The objective of this study was to assess the use of a computational cognitive model for describi... more The objective of this study was to assess the use of a computational cognitive model for describing human performance with an adaptively automated system, with and without advance cueing of control mode transitions. A dual-task piloting simulation was developed to collect human performance data under auditory cueing or no cueing of automated or manual control. GOMSL models for simulating user behavior were constructed based on a theory of increased memory transactions at mode transitions. The models were applied to the same task simulation and scenarios performed by the humans. Comparison of results on human and model output demonstrated the model to be generally descriptive of performance; however, it was not accurate in predicting timing of memory use in preparing for manual control. Interestingly, the human data didn't reveal differences between cued and no cue trials. A refined GOMSL model was developed by modifying assumptions on the timing and manner of memory use, and considering human parallel processing in dual-task performance. Results revealed the refined model to be more plausible for representing behavior. Computational cognitive modeling appears to be a viable approach to represent operator performance in adaptive systems.
2009 International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, 2009
The objective of this research was to develop a model of pilot cognitive behavior to predict perf... more The objective of this research was to develop a model of pilot cognitive behavior to predict performance and workload while using varying degrees of cockpit automation to serve as a basis for future systems design. A cognitive task analysis (CTA) was conducted on expert pilot performance a flight control panel (FCP), control-display unit (CDU) and flight management system, and an enhanced CDU (CDU+) providing pre-programmed arrivals from air traffic control in a simulated landing and approach task. Cognitive models were developed from the CTA using an enhanced form of the GOMS language, including a set of additional task operators, to represent pilot actions on cockpit interfaces. Pilot performance and workload data from a parallel empirical study of the same flight tasks were used as a basis for validating the cognitive model output. Indices of automation complexity were formulated based on counts of task methods and steps, required chunks of information, and information transactions coded in the enhanced GOMS models. These indices revealed high complexity for the FCP mode and low complexity for the prototype CDU+ mode. The automation index values were positively and significantly correlated with pilot heart rate (as an objective measure of workload) and vertical path deviation error from the experimental data set. The computational cognitive models of pilot behavior in using forms of cockpit automation were demonstrated to be a viable tool for predicting pilot workload and flight performance under high workload flight conditions.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2012
Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using ... more Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three-dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward-looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low-visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head-up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays.
The goal of this study was to use computational cognitive modeling to further understand human be... more The goal of this study was to use computational cognitive modeling to further understand human behavior and strategy in robotic rover control. To this end, GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection Rules) Language models of rover control were constructed based on a task analysis and observations during human rover control trials. For the first model, we hypothesized control would be characterized
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a power-flow gauge for indicating c... more The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a power-flow gauge for indicating current level of "economic" driving for a simulated electric vehicle based on drivers' acceleration and braking pedal pressing behaviors. Sixteen participants were asked to drive a driving simulator with/without integrating the power-flow gauge interface for city and highway. The mean and kurtosis (stability) of acceleration and brake pedal press positions were recorded. Results showed stable (non-aggressive) acceleration behaviors when drivers used the interface. This indicates that the presence of a powerflow gauge encouraged the drivers to maintain a relatively steady acceleration pedal position as well as how the changes in driving behavior may affect energy consumptions in forms of economic driving.
