitled ‘Living Places, Experienced Places’. The first part, in two
chapters, is entitled ‘Concepts and tools to study rock art’. The
second part, ‘From sub-naturalistic to Schematic rock art tradition’,
discusses various expressions of recorded art in the hinterland
area of northwest Iberia, as well as expressions of the schematic
art tradition from north-central Portugal. The third part, ‘Atlantic
tradition rock art’ comprises four chapters. The fourth part, ‘Other
styles’, includes five chapters focusing on depictions that the book
editors consider distinct from the best-known regional styles.
Editorial
MARÍA MARTÍN-SEIJO & ANA M.S. BETTENCOURT
Discursos e práticas à volta das árvores e suas utilidades
ÁLVARO CAMPELO
Estudio antracológico de A Devesa de Abaixo (Pontevedra): un espacio funerario atípico de la Prehistoria del NW de Iberia
MARÍA MARTÍN-SEIJO, PABLO VÁZQUEZ LIZ & M. PILAR PRIETO MARTÍNEZ
Tierra, madera y piedra. Arquitecturas, mobiliario y diacronías de la II Edad del Hierro enTrás-os-Montes Oriental: Quinta de Crestelos (Mogadouro)
JAVIER LARRAZABAL GALARZA
Use, management and spatial analysis of wood resources in the iberian oppidum of Puente de Tables (Jaén, Spain)
MARÍA OLIVA RODRÍGUEZ-ARIZA
O uso da madeira na mineração e metalurgia do ouro durante a época romana em Portugal
CARLA MARIA BRAZ MARTINS
Fires in the dark. Wood and charcoal analysis of the Early Medieval funerary deposits in the cave of Riocueva (Cantabria, Spain)
JOSÉ ÁNGEL HIERRO GÁRATE, ENRIQUE GUTIÉRREZ CUENCA · INES L. LOPEZ-DORIGA · MARÍA MARTÍN-SEIJO
Wood and building construction in the Convent of Vilar de Frades (Barcelos, Portugal): the beam systems of the 16th century
ANTÓNIO PEREIRA
Os oleiros e a gestão da lenha nas cozeduras redutoras: aproximações etnoarqueológicas em Portugal
ALINE DURAND
Ancient and Modern Use of Pine at the Site of Chinikihá, Chiapas, México
FELIPE TRABANINO & AURORA MURIENTE PASTRANA
A área geográfica da sua incidência corresponde a uma área considerável da fachada atlântica do Centro e Norte de Portugal, concretamente ao território entre a bacia do rio Minho, a Norte e, a bacio do rio Mondego, a Sul.
O CVARN resulta da tarefa 6 do projeto Espaços Naturais, Arquiteturas, Arte Rupestre e Deposições na Pré-história Recente da Fachada Ocidental do Centro e Norte Português: das Ações aos Significados - ENARDAS (PTDC/HIS-ARQ/112983/2009), aprovado e financiado pela FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, no âmbito do Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade COMPETE, e comparticipado pelo Fundo Comunitário Europeu (FEDER).
Em termos sociais trata-se de um instrumento ao serviço do desenvolvimento do território porque compila, sistematiza e torna acessível o conhecimento científico sobre a arte rupestre da fachada ocidental do centro e norte de Portugal. Trata-se de um importante passo para a integração deste património nos programas de gestão do território por parte das entidades gestoras, nomeadamente Câmaras Municipais, Juntas de Freguesia, Associações de Desenvolvimento Local, entre outras. A arte rupestre tem valor identitário, social e económico na medida em que preserva a memória e a identidade de uma região, gera oportunidades de negócios e pode converte-se, através do desenvolvimento de projetos de valorização e divulgação, num produto turístico capaz de gerar desenvolvimento local e regional e contribuir para melhorar a qualidade de vida das populações.
Em termos científicos o CVARN efetua a primeira compilação sobre arte rupestre, reunindo numa base de dados toda a informação que existia de forma dispersa, tentando, sempre que possível, a disponibilização de cada sítio segundo os mesmos descritores. Divulga, ainda, um número significativo de sítios inéditos. Tal visa potenciar o desenvolvimento da investigação sobre a arte rupestre desta área geográfica, através de diferentes tipos de abordagens.
