... Page 104. 84 MEYER, YANTIS, OSMAN, SMITH SHORT DELAY LiJO 3 O uj CL LONG DELAY MEDIUM DELAY 2... more ... Page 104. 84 MEYER, YANTIS, OSMAN, SMITH SHORT DELAY LiJO 3 O uj CL LONG DELAY MEDIUM DELAY 200 300 400 REACTION TIME (msec) 500 600 FIG. 4.7. Distributions of reaction times for subject BC when the priming stimuli were nonwords. ...
mance XVII has brought us in search of an alluring mystical treasure. The treasure we seek is a u... more mance XVII has brought us in search of an alluring mystical treasure. The treasure we seek is a unified theory of cogni- tion and action through which human performance can be understood and predicted in a variety of contexts, spanning elementary laboratory paradigms and complex real-world situations. Although not so sacred as the Lost Ark of the Covenant, such a theory would have great value for both applied psychological science and the present volume. By design, this volume concerns the cognitive regulation of human performance, with..special emphasis on interactions between theory and practical applications. Ultimately, these interactions and future progress from them will grow best if researchers succeed at constructing a coherent conceptual framework in which scientific knowledge is synthesized about several complementary topics, including goal-directed behavior, top-down supervisory executive processes, perfor- mance strategies, attentional control mechanisms, and conscious appr
... Phonological Similarity Effects in Working Memory Shane T. Mueller, Travis Seymour, Adam Kraw... more ... Phonological Similarity Effects in Working Memory Shane T. Mueller, Travis Seymour, Adam Krawitz, David E. Kieras, and David E. Meyer ... Verbal WM Baddeley, Thomson, and Buchanan (1975) claimed that serial recall accuracy depends on the articulatory duration ...
Although it provides a useful description of elementary movement trajectories, we argue that the ... more Although it provides a useful description of elementary movement trajectories, we argue that the delta-lognormal model is deficient as an account of speed/accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements. It fails in this regard because (1) it is deterministic, (2) its formulation ignores critical task elements, and (3) it fails to account for the corrective role of submovements.
Using a response-priming procedure, five experiments examined the effects of vowel similarity on ... more Using a response-priming procedure, five experiments examined the effects of vowel similarity on the motor programming of spoken syllables. In this procedure, subjects prepared to produce a pair of spoken syllables as rapidly as possible, but sometimes had to produce the syllables in reverse order instead. The spoken responses consisted of consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllables whose medial vowels were /i/, /I/, /A/, and /a/. Performance was measured as a function of the phonetic relationship between the vowels in a syllable pair. Longer response latencies occurred for syllable pairs that contained similar vowels (e.g., /i/ and /I!) than for syllable pairs that contained dissimilar vowels (e.g., /i/ and /A/). This inhibitory vowel-similarity effect occurred regardless of whether the initial consonants of the syllables in a pair were the same or different. However, it decreased substantially when the final consonants of the paired syllables were different. These results suggest that a lateral-inhibition mechanism may modulate the motor programming of vowels during speech production. They also provide evidence for the integrity of vowel-consonant (VC) subunits in syllables. 8 1990 Academic press, lnc Several models of speech production, speech perception, and visual wordrecognition have represented linguistic
As the speed of rapid aimed movements increases, their spatial accuracy typically decreases. The ... more As the speed of rapid aimed movements increases, their spatial accuracy typically decreases. The mathematic'al form of the speed-accuracy tradeoff depends on the type of movement task being performed. Several alternative hypotheses have been proposed to account for this dependence, including ones that make assumptions about feedback-guided corrective submovements and about the stochastic variability of underlying neuromotor force pulses. A new hybrid class of stochastic optimized-suhmovement models provides a way to integrate these past accounls in a unified theoretical framework. From the vantage point of this framework, the present chapter reviews the evolution of speed-accuracy tradeoff research and shows how a fresh perspective regarding the properties of elementary movement mechanisms may be obtained. 'The relationship between the speed and temporal accuracy or aimed •movements is not necessarily isomorphic with the relationship he!wcen movement speed and spatial accuracy. Newell (19W) and his colleagues (e.g .. Hancock & Newell. 198.5) have claimed that as the average velocity or movements increases, their durations may actually deviate less and less from a selected temporal goal. This claim still has to he aso;es~cd syslematically. and not all invcstigatoro; would agrcl• cmnplctcly with it (d Schmidt l'l al. . 19711; Wright. 1910).