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) have become ubiquitous and continued to gain popularity. Since... more Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) have become ubiquitous and continued to gain popularity. Since PDAs have some special contexts such as mobility and limited screen size, icons are utilized frequently because icons allow us to do tasks more rapidly and effectively on PDAs like another information appliances. The study presents a cognitive approach to study human factors affecting icon design with multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis. In the experiment, a real PDA was used to investigate 29 attributes and 2 preference ratings for 22 PDA icons by 20 Korean subjects. As a result, cognitive positioning about icons, attributes, and preference data were arranged on the two dimensional perceptual map. Attributes were grouped by simplicity, universality, activity, complexity, abstraction, static, and alphanumeric time. Subjects preferences were highly related with simplicity attributes group and positive to universality and activity attributes groups. It was also confirmed that there are some icons unfitted to the mental model of Korean. However, when icons are designed for PDAs or similar information appliances to Korean, it should be designed simply and actively with universal image fitted on target users mental model.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different speedometer features, e... more The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different speedometer features, especially dynamic speedometer using fisheye view for speed readout on driver's current speed-reading performance and preference. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, shape of speedometer (full-circle and half-circle), resolution of speed readout (5s and 10s mph), and font size layout (fixed, stepped, and gradually increasing) were manipulated using static prototypes. Twenty participants' response time and answer duration for reading current speed were collected as performance measures, along with subjective preferences. Based on findings in the first experiment, Java-based speedometer prototypes were developed and integrated with a driving simulator for the second experiment. Eight different speedometer features consisted of shapes of speedometer (half-circle and full-circle), resolutions of speed readout (10s and 20s mph), and dynamics of font size layout (static [fixed]and dynamic font size changes [fisheye view])were manipulated in the interactive speedometer prototypes. Sixteen participants' response time, answer duration, eye dwell time on speedometer, and subjective preferences were collected for the measurement. The results demonstrated similar utility of both speedometer shapes (full and half circle), optimal level of speed readout resolution, and potential utility of dynamic speedometer feature. The results of the study may provide a basis for future speedometer design in a flexible/configurable instrument cluster to improve driving performance and safety.
ABSTRACT Two analyses were conducted on three datasets from a series of aviation human factors ex... more ABSTRACT Two analyses were conducted on three datasets from a series of aviation human factors experiments focused on the development and testing of measures of flight display clutter as well as the relation with flight task performance. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of cockpit display dynamics and aircraft type on pilot perceptions of display clutter in simulated flight tasks through statistical analyses of the data gathered across the experimental studies. Comparisons were made on observations of pilots with comparable experience under similar headup or headdown display conditions. In general, this research demonstrated the clutter measures to be highly sensitive to aviation display and domain conditions. The findings also indicated that human information processing considerations in aviation display design coupled with attention to the visual characteristics of display features may provide an effective basis for mitigating potential effects of clutter on pilot performance.
2007 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, 2007
The objectives of this study were to (1) prototype enhanced human-machine interfaces for supervis... more The objectives of this study were to (1) prototype enhanced human-machine interfaces for supervisory control of high-throughput biological screening (HTS) operations, (2) conduct usability evaluations of the prototypes and make comparisons with existing interfaces, and (3) demonstrate the plausibility of using computational cognitive models for such evaluations through comparison with the human test results. Task completion times were recorded during human and cognitive model trials with the HTS interfaces in two scenarios. GOMSL (Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules Language) models were constructed based on cognitive task analyses. Usability tests revealed improvements in performance with new prototypes. The cognitive models also proved predictive of actual human performance and were considered valid for assessing the usability of two HTS task interfaces.
Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using ... more Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three-dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward-looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low-visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head-up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays.
... Related to this, in many contemporary text editing application, like email (Uekita et al., 20... more ... Related to this, in many contemporary text editing application, like email (Uekita et al., 2000), chatting and IM (Instant Messengers) (Bodine & Pignol, 2003), dynamic text or kinetic typography has become a common interface feature for expressing emotion. ...