O CVARN assenta numa base de dados relacional e georreferenciada que possibilitará, a quem solicitar a permissão para fins que o justifiquem, obter informação mais diversificada do que a que está disponível em linha, podendo ser usado por diferentes programas que manuseiam a informação geográfica.
As fontes usadas para a sua alimentação foram: a consulta bibliográfica; a consulta da base de dados Endovélico da Direção Geral do Património Cultural - DGPC; a prospeção arqueológica direcionada para relocalizar lugares já conhecidos e descobrir lugares inéditos e os achados ocasionais.
O CVARN é um projeto aberto, dinâmico, que incentiva à participação de diversos investigadores ou instituições e que se pretende em constante atualização.
É gerido por Ana M. S. Bettencourt, do Departamento de História da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal, e por Emilio Abad Vidal do Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Espanha.
Setembro de 2014
O estudo das contextos e das práticas funerárias da Idade do Bronze do Noroeste da Ibéria é um tema extremamente atual no estado da investigação, quer pelo facto da última síntese se ter efetuado em 2010 (Bettencourt 2010) quer porque o estudo da morte e dos mortos traduz o universo de crenças, a forma como as populações interagem com o espaço onde estão incorporadas e o seu modo de vida.
Este volume, se bem que não apresente trabalhos de síntese, contribui com um número importante de novos achados, bem diversificados entre si, e traduzindo práticas inéditas ou pouco conhecidas no Noroeste ibérico, o que faz dele uma referência importante para trabalhos futuros neste domínio.
Para as zonas de altitude destacamos a divulgação de mais três monumentos sob tumuli: Senhor dos Aflitos, Vale de Chão 1 e Laceiras do Côvo 3. O primeiro, possivelmente construído no Bronze Inicial e reutilizado posteriormente, apresenta características construtivas interessantes como, por exemplo, uma espécie de “estela-menir” na base da câmara funerária e uma grande quantidade de quartzo leitoso em áreas “escondidas” dos vivos a revelar a importância simbólica desta matéria construtiva. Referimo-nos ao artigo de Gabriel Rocha Pereira. O segundo monumento, do Bronze Inicial, tem a particularidade de também ter sido reutilizado em fase posterior, embora ainda na Idade do Bronze, e de no interior da reutilização se terem praticados ritos de fogo. Trata-se do trabalho de Luciano Vilas Boas. O terceiro, referente a Laceiras do Côvo 3, da autoria de Edite Sá e colaboradores, terá sido construído nos finais do Bronze Médio ou no Bronze Final. Apesar de pequeno e de muito baixo, foi edificado com matérias que o tornam bem visível, materializando uma morte para ser recordada e vivenciada nas dinâmi- cas do quotidiano.
Para as áreas vinculadas com vales agrícolas litorais destacamos a publicação de dois lugares com sepulturas planas do Bronze Médio: o da Quinta do Amorim e o do Pego, ambos de Hugo Sampaio e colaboradores. O segundo, é especialmente relevante por dar a conhecer de forma exaustiva uma necrópole e por ter sido possível perceber o tipo de inumação realizada, através das condições estratigráficas.
Por fim há que salientar a publicação de uma necrópole em fossas, de contorno circular, na confluência de dois rios, onde ainda se conservavam os esqueletos o que é raríssimo nesta região e permitiu considerações importantes sobre paleopatologias e dados demográficos. Referimo-nos ao artigo de Rita Gaspar e colaboradores.
The study of the funerary contexts and prac- tices from the Portuguese North-west Bronze Age is extremely current within the investigation’s condi- tion. In addition to the fact that the last synthesis dates back from 2010 (Bettencourt 2010), it is well known that death’s and deceased’s study reflects the universe of beliefs, the manner how communities interacted with the space within they were immersed and their ways of life.
Although this volume doesn’t exhibit any kind of systematization work, it contributes with an im- portant set of new findings, well diversified within them. As so, it presents unpublished practices, some of which scarcely known in the Iberian North-west, potentially becoming an important reference to fur- ther works in this area.