A stochastic optimized-submovement model is proposed for Pitts' law, the classic logarithmic trad... more A stochastic optimized-submovement model is proposed for Pitts' law, the classic logarithmic tradeoff between the duration and spatial precision of rapid aimed movements. According to the model, an aimed movement toward a specified target region involves a primary submovement and an optional secondary corrective submovement. The submovements are assumed to be programmed such that they minimize average total movement time while maintaining a high frequency of target hits. The programming process achieves this minimization by optimally adjusting the average magnitudes and durations of noisy neuromotor force pulses used to generate the submovements. Numerous results from the literature on human motor performance may be explained in these terms. Two new experiments on rapid wrist rotations yield additional support for the stochastic optimizedsubmovement model. Experiment 1 revealed that the mean durations of primary submovements and of secondary submovements, not just average total movement times, conform to a square-root approximation of Pitts' law derived from the model. Also, the spatial endpoints of primary submovements have standard deviations that increase linearly with average primary-submovement velocity, and the average primary-submovement velocity influences the relative frequencies of secondary submovements, as predicted by the model. During Experiment 2, these results were replicated and extended under conditions in which subjects made movements without concurrent visual feedback. This replication suggests that submovement optimization may be a pervasive property of movement production. The present conceptual framework provides insights into principles of motor performance, and it links the study of physical action to research on sensation, perception, and cognition, where psychologists have been concerned for some time about the degree to which mental processes incorporate rational and normative rules.
II n". 1,1"-% w pited. the Office-`,0 Naval 4siet-iath,.06.gnItiwt Scievim 'FiTxjrani, tinder O'r... more II n". 1,1"-% w pited. the Office-`,0 Naval 4siet-iath,.06.gnItiwt Scievim 'FiTxjrani, tinder O'rarti: Numbof 4or47,4,92-4,117.3, G4ilt At7thvityletenttilitation tqunbe.Y VP 4422574 il0OrtAu.,-;t6o whok4 ar prArtf3.i.t:d pgp-crtz.x.it the LI.I'zited GiAftrnirlent.
EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) is a human information-processing architecture that ... more EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) is a human information-processing architecture that is especially suited for modeling multiple-task performance. The EPIC architecture includes peripheral sensory-motor processors surrounding a production-rule cognitive processor, and is being used to construct precise computational models for basic multiple-task situations. Some of these models are briefly illustrated here to demonstrate how EPIC applies to multiple-task performance, and helps to clarify some basic properties of human performance. Additional applications of EPIC to modeling human-computer interaction are briefly summarized.
Public reporting burden for thiis collection of Information is esbmated to average 1 hour per res... more Public reporting burden for thiis collection of Information is esbmated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and revievirtng this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of Infonmation, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports,
... Page 104. 84 MEYER, YANTIS, OSMAN, SMITH SHORT DELAY LiJO 3 O uj CL LONG DELAY MEDIUM DELAY 2... more ... Page 104. 84 MEYER, YANTIS, OSMAN, SMITH SHORT DELAY LiJO 3 O uj CL LONG DELAY MEDIUM DELAY 200 300 400 REACTION TIME (msec) 500 600 FIG. 4.7. Distributions of reaction times for subject BC when the priming stimuli were nonwords. ...
mance XVII has brought us in search of an alluring mystical treasure. The treasure we seek is a u... more mance XVII has brought us in search of an alluring mystical treasure. The treasure we seek is a unified theory of cogni- tion and action through which human performance can be understood and predicted in a variety of contexts, spanning elementary laboratory paradigms and complex real-world situations. Although not so sacred as the Lost Ark of the Covenant, such a theory would have great value for both applied psychological science and the present volume. By design, this volume concerns the cognitive regulation of human performance, with..special emphasis on interactions between theory and practical applications. Ultimately, these interactions and future progress from them will grow best if researchers succeed at constructing a coherent conceptual framework in which scientific knowledge is synthesized about several complementary topics, including goal-directed behavior, top-down supervisory executive processes, perfor- mance strategies, attentional control mechanisms, and conscious appr
... Phonological Similarity Effects in Working Memory Shane T. Mueller, Travis Seymour, Adam Kraw... more ... Phonological Similarity Effects in Working Memory Shane T. Mueller, Travis Seymour, Adam Krawitz, David E. Kieras, and David E. Meyer ... Verbal WM Baddeley, Thomson, and Buchanan (1975) claimed that serial recall accuracy depends on the articulatory duration ...
Although it provides a useful description of elementary movement trajectories, we argue that the ... more Although it provides a useful description of elementary movement trajectories, we argue that the delta-lognormal model is deficient as an account of speed/accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements. It fails in this regard because (1) it is deterministic, (2) its formulation ignores critical task elements, and (3) it fails to account for the corrective role of submovements.