2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of a computational cognitive model for rep... more The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of a computational cognitive model for representing human performance in robotic rover control and to make comparison with actual human performance. In manual control trials, an operator was required to navigate a commercially available rover along a path using a remote workstation. A cognitively plausible GOMSL (Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection
ABSTRACT Display clutter is defined as an unintended effect of displaying visual imagery that may... more ABSTRACT Display clutter is defined as an unintended effect of displaying visual imagery that may obscure or confuse other information, or that may be redundant or not relevant to the task at hand. There exists a limited amount of research that has explored both data-driven and knowledge-driven parameters as dual contributors to perceptions of clutter. In the present study, six pilots flew simulated approaches under varied workload conditions with synthetic and enhanced vision display configurations that represented “low,” “medium,” and “high” clutter. Results evinced that high clutter displays produced elevated reports of perceived clutter and workload due to density or redundant presentation of information, while low clutter displays were perceived as less cluttered but challenging to use because of a lack of information typically required for flight. Pilots identified both data-driven (bottom-up) and knowledge-driven (top-down) as contributors to clutter, and these challenges were mirrored in flight technical performance. Conclusions support the notion that design of advanced technologies must consider not only the physical appearance of data within the display, but also the utility of that information to tasks the displays are designed to support.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2011
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf ... more Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 2009
The objective of this research was to identify current and future approaches to the design of aut... more The objective of this research was to identify current and future approaches to the design of automated systems for life science processes, including humans in control loops, in applications such as high-throughput compound screening and high-performance analytical chemistry. The identified approaches were classified according to existing theories of human-centered automation, which provided a basis for projecting human performance implications. We provide background on the life sciences domain and established theories of types and levels of automation (LOAs) in complex human-machine systems. We describe specific forms of robotic and automated technologies used in life science applications and the general design of high-throughput screening (HTS) and analytical systems to accommodate particular process configurations. Example classifications of life science automation (LSA) schemes are presented by referring to a taxonomy of LOAs from the literature. We project the implications of these classified forms of automation on human performance on the basis of prior empirical research in other domains. A mathematical model for predicting the cost of LSA from an operator perspective is also defined to support hypotheses for future study. Finally, we identify the need for additional empirical research on human performance consequences of LSA and remedial measures, including enhanced supervisory control interface design.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2012
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various forms of advanced cockpit autom... more The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various forms of advanced cockpit automation for flight planning on pilot performance and workload under a futuristic concept of operation. A lab experiment was conducted in which airline pilots flew simulated tailored arrivals to an airport using three modes of automation (MOAs), including a control-display unit (CDU) to the aircraft flight management system, an enhanced CDU (CDU+), and a continuous descent approach (CDA) tool. The arrival scenario required replanning to avoid convective activity and was constrained by a minimum fuel requirement at the initial approach fix. The CDU and CDU+ modes allowed for point-by-point path planning or selection among multiple standard arrivals, respectively. The CDA mode completely automated the route replanning for pilots. It was expected that the higher-level automation would significantly reduce pilot workload and improve overall flight performance. In general, results indicated that the MOAs influenced pilot performance and workload responses according to hypotheses. This study provides new knowledge about the relationship of cockpit automation and interface features with pilot performance and workload in a novel next generation-style flight concept of operation.
The objective of this study was to assess the use of a computational cognitive model for describi... more The objective of this study was to assess the use of a computational cognitive model for describing human performance with an adaptively automated system, with and without advance cueing of control mode transitions. A dual-task piloting simulation was developed to collect human performance data under auditory cueing or no cueing of automated or manual control. GOMSL models for simulating user behavior were constructed based on a theory of increased memory transactions at mode transitions. The models were applied to the same task simulation and scenarios performed by the humans. Comparison of results on human and model output demonstrated the model to be generally descriptive of performance; however, it was not accurate in predicting timing of memory use in preparing for manual control. Interestingly, the human data didn't reveal differences between cued and no cue trials. A refined GOMSL model was developed by modifying assumptions on the timing and manner of memory use, and considering human parallel processing in dual-task performance. Results revealed the refined model to be more plausible for representing behavior. Computational cognitive modeling appears to be a viable approach to represent operator performance in adaptive systems.
2009 International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, 2009
The objective of this research was to develop a model of pilot cognitive behavior to predict perf... more The objective of this research was to develop a model of pilot cognitive behavior to predict performance and workload while using varying degrees of cockpit automation to serve as a basis for future systems design. A cognitive task analysis (CTA) was conducted on expert pilot performance a flight control panel (FCP), control-display unit (CDU) and flight management system, and an enhanced CDU (CDU+) providing pre-programmed arrivals from air traffic control in a simulated landing and approach task. Cognitive models were developed from the CTA using an enhanced form of the GOMS language, including a set of additional task operators, to represent pilot actions on cockpit interfaces. Pilot performance and workload data from a parallel empirical study of the same flight tasks were used as a basis for validating the cognitive model output. Indices of automation complexity were formulated based on counts of task methods and steps, required chunks of information, and information transactions coded in the enhanced GOMS models. These indices revealed high complexity for the FCP mode and low complexity for the prototype CDU+ mode. The automation index values were positively and significantly correlated with pilot heart rate (as an objective measure of workload) and vertical path deviation error from the experimental data set. The computational cognitive models of pilot behavior in using forms of cockpit automation were demonstrated to be a viable tool for predicting pilot workload and flight performance under high workload flight conditions.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2012
Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using ... more Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three-dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward-looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low-visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head-up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays.