To the upper altitude zones one can detach the publishing of three tombs under tumuli: Senhor dos Aflitos, Vale de Chão 1 and Laceiras do Côvo 3. The first one, probably constructed in the Early Bronze Age and latter reused, has interesting con- structive features, such as a kind of “statue-menhir” in the base of the funerary chamber and a large amount of milky quartzes “hidden” from the living ones, revealing the symbolic importance of this constructive matter. We refer to the article of Gabriel Rocha Pereira. The second monument dates back from the Early Bronze Age and has the par- ticularity of also reveal reuse in latter phase, yet during the Bronze Age. Within this reuse some rites were performed involving fire. This work regards to Luciano Vilas Boas. The third one, which refers to Laceiras do Côvo 3, authored by Edite Sá and col- laborators, may have been built during the end of the Middle Bronze Age or in the Late Bronze Age. Although small and extremely low, it was erected with materials, which made it quite visible, materi- alizing a death to be remembered and experienced in the daily life.
To the areas linked with coastal agricultural valleys we highlight the publication of two places of flat graves dating from the Middle Bronze Age: Quinta do Amorim 2 and Pego, both from Hugo Sampaio and collaborators. The second one is espe- cially relevant, since it allowed the exhaustive knowledge of a necropolis where was possible to understand the kind of inhumation performed using the local stratigraphic circumstances.
Finally, one can stress out the publication of a circular pit necropolis positioned in the confluence of two rivers. The human remains’ preservation, a rare case in this region, permitted important considerations about demographic and paleopathologic data. We are referring the article of Rita Gaspar and collaborators.
BETTENCOURT, A.M.S. 2010. La Edad del Bronce en el Noroeste de la Península Ibérica: un análisis a partir de las prácticas funerárias. Trabajos de Prehistoria, 67 (1): 139-173.
The exercise of dating halberds and daggers from the early Bronze Age by drawing parallels with copper weapons has already been made (Peña Santos and Vázquez Varela 1979), whereas the accuracy of this chronology has been confirmed using C14 dating, according to the respective contexts of the halberds. The classification of these weapons in this period is based on radiocarbon dating available for halberds from Great Britain, considered to be predecessors to the Irish and Carrapatas-type halberds, wherein the latter are typical of the Northwest Iberian Peninsula. According to Needman et al. (2015), the halberds in Great Britain date from the third quarter of the third millennium BCE, but were only adopted in Ireland and on the Atlantic seaboard of the European continent, in the last quarter of the third millennium BCE, between 2294-1921 BCE. In fact this is the chronological interval used for their dating in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula.
Theoretically speaking and in relation to the Anthropology of Art and Symbolism (Layton 1990, Gell 1998) this paper defends the premise that “rock art” both results from symbolic thinking and also actively contributes to the symbolic conception of the world, the maintenance of collective memory and the creation and negotiation of identities.
Landscape Archaeology places emphasis on the notions of “natural” space, landscape and place. The first is understood as an active element, meaningful and animated, rather than a simple container of human action (Thomas 1993). The landscape is perceived as a place impregnated with meaning and not a mere economic resource (Ingold 2000).
Also vital is the assumption that communities have created the building blocks of the past by using and re-using the same places over time, reinterpreting them according to their commitments and interests (Bradley 2002). The notion of “place” will be used as a synonym for “special space” - celebrated through emotions and senses, and related to histories, allowing the creation of a “sense/experience” of place, which is relevant to the construction and maintenance of individual and collective memories (Thomas 1996). A place can be a natural element (a mount, outcrop and its features (Ingold 2000, Bradley 2000). This point of view eliminates the dichotomy between depictions and sites and focuses on interaction. It is also important to emphasise the skyscape (Henty 2016) and the importance of special areas where celestial phenomena may be observed.
Keywords: Northwest Iberian Peninsula, sub-regions, transition from the 3rd to the 2nd millennium BCE, continuity or change?
In the review of published bone artefacts, a perforated bud and a fragment of an eventual Almerian idol were identified. Faunal remains made it possible to identify five species of mammals, probably resulting from later intrusions. the human remains analysed belong to a minimum of ten individuals, eight adults (of both sexes) and two non-adults. Of these, a set displays several changes related to fire exposure. this collection also reveals some of the diseases that a ected the deposited individuals. the radiocarbon dating performed points to a Neolithic occupation in the first half of the 4th millennium BCE associated with inhumations; a reuse in the transition from the 4th to the 3rd millennia BCE, during the Late Neolithic or Early Chalcolithic, connected with cremated bones, and new reuses in the rst half of the 3rd millennium BCE, i.e. in Chalcolithic, associated with bone artefacts. Some ceramic artefacts indicate reuse for later periods.
