Papers by Christine Van Winkle
Tourism Cases, 2022
Climate, whether warm and sunny or cold and snowy, can complement tourism by providing favourable... more Climate, whether warm and sunny or cold and snowy, can complement tourism by providing favourable conditions for visitors and their desired activities. As a result, climate is often a main resource upon which tourism destinations depend. Extreme or unpredictable weather may be viewed as unfavourable for attracting visitors. However, even seemingly inclement climate conditions can be used as a resource in tourism. Existing research does not demonstrate how outwardly negative climate conditions might influence destination image, destination selection, and local tourism development. This case study examines how cold climates present both a challenge and an opportunity to developing and promoting an area for tourism. Here we outline how The Forks National Historic Site, located in Winnipeg, Manitoba and a popular summer destination was successfully re-framed as a cold-weather attraction. This case study represents a specific instance of how a tourism destination may highlight a unique f...
International Journal of Event and Festival Management, Mar 11, 2014
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between psychological sense of com... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between psychological sense of community (SOC) and perceived social impacts of festival events. Design/methodology/approach – SOC was measured using the four-dimensional Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS) and the Festival Social Impact Attitudes Scale (FSIAS) was used to measure perceived impacts. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires provided to residents of Caldwell, Texas following the annual Kolache Festival. Findings – Results revealed a relation between two dimensions of the BSCS, needs fulfillment and influence, and the way in which impacts are perceived. Specifically, needs fulfillment was positively related to social benefits and individual benefits. Needs fulfillment was negatively related to social costs. Influence related to impacts in the same manner. Research limitations/implications – This research provides support for a four-dimensional conceptualization of SOC and highlights the importance of examining the relation between psycho-social variables and perceptions of impact. Further research in additional settings is recommended. Practical implications – Results suggest that individuals with greater SOC are better able to perceive festival impacts and could be mobilized by festival administrators to address festival issues. Further research in additional settings is recommended. Originality/value – Empirical explorations of psychological SOC have been common in a range of community settings but have not received much attention with in the festival literature. Exploring how SOC is related to festival experiences can enhance theory development within this field of study as well as provide needed insight for festival administrators.
In an effort to explore additional variables as antecedents of emotional solidarity, satisfaction... more In an effort to explore additional variables as antecedents of emotional solidarity, satisfaction with life (SWL) was considered in this study. More specifically, the research question posed in this paper is, can Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) significantly predict the three factors of the Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS): welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding? Reliabilities were strong for all four measures. SWLS significantly predicted all three emotional solidarity factors, albeit only explaining a modest degree of variance in each of the dependent variables. Practical implications are discussed.
Using the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival in Manitoba, Canada as the context, the purpose of thi... more Using the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival in Manitoba, Canada as the context, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between personal values and motivations for attending a festival. More specifically the work had two primary research questions. First, what are the dominant tourist values and tourist motivations for visitors to the Winnipeg Fringe Festival? Second, what is the relationship between visitors' values and their motivations for attending the festival? Visitors rated self-respect (M = 6.30), fun and enjoyment in life (M = 6.26), warm relationship with others (M = 6.19), and self-fulfillment (M = 6.15) as the top personal values based on LOV scale. Strongest motivations for attending the festival were: to be entertained (M = 6.45), to learn something new (M = 5.31), to go to the Fringe to be with others who enjoy the same thing (M = 5.19), to spend time with friends (M = 5.03), and to attend a cultural event not normally having an opportunity to go to (M = 4.93). Treating the top five motivation items as separate dependent variables, a series of stepwise regression analyses were conducted. The nine personal value items explained between 8% and 13% of the variance in the five motivation items. Belonging explained the most variance across the five regression analyses. Implications for the festival as well as future research endeavors are highlighted in the closing of the paper.
Event Management, 2016
Extant literature on social–cultural impacts of festivals traditionally takes into consideration ... more Extant literature on social–cultural impacts of festivals traditionally takes into consideration perspectives of the host community while neglecting those of visitors, who often times comprise a high percent of total number of attendees at such expositions. Additionally, motivations of these visitors to attend festivals have rarely been considered in explaining perceived impacts among festival attendees. This study examined the underlying structures of motivations to attend the annual Morden Corn and Apple Festival, Manitoba, Canada among area residents and visitors as well as their perceived sociocultural impacts of the festival on community through a newly developed festival-attending motivation scale and modified Festival Social Impact Attitude Scale (FSIAS). Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression results suggested that at least one motivation factor (i.e., social interaction and/or knowledge gain) significantly predicted three of the four modified FSIAS factors.