The goal of this study was to use computational cognitive modeling to further understand human be... more The goal of this study was to use computational cognitive modeling to further understand human behavior and strategy in robotic rover control. To this end, GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection Rules) Language models of rover control were constructed based on a task analysis and observations during human rover control trials. For the first model, we hypothesized control would be characterized
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a power-flow gauge for indicating c... more The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a power-flow gauge for indicating current level of "economic" driving for a simulated electric vehicle based on drivers' acceleration and braking pedal pressing behaviors. Sixteen participants were asked to drive a driving simulator with/without integrating the power-flow gauge interface for city and highway. The mean and kurtosis (stability) of acceleration and brake pedal press positions were recorded. Results showed stable (non-aggressive) acceleration behaviors when drivers used the interface. This indicates that the presence of a powerflow gauge encouraged the drivers to maintain a relatively steady acceleration pedal position as well as how the changes in driving behavior may affect energy consumptions in forms of economic driving.
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) have become ubiquitous and continued to gain popularity. Since... more Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) have become ubiquitous and continued to gain popularity. Since PDAs have some special contexts such as mobility and limited screen size, icons are utilized frequently because icons allow us to do tasks more rapidly and effectively on PDAs like another information appliances. The study presents a cognitive approach to study human factors affecting icon design with multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis. In the experiment, a real PDA was used to investigate 29 attributes and 2 preference ratings for 22 PDA icons by 20 Korean subjects. As a result, cognitive positioning about icons, attributes, and preference data were arranged on the two dimensional perceptual map. Attributes were grouped by simplicity, universality, activity, complexity, abstraction, static, and alphanumeric time. Subjects preferences were highly related with simplicity attributes group and positive to universality and activity attributes groups. It was also confirmed that there are some icons unfitted to the mental model of Korean. However, when icons are designed for PDAs or similar information appliances to Korean, it should be designed simply and actively with universal image fitted on target users mental model.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different speedometer features, e... more The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different speedometer features, especially dynamic speedometer using fisheye view for speed readout on driver's current speed-reading performance and preference. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, shape of speedometer (full-circle and half-circle), resolution of speed readout (5s and 10s mph), and font size layout (fixed, stepped, and gradually increasing) were manipulated using static prototypes. Twenty participants' response time and answer duration for reading current speed were collected as performance measures, along with subjective preferences. Based on findings in the first experiment, Java-based speedometer prototypes were developed and integrated with a driving simulator for the second experiment. Eight different speedometer features consisted of shapes of speedometer (half-circle and full-circle), resolutions of speed readout (10s and 20s mph), and dynamics of font size layout (static [fixed]and dynamic font size changes [fisheye view])were manipulated in the interactive speedometer prototypes. Sixteen participants' response time, answer duration, eye dwell time on speedometer, and subjective preferences were collected for the measurement. The results demonstrated similar utility of both speedometer shapes (full and half circle), optimal level of speed readout resolution, and potential utility of dynamic speedometer feature. The results of the study may provide a basis for future speedometer design in a flexible/configurable instrument cluster to improve driving performance and safety.
ABSTRACT Two analyses were conducted on three datasets from a series of aviation human factors ex... more ABSTRACT Two analyses were conducted on three datasets from a series of aviation human factors experiments focused on the development and testing of measures of flight display clutter as well as the relation with flight task performance. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of cockpit display dynamics and aircraft type on pilot perceptions of display clutter in simulated flight tasks through statistical analyses of the data gathered across the experimental studies. Comparisons were made on observations of pilots with comparable experience under similar headup or headdown display conditions. In general, this research demonstrated the clutter measures to be highly sensitive to aviation display and domain conditions. The findings also indicated that human information processing considerations in aviation display design coupled with attention to the visual characteristics of display features may provide an effective basis for mitigating potential effects of clutter on pilot performance.