It was also possible to realize that, at least, from the Early Chalcolithic, the populations that were buried in this monument are inserted in a cosmogony similar to those found in Portuguese Extremadura and South-western Iberian.
Keywords: Neolithic; Chalcolithic; Inhumations; Cremations; Southern cultural a nities.
O presente artigo pretende dar a conhecer alguns achados cerâmicos e líticos de superfície, recolhidos no sítio arqueológico do Arneiro, questionando possíveis interpretações sobre a ocupação do local e a sua importância na compreensão da Pré-história e Proto-história do Baixo Mondego. É apresentada uma datação por radiocarbono que precisa uma das ocupações do local.
Palavras-chave: Neolítico Final/Calcolítico Inicial; Bronze Final; Povoamento; Baixo Mondego.
Abstract: This article intends to make known some ceramic and lithic surface findings, collected at the archaeological site of Arneiro, also questioning possible interpretations about the occupation of the site and its importance in understanding the pre-history and proto-history of Baixo Mondego. It is also presented an absolute radiocarbon dating that species one of the occupations of the place.
Keywords: Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic; Late Bronze Age; Settlement strategies; Lower Mondego river basin.
The settlement of Santo António is located on a small hill in the Afife River, near a bay that corresponds to a natural port. This site is located in the parish of Afife, Viana do Castelo municipality, in the northwestern Portugal. Martins Sarmento makes the first reference to the place in nineteen century, which reports the appearance of walls. In the twenty century the place was excavated but the results of those works were never published. Of note is the publication of a metal cauldron (sítula) and of some ceramics vessels found there (Silva, 1986) and the information of Bettencourt (2013) that the place had an occupation of the Late Bronze Age. Although this archaeological site is heavily destroyed, there is a significant collection from the old excavations at the Amateur Archaeological Research Center of Afife-NAIAA (Núcleo Amador de Investigação Arqueológica de Afife-NAIAA).
The purpose of this work is to make known the results of the study of this collection, namely the ceramic, and from it, draw chronological, economic and social information on the populations that lived in the settlement of Santo António.
Resumo:
O povoado de Santo António está localizado numa pequena colina na planície do rio de Afife, nas proximidades de uma baía que corresponde a um porto natural. Insere-se na freguesia de Afife, concelho de Viana do Castelo, no noroeste de Portugal. As primeiras referências ao local são feitas no séc. XIX, por Martins Sarmento que refere o aparecimento de muralhas. No séc. XX é alvo de várias campanhas de escavação cujos resultados não se conhecem. De salientar a publicação de um molde de sítula e de várias cerâmicas aí encontradas (Silva, 1986) e a informação de Bettencourt (2013) que diz ter observado cerâmicas do Bronze Final provenientes do local. Apesar do sítio arqueológico estar bastante destruído existe espólio significativo, proveniente das antigas escavações, no Núcleo Amador de Investigação Arqueológica de Afife (NAIAA).
Este trabalho tem assim, como objetivo, dar a conhecer os resultados do estudo desse espólio, nomeadamente o cerâmico, e a partir dele, tirar ilações de ordem cronológica, económica e social sobre as populações que viveram no povoado de Santo António.
Recording outcrops in the Portuguese Northwest has been a reality since at least the end of the 5th , beginning of the 4th millennia BCE, and has persisted to historical epochs. The first motifs are part of the Atlantic Art and are characterized by an abstract grammar with numerous circular compositions linked by grooves, probably associated with a cosmogony where they import the properties of several orographies, springs, water courses and solar and lunar cycles. This symbolic structure lasts for about two thousand years, being replaced, during the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd millennia BCE, by a distinct symbolic universe that is materialized by new iconographies. We refer to a Figurative Art that begins with the representation of weapons, but which will continue during the 2nd and beginning of the 1st millennia BCE, with the recording of weapons, boats, footprints and shoeprints, solar symbols and sub-naturalist equines. Some of these equines, either because they are associated with solar depictions or because they are oriented toward determining moments of solar cycles, were interpreted as representations that materialize myths related to the solar horse. During the 1 st millennium BCE, representations of equidae are stylized. However, the compositions gain movement and occur narrative scenes representative of a new ideological universe.