In an effort to explore additional variables as antecedents of emotional solidarity, satisfaction... more In an effort to explore additional variables as antecedents of emotional solidarity, satisfaction with life (SWL) was considered in this study. More specifically, the research question posed in this paper is, can Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) significantly predict the three factors of the Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS): welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding? Reliabilities were strong for all four measures. SWLS significantly predicted all three emotional solidarity factors, albeit only explaining a modest degree of variance in each of the dependent variables. Practical implications are discussed.
Using the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival in Manitoba, Canada as the context, the purpose of thi... more Using the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival in Manitoba, Canada as the context, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between personal values and motivations for attending a festival. More specifically the work had two primary research questions. First, what are the dominant tourist values and tourist motivations for visitors to the Winnipeg Fringe Festival? Second, what is the relationship between visitors' values and their motivations for attending the festival? Visitors rated self-respect (M = 6.30), fun and enjoyment in life (M = 6.26), warm relationship with others (M = 6.19), and self-fulfillment (M = 6.15) as the top personal values based on LOV scale. Strongest motivations for attending the festival were: to be entertained (M = 6.45), to learn something new (M = 5.31), to go to the Fringe to be with others who enjoy the same thing (M = 5.19), to spend time with friends (M = 5.03), and to attend a cultural event not normally having an opportunity to go to (M = 4.93). Treating the top five motivation items as separate dependent variables, a series of stepwise regression analyses were conducted. The nine personal value items explained between 8% and 13% of the variance in the five motivation items. Belonging explained the most variance across the five regression analyses. Implications for the festival as well as future research endeavors are highlighted in the closing of the paper.
Event Management, 2014
Festivals provide some of the best unscripted encounters between residents and visitors in a dest... more Festivals provide some of the best unscripted encounters between residents and visitors in a destination. Within this article, the theoretical framework of emotional solidarity is applied and expanded in an effort to explain the complex relationship that exists between community residents of and festival visitors to Caldwell, Texas. Results confirm the factor structure of the emotional solidarity scale (ESS), exhibiting sound psychometric properties in the way of numerous reliability and validity measures. Length of residence and number of years attending the festival were considered in explaining the variance in the three factors (i.e., welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding) of the ESS. Three of the six regression models were significant. Implications, limitations, and future research opportunities are discussed.
Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 2009
This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or sy... more This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Event Management, 2013
Although numerous scales exist measuring residents' perceptions of festival impacts, the firs... more Although numerous scales exist measuring residents' perceptions of festival impacts, the first of its kind, the Festival Social Impact Attitude Scale (FSIAS), has never been examined to confirm its proposed factor structure. In addition, recent calls have been made to utilize the FSIAS in a novel context and assess its reliability and validity. Utilizing the context of a Czech heritage festival, this article has three purposes: (1) to confirm the FSIAS factor structure, (2) to examine psychometric properties of the scale, and (3) to determine if impacts of the festival were perceived differently among residents living in a community in which the festival is held. Results confirm the factor structure of the FSIAS is identical to that found in previous studies and psychometric properties were strong. A number of significant differences in perceived festival impacts were found across sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed ...