2007 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, 2007
The objectives of this study were to (1) prototype enhanced human-machine interfaces for supervis... more The objectives of this study were to (1) prototype enhanced human-machine interfaces for supervisory control of high-throughput biological screening (HTS) operations, (2) conduct usability evaluations of the prototypes and make comparisons with existing interfaces, and (3) demonstrate the plausibility of using computational cognitive models for such evaluations through comparison with the human test results. Task completion times were recorded during human and cognitive model trials with the HTS interfaces in two scenarios. GOMSL (Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules Language) models were constructed based on cognitive task analyses. Usability tests revealed improvements in performance with new prototypes. The cognitive models also proved predictive of actual human performance and were considered valid for assessing the usability of two HTS task interfaces.
Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using ... more Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three-dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward-looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low-visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head-up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays.
... Related to this, in many contemporary text editing application, like email (Uekita et al., 20... more ... Related to this, in many contemporary text editing application, like email (Uekita et al., 2000), chatting and IM (Instant Messengers) (Bodine & Pignol, 2003), dynamic text or kinetic typography has become a common interface feature for expressing emotion. ...
2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of a computational cognitive model for rep... more The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of a computational cognitive model for representing human performance in robotic rover control and to make comparison with actual human performance. In manual control trials, an operator was required to navigate a commercially available rover along a path using a remote workstation. A cognitively plausible GOMSL (Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection
ABSTRACT Display clutter is defined as an unintended effect of displaying visual imagery that may... more ABSTRACT Display clutter is defined as an unintended effect of displaying visual imagery that may obscure or confuse other information, or that may be redundant or not relevant to the task at hand. There exists a limited amount of research that has explored both data-driven and knowledge-driven parameters as dual contributors to perceptions of clutter. In the present study, six pilots flew simulated approaches under varied workload conditions with synthetic and enhanced vision display configurations that represented “low,” “medium,” and “high” clutter. Results evinced that high clutter displays produced elevated reports of perceived clutter and workload due to density or redundant presentation of information, while low clutter displays were perceived as less cluttered but challenging to use because of a lack of information typically required for flight. Pilots identified both data-driven (bottom-up) and knowledge-driven (top-down) as contributors to clutter, and these challenges were mirrored in flight technical performance. Conclusions support the notion that design of advanced technologies must consider not only the physical appearance of data within the display, but also the utility of that information to tasks the displays are designed to support.
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2011
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf ... more Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 2009
The objective of this research was to identify current and future approaches to the design of aut... more The objective of this research was to identify current and future approaches to the design of automated systems for life science processes, including humans in control loops, in applications such as high-throughput compound screening and high-performance analytical chemistry. The identified approaches were classified according to existing theories of human-centered automation, which provided a basis for projecting human performance implications. We provide background on the life sciences domain and established theories of types and levels of automation (LOAs) in complex human-machine systems. We describe specific forms of robotic and automated technologies used in life science applications and the general design of high-throughput screening (HTS) and analytical systems to accommodate particular process configurations. Example classifications of life science automation (LSA) schemes are presented by referring to a taxonomy of LOAs from the literature. We project the implications of these classified forms of automation on human performance on the basis of prior empirical research in other domains. A mathematical model for predicting the cost of LSA from an operator perspective is also defined to support hypotheses for future study. Finally, we identify the need for additional empirical research on human performance consequences of LSA and remedial measures, including enhanced supervisory control interface design.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 2012
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various forms of advanced cockpit autom... more The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various forms of advanced cockpit automation for flight planning on pilot performance and workload under a futuristic concept of operation. A lab experiment was conducted in which airline pilots flew simulated tailored arrivals to an airport using three modes of automation (MOAs), including a control-display unit (CDU) to the aircraft flight management system, an enhanced CDU (CDU+), and a continuous descent approach (CDA) tool. The arrival scenario required replanning to avoid convective activity and was constrained by a minimum fuel requirement at the initial approach fix. The CDU and CDU+ modes allowed for point-by-point path planning or selection among multiple standard arrivals, respectively. The CDA mode completely automated the route replanning for pilots. It was expected that the higher-level automation would significantly reduce pilot workload and improve overall flight performance. In general, results indicated that the MOAs influenced pilot performance and workload responses according to hypotheses. This study provides new knowledge about the relationship of cockpit automation and interface features with pilot performance and workload in a novel next generation-style flight concept of operation.
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