RESUMO: Gravar afloramentos no Noroeste português é uma realidade desde, pelo menos, os finais do 5º, inícios do 4º milénios a.C., tendo persistido até épocas históricas. Os motivos mais antigos inserem-se na Arte Atlântica e caracterizam-se por uma gramática abstracta com inúmeras composições circulares ligadas por sulcos ondulantes, provavelmente associados a uma cosmogonia onde importam as propriedades de diversas orografias, nascentes, cursos de água e ciclos solares e lunares. Esta estrutura simbólica perdura durante cerca de dois mil anos, sendo substituída, durante os finais do 3º e os inícios do 2º milénios a.C., por um universo simbólico distinto que se materializa por novas grafias. Referimo-nos a uma arte figurativa que se inicia pela representação de armas, mas que continuará, durante o 2º e inícios do 1º milénios a.C., com a gravação de armas, embarcações, podomorfos, símbolos solares e equídeos sub-naturalistas. Alguns destes equídeos, quer porque se associam a imagens solares, quer porque se orientam para momentos determinantes dos ciclos solares, foram interpretados como representações que materializam mitos relacionados com o cavalo solar. Durante o 1º milénio a.C. as representações de equídeos estilizam-se. No entanto, as composições ganham movimento e aparecem cenas narrativas representativas de um novo universo ideológico.
Palavras-chave: Arte rupestre, Equídeos, Mitologias solares.
Martins Sarmento makes the first reference to the place in nineteen century, which reports the appearance of walls. In the twenty century the place was excavated but the results of those works were never published. Of note is the publication of a metal cauldron (sítula) and of some ceramics vessels found there (Silva, 1986) and the information of Bettencourt (2013) that the place had an occupation of the Late Bronze Age. Although this archaeological site is heavily destroyed, there is a significant collection from the old excavations at the Amateur Archaeological Research Center of Afife-NAIAA (Núcleo Amador de Investigação Arqueológica de Afife-NAIAA).
The purpose of this work is to make known the results of the study of this collection, namely the ceramic, and from it, draw chronological, economic and social information on the populations that lived in the settlement of Santo António.
KEYWORDS: Minho Coast; Proto-historic settlement; Chronology; Economy and Society.
Palavras-Chave: Monte do Côto de Sabroso; arte rupestre; Monte sacro?
Abstract: Monte do Côto de Sabroso is located at the top of a mountainous spur overlooking the Ave valley. This hill’s first archaeological studies were conducted by Sarmento, which carried out excavations on this site, acknowledging the existence of rock art. In the 21st century some of these engraved outcrops were relocated. They are composed mainly of motifs inserted in the Atlantic Art, recorded between the 4th and 3rd millennium BC, but also composed of later depictions, such as footprints and horses. In this sense, Côto de Sabroso can be considered a place with a long biography, materialized through the recording of new symbols that incorporate new narratives, in a process of reordering and reinterpreting the world.
Key Words: Monte do Côto de Sabroso; rock art; Sacro Mount?
Key-words: Northwest of Iberian Peninsula; Bronze Age; corpses, burials; funerary practices; new structuration of the landscape; new ideological conceptions; places of identity and social memory
We conclude that some deaths are still socially active agents or in religious terms or as related to memory and group identity, especially during the Early Bronze Age. From the Middle Bronze scenarios promotion and negotiation of identity seem to move to the realm of the living.
Keywords:North-west Iberia; Bronze Age; Funerary Practices; Importance of the funeral and the social meaning of the corpse.
As arquitecturas funerárias, as gravuras rupestres e os depósitos de artefactos metálicos, materialidades inseríveis entre o Neolítico à Idade do Bronze, indiciam que este vale terá funcionado como lugar mítico, fomentador de memórias e de identidade grupal, na longa diacronia.