Tourism Cases, Jan 14, 2022
Climate, whether warm and sunny or cold and snowy, can complement tourism by providing favourable... more Climate, whether warm and sunny or cold and snowy, can complement tourism by providing favourable conditions for visitors and their desired activities. As a result, climate is often a main resource upon which tourism destinations depend. Extreme or unpredictable weather may be viewed as unfavourable for attracting visitors. However, even seemingly inclement climate conditions can be used as a resource in tourism. Existing research does not demonstrate how outwardly negative climate conditions might influence destination image, destination selection, and local tourism development. This case study examines how cold climates present both a challenge and an opportunity to developing and promoting an area for tourism. Here we outline how The Forks National Historic Site, located in Winnipeg, Manitoba and a popular summer destination was successfully re-framed as a cold-weather attraction. This case study represents a specific instance of how a tourism destination may highlight a unique feature, such as a frozen river. Readers will understand how harsh weather can become an uncommon resource that facilitates tourism and recreation and enhances overall visitor experience. As such, this case study presents a specific example of how various stakeholders came together to offer a unique experience and transformed an otherwise negative climate condition into a positive and desirable aspect of the destination. VIU logo WLCE logo Information Vancouver Island University World Leisure Centre of Excellence © A.J. Johnson and C. Van Winkle, 2015
International Journal of Event and Festival Management
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand mobile device (MD) use in a festival context. ... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand mobile device (MD) use in a festival context. Festivals offer a range of opportunities and activities to use a MD making this context ideal for understanding digital experiences during leisure. The guiding research question asked how do festival attendees use MDs at festivals. The Typology of Human Capability (THC) provided a framework to enhance the understanding of digital experiences at festivals. Design/methodology/approach This research involved six festival case studies where semi-structured interviews were conducted with attendees on-site. Interview questions focused on how festival attendees used MDs during the festival. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis guided by the THC. Findings On-site interviews with 168 attendees revealed that data support the THC dimensions and constructs (sensing, linking, organizing and performing). This typology advances the understanding of the range of digital customer experience...
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management
Purpose This study explores the multi-phasic experience of festivals to understand the nature, pu... more Purpose This study explores the multi-phasic experience of festivals to understand the nature, purpose and degree of social media (SM) use before, during and after festival occurrence and how this may inform better engagement of attendees. Design/methodology/approach A census of tweets and posts from four festivals’ Twitter handles and Facebook accounts were coded and analyzed across three time points: one week prior, during and one week after the festival. They were coded on nature (e.g. conversational, promotional, informational), purpose (e.g. information-seeking, friendship/relationship) and presence of links, photos, etc. Tests for platform influences on usage were conducted. Findings In total, 1,169 tweets and 483 posts were captured. Two-thirds of SM activity occurred during the festivals, one-third pre-festival and minimal activity post festival. Temporal analyses found that while the purpose and nature of the message content varied across festival time points, this was ofte...
Journal of Sustainable Tourism
International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2016
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the process of value co-creation by examining ... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the process of value co-creation by examining festival attendees’ perspectives of their festival experiences. Service-dominant logic (SDL) is used as a framework to understand the how value is co-created in the festival setting. Design/methodology/approach Using a SDL approach and personal meaning mapping methods, this research offers insight into how value is co-created by the attendee, festival, and influential others. Findings This research found that personal, social, cultural, physical, place, and arts presentation domains come together to add value to the festival experience. Research limitations/implications This research adds insight into the value co-creation process if festival settings. SDL is examined in relation to findings and re-conceptualized based on findings. This research was not intended to generalize all performing arts festivals but instead provided a detailed descriptive account of the experiences offered by p...
International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2016
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the process of value co-creation by examining ... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the process of value co-creation by examining festival attendees’ perspectives of their festival experiences. Service-dominant logic (SDL) is used as a framework to understand the how value is co-created in the festival setting. Design/methodology/approach Using a SDL approach and personal meaning mapping methods, this research offers insight into how value is co-created by the attendee, festival, and influential others. Findings This research found that personal, social, cultural, physical, place, and arts presentation domains come together to add value to the festival experience. Research limitations/implications This research adds insight into the value co-creation process if festival settings. SDL is examined in relation to findings and re-conceptualized based on findings. This research was not intended to generalize all performing arts festivals but instead provided a detailed descriptive account of the experiences offered by p...
Event Management, 2013
ABSTRACT Examining how festival involvement contributes to sense of community (SOC) is important ... more ABSTRACT Examining how festival involvement contributes to sense of community (SOC) is important to our understanding of how festivals impact the communities in which they exist; therefore, this study examines the relation between festival attendance and sense of community to provide insight, based on community psychology theory, into how festivals contribute to community development. Sense of community was measured using the Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS), and the relation between the BSCS and festival attendance was examined. Although no relation between overall SOC and festival attendance was found, the relation between festival attendance and the emotional connection factor of the BSCS suggests that festivals do contribute to SOC. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Papers by Christine Van Winkle