Using a response-priming procedure, five experiments examined the effects of vowel similarity on ... more Using a response-priming procedure, five experiments examined the effects of vowel similarity on the motor programming of spoken syllables. In this procedure, subjects prepared to produce a pair of spoken syllables as rapidly as possible, but sometimes had to produce the syllables in reverse order instead. The spoken responses consisted of consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllables whose medial vowels were /i/, /I/, /A/, and /a/. Performance was measured as a function of the phonetic relationship between the vowels in a syllable pair. Longer response latencies occurred for syllable pairs that contained similar vowels (e.g., /i/ and /I!) than for syllable pairs that contained dissimilar vowels (e.g., /i/ and /A/). This inhibitory vowel-similarity effect occurred regardless of whether the initial consonants of the syllables in a pair were the same or different. However, it decreased substantially when the final consonants of the paired syllables were different. These results suggest that a lateral-inhibition mechanism may modulate the motor programming of vowels during speech production. They also provide evidence for the integrity of vowel-consonant (VC) subunits in syllables. 8 1990 Academic press, lnc Several models of speech production, speech perception, and visual wordrecognition have represented linguistic
As the speed of rapid aimed movements increases, their spatial accuracy typically decreases. The ... more As the speed of rapid aimed movements increases, their spatial accuracy typically decreases. The mathematic'al form of the speed-accuracy tradeoff depends on the type of movement task being performed. Several alternative hypotheses have been proposed to account for this dependence, including ones that make assumptions about feedback-guided corrective submovements and about the stochastic variability of underlying neuromotor force pulses. A new hybrid class of stochastic optimized-suhmovement models provides a way to integrate these past accounls in a unified theoretical framework. From the vantage point of this framework, the present chapter reviews the evolution of speed-accuracy tradeoff research and shows how a fresh perspective regarding the properties of elementary movement mechanisms may be obtained. 'The relationship between the speed and temporal accuracy or aimed •movements is not necessarily isomorphic with the relationship he!wcen movement speed and spatial accuracy. Newell (19W) and his colleagues (e.g .. Hancock & Newell. 198.5) have claimed that as the average velocity or movements increases, their durations may actually deviate less and less from a selected temporal goal. This claim still has to he aso;es~cd syslematically. and not all invcstigatoro; would agrcl• cmnplctcly with it (d Schmidt l'l al. . 19711; Wright. 1910).
A stochastic optimized-submovement model is proposed for Pitts' law, the classic logarithmic trad... more A stochastic optimized-submovement model is proposed for Pitts' law, the classic logarithmic tradeoff between the duration and spatial precision of rapid aimed movements. According to the model, an aimed movement toward a specified target region involves a primary submovement and an optional secondary corrective submovement. The submovements are assumed to be programmed such that they minimize average total movement time while maintaining a high frequency of target hits. The programming process achieves this minimization by optimally adjusting the average magnitudes and durations of noisy neuromotor force pulses used to generate the submovements. Numerous results from the literature on human motor performance may be explained in these terms. Two new experiments on rapid wrist rotations yield additional support for the stochastic optimizedsubmovement model. Experiment 1 revealed that the mean durations of primary submovements and of secondary submovements, not just average total movement times, conform to a square-root approximation of Pitts' law derived from the model. Also, the spatial endpoints of primary submovements have standard deviations that increase linearly with average primary-submovement velocity, and the average primary-submovement velocity influences the relative frequencies of secondary submovements, as predicted by the model. During Experiment 2, these results were replicated and extended under conditions in which subjects made movements without concurrent visual feedback. This replication suggests that submovement optimization may be a pervasive property of movement production. The present conceptual framework provides insights into principles of motor performance, and it links the study of physical action to research on sensation, perception, and cognition, where psychologists have been concerned for some time about the degree to which mental processes incorporate rational and normative rules.
II n". 1,1"-% w pited. the Office-`,0 Naval 4siet-iath,.06.gnItiwt Scievim 'FiTxjrani, tinder O'r... more II n". 1,1"-% w pited. the Office-`,0 Naval 4siet-iath,.06.gnItiwt Scievim 'FiTxjrani, tinder O'rarti: Numbof 4or47,4,92-4,117.3, G4ilt At7thvityletenttilitation tqunbe.Y VP 4422574 il0OrtAu.,-;t6o whok4 ar prArtf3.i.t:d pgp-crtz.x.it the LI.I'zited GiAftrnirlent.
EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) is a human information-processing architecture that ... more EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) is a human information-processing architecture that is especially suited for modeling multiple-task performance. The EPIC architecture includes peripheral sensory-motor processors surrounding a production-rule cognitive processor, and is being used to construct precise computational models for basic multiple-task situations. Some of these models are briefly illustrated here to demonstrate how EPIC applies to multiple-task performance, and helps to clarify some basic properties of human performance. Additional applications of EPIC to modeling human-computer interaction are briefly summarized.
Public reporting burden for thiis collection of Information is esbmated to average 1 hour per res... more Public reporting burden for thiis collection of Information is esbmated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and revievirtng this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of Infonmation, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports,
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