Tendo presente que este património material e imaterial se foi "esquecendo" no decorrer do processo histórico, propõe-se o seu estudo e a sua reinvenção como forma de mais valia em termos do desenvolvimento regional.
In that context, the colorant composition of four northern Portugal megalithic barrows decorated with rock-art motifs (Eireira, Viana do Castelo; Arribadas, Esposende; Leandro 5, Maia; Leira das Mamas, Braga) was studied using a multi-analytical approach. The use of XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR and GC-MS allowed the characterization of the painting techniques, pigments, and the organic compounds used as binders.
The analytical results obtained allowed the recovery of important data about North-western prehistoric communities, namely the way they exploited existing resources and their ability to transform them.
As estruturas em negativo, abertas no subsolo, correspondem tanto a fossas de diversas tipologias, com ou sem enterramentos, como a hipogeus, que convivem no mesmo espaço. Os contextos que contêm deposições humanas são designa-dos como funerários por oposição aos que não têm deposições ou enterramen-tos humanos, que são designados como não funerários.
Foram analisados os dados faunísticos disponíveis provenientes dos sítios arque-ológicos de Montinhos 6 (Costa, 2013), Torre Velha 3 (Alves et al. 2010), Alto de Brinches 3 (Delicado et al. 2017), Outeiro Alto 2 (Costa e Cabaço, 2012) e Belme-que (Soares, 1994), localizados em Serpa, e Horta do Jacinto, em Beja (Costa, 2013). A par da recolha da bibliografia disponível, realizou-se uma análise preli-minar da coleção faunística de Torre Velha 12 (Serpa, Beja) e dos contextos não funerários de Montinhos 6 (Serpa, Beja), inéditos.
O acervo do monumento megalítico do Cabeço dos Moinhos, escavado por Santos Rocha nos anos 80 do séc. XIX, depositado no Museu Santos Rocha, foi por si publicado em 1888. No âmbito do Projeto ENARDAS, desenvolvido entre 2011 e 2015, parte deste acervo, assim como a informação disponível sobre aspectos construtivos, foram alvo de uma revisão científica e de estudos interdisciplinares (Cruz et al., 2014). Foram, posteriormente, realizados novos estudos sobre os restos humanos e faunísticos, revistos alguns artefactos sobre osso e efetuadas datas de C14. Esta comunicação pretende dar a conhecer os resultados deste estudo com o objetivo de precisar as práticas funerárias efetuadas neste monumento megalítico. Os restos ósseos humanos pertencem a um mínimo de dez indivíduos, oito adultos (de ambos os sexos) e dois não adultos. Destes, um conjunto exibe diversas alterações relacionados com a exposição ao fogo. Este espólio ósseo humano revela ainda algumas das doenças que afectaram os indivíduos aqui depositados, incluindo patologia oral, infecciosa, traumática, degenerativa e sinais de stress fisiológico.
Os restos faunísticos possibilitaram a identificação de cinco espécies de mamíferos, provavelmente resultantes de intrusões posteriores, como se comprovou para alguns restos de Oryctolagus cuniculus e de Sus sp.
Na revisão dos artefactos sobre osso publicados (Santos Rocha, 1949), identificou-se um botão perfurado de osso e um fragmento de um eventual ídolo Almeriense.
Os resultados obtidos no Cabeço dos Moinhos, contribuem para o conhecimento das práticas funerárias durante o Neolítico e o Calcolítico do Centro litoral de Portugal.
Percept, reinterpret or transform the past is also a form of human agency that brings to light a kind of understanding about the world. As such, it can serve to legitimate, modify, or even delete past remembrances. Imagining the meaning attached to past by past societies, this session encourages approaches to traces/materializations of reuse and/or reinterpretation of ancient places during Metal Ages. In this sense, works focusing the manners how these reuses/reinterpretations are present would be welcome. The approach can focus a delimited area, a broader region, or any form of past human agency (like funerary practices, rock art, hoarding, etc.) denouncing a direct link between Metal Age’s communities and past occupations/evidences.
The deadeline for absttract is til the end of November. To more informations please visit: https://uispp2018.sciencesconf.org/
This includes an approach to rock art, stelae and statues-menhirs, gravestones portable art, ceramics, or any other kind of “container” with this kind of depiction.
The major concern is to discuss the meanings of these embodied signs (status symbols, evidences of cultural contacts, ideological devices, etc.) in different areas and periods, since meanings are permeable both to time and space. Subjects as they will be analysed as status symbols, as evidences of cultural contacts, as ideological devices, etc.
In this sense, communications and posters guided by different theoretical approaches focusing on these perspectives will be welcomed.
The works could centre their attention in broader approaches based on a specific area, region or people, or focus particular case studies.
Ana M. S. Bettencourt
Professor at the History Department of Minho University, Portugal; Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory – Lab2PT . E-mail: [email protected]
Hugo Aluai Sampaio
PhD in Landscape and Settlement Archaeology - Bronze Age. Researcher at Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT), University of Minho, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]
Manuel Santos-Estévez
PhD in Rock Art; Portuguese Foundation of Science Post-doc fellow at University of Minho; Researcher at Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT), University of Minho, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]
Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro
Anthropologist and head of Department of Development Studies at Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected]
Alessandra Bravin
Centre National du Patrimoine Rupestre (CNPR), Direction du Patrimoine Culturel Ministère de la Culture, Agadir, Morocco. E-mail: [email protected]
Local/Site: Sala de Atos, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
Data/Date: 30 novembro de 2016
Synopsis:
The different types of social and political organisations have used the stone, recurrently, as an element socially active. Through its transformation, they have transmitted images that function as signs and symbols, express and operate the imagery, ideology, cosmogony and in the symbolic of power. In this perspective, stone images were used to produce collective identities, to defined territories and to give meaning to the Prehistory and Protohistory landscapes.
The use of stone was performed in various ways, notably through "mobile plaques", stelae, statues, paintings and rock carvings.
This type of materialisations has an outstanding advantage for archaeology, either by their perdurability either because they are depositories of ancient traditions, which allows its interpretation.
The main purposes of this symposium are:
-Analyse the relation between the iconographic monuments and territory, as generating and active elements in the building of landscapes;
-Studying the meaning of some recurring themes represented in different contexts such us weapons, astral symbols, human figures, etc.;
-Compare iconographies as evidence of long distance contacts between communities;
-Explaining diverse technologies and methodologies that make possible the observation and analyses de stone images.
In short, to demand the role of images as source to understanding the Prehistoric and Protohistoric societies.
Sinopse:
Diferentes tipos de organizações sociais e políticas usaram a pedra como elemento socialmente ativo, tendo, através da sua transformação, transmitido imagens que funcionando como signos e símbolos, expressam e operam no imaginário, na ideologia, na cosmogonia e na simbólica do poder. Nesta perspectiva as imagens na pedra ou em pedra foram usadas para produzir identidades coletivas, definir territórios e dotar de significado as paisagens pré-históricas e proto-históricas.
A utilização da pedra materializou-se de vários modos, nomeadamente através de “placas móveis”, estelas, estátuas, pinturas e gravuras rupestres, o que apresenta inúmeras vantagens para o arqueologia, quer pela sua perdurabilidade quer porque depositárias de tradições seculares, o que permite a sua interpretação.
As principais temáticas deste simpósio são:
-analisar a relação entre os "monumentos iconográficos" e o território como elementos geradores e atuantes na construção de paisagens;
-interpretar o sentido dos temas frequentemente representados em diferentes contextos como, por exemplo, armas, símbolos astrais, figuras humanas, etc.;
-comparar iconografias como evidência de contactos à distancia entre comunidades;
-expor diferentes tecnologias e metodologias que permitem a observação e análise das imagens em pedra.
Em síntese, reivindicar o papel das imagens como fonte documental para interpretar as sociedades pré-históricas e proto-históricas.
(17 de novembro de 2016)
Casa das Artes, Porto
Coordenadores: Ana M. S. Bettencourt; Hugo Aluai Sampaio
Comentadora: Susana Soares Lopes
ABERTURA
Ana Bettencourt, Hugo Aluai Sampaio, Susana Soares Lopes
TRABALHOS DE SÍNTESE
Sítios arqueológicos da Idade do Bronze da bacia hidrográfica do Douro (Portugal). Algumas considerações
Alexandra Vieira
A Idade do Bronze Inicial no Alto Douro português: um olhar através da paisagem
João Muralha Cardoso
A Idade do Bronze na margem sul do Baixo Douro – materialidades e pistas de investigação
António M. S. P. Silva, Gabriel R. Pereira, Paulo A. P. Lemos, Sara Almeida e Silva
Depósitos y hallazgos metálicos fortuitos de la Edad del Bronce al oeste de la cuenca del Duero. Cronologías, contextos e interpretaciones.
Alex Manteiga Brea
Os mortos e os lugares que os vivos escolheram para os sepultar na Idade do Bronze do ocidente da bacia do Douro (Norte de Portugal).
Ana M. S. Bettencourt
CASOS DE ESTUDO
El Castro de la “La Peña del Moro”, Navas de Oro, Segovia: poblamiento durante la Edad del Bronce en el corredor Eresma- Pirón
Raúl Martín Vela
O sítio das Areias Altas (Porto, Portugal). O contributo da arqueologia preventiva na valorização de um sítio arqueológico do II milº AC
Sara Luz
Fossas com cereais vs fossas para cereais: vestígios carpológicos do Bronze Médio da Foz do Medal (Mogadouro, NE de Portugal)
João Pedro Tereso, Rita Gaspar, María Martín Seijo
Antes de Tongobriga (Freixo, Marco de Canaveses, Portugal): notícia de uma ocupação pré-histórica da Idade do Bronze sob o centro urbano de época romana
António Manuel Lima, Inés López-Doriga
A ocupação da Vila Velha (em Vila Real) na Idade do Bronze Final
Lídia Baptista
Estudo antropológico de 6 crânios de indivíduos inumados na gruta da Lorga de Dine, Vinhais (NE Portugal), durante a Pré-história Recente
Tânia Pereira, Hugo Aluai Sampaio, Ana M. S. Bettencourt, João Pedro Ribeiro, Mário Brito
O monumento sob tumulus da Regedoura 2 (Fafe, NO de Portugal)
Gabriel R. Pereira
A necrópole de Montes Novos (Croca, Penafiel, NO de Portugal): novos dados para a compreensão da morte durante a Idade do Bronze
Hugo Aluai Sampaio
APRESENTAÇÃO DE POSTERS
Sinais gravados da Idade do Bronze em Trás-os-Montes Oriental: Rocha 11 de Vale de Figueira (NE de Portugal)
Andreia Silva, Sofia Soares de Figueiredo, Dário Neves, Pedro Xavier
Antracología en contextos del Bronce Inicial las fosas del yacimiento de Monte Calvo (S. João de Ovil, Baião, Norte de Portugal)
Maria Martín Seijo, Ana M. S. Bettencourt, António Huet B. Gonçalves
O Sítio de Eira (Vila Nova de Foz Côa)
Alexandre Canha, Fernando Robles Henriques, Sérgio Rosa, Telmo António
O povoado da Idade do Bronze do Senhor dos Aflitos (Arouca, Centro-Norte de Portugal)
António M. S. P. Silva, Paulo A. P. Lemos
Machado do Bronze Final da Serra de Montemuro (centro-norte de Portugal): o contributo da arqueometria
Xosé-Lois Armada, Diana Fernandes, Domingos Cruz, Raquel Vilaça
Contexto arqueológico e estudo arqueométrico de uma ponta de lança achada na Gralheira (Baltar, Paredes)
Maria Antónia D. Silva, Fernando Castro, Ana M. S. Bettencourt, António Manuel S. P. Silva, Alexandre Manteiga Brea
Contributos para o estudo da metalurgia da Idade do Bronze no vale do Sabor (NE de Portugal)
Fernando Vaz
As armas da região do Côa (II e I milénios a.C.): contextos, recursos e simbologias
Pedro Baptista, Raquel Vilaça, Marcos Osório, Luís Luís, Carlo Bottaini
Estudo arqueométrico das práticas metalúrgicas documentadas no povoado do Bronze Final / Ferro Inicial de Vila do Touro (Sabugal).
Carlo Bottaini, Raquel Vilaça, Marcos Osório
Debate Final e Encerramento