Papers by Lucy A . D . Lockwood
Directed by Professor Jarrett E. K. Byrnes The effort to protect coastal property and infrastruct... more Directed by Professor Jarrett E. K. Byrnes The effort to protect coastal property and infrastructure from storm damage, erosion, and sea level rise has resulted in increased construction of coastal protection structures (CPS) worldwide. Researchers around the globe have found that the marine communities living on CPS differ from those living on natural rock outcroppings in the same area. We conducted a classic disturbance experiment to investigate possible differences in marine organism response and community assembly between natural and human-constructed rocky intertidal habitat along the Massachusetts coast. The one-year study used naturally occurring rock shores and human-made granite seawalls with both wave-exposed and wave-protected areas. Significant differences in both the amount of substrate utilization and the composition of the v colonizing marine community on the natural and human-engineered habitats were evident one year after the clearing disturbance. The natural rock experimental plots had a higher mean proportion of macroalgal and marine invertebrate cover overall, and regrowth was dominated by red and brown algal species. Human-engineered seawalls evidenced significantly lower mean cover proportion and dominance of green algal species. Wave exposure also had a significant effect, though less than substrate type. These experimental results raise the possibility that ongoing expansion of CPS along the Gulf of Maine and New England coast could alter coastal marine ecosystems and, over time, could have far-reaching impacts on the region's marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. vi DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is dedicated to my husband, Larry Constantine, who has supported my improbable journey from the onset with endless patience, love, and much coffee. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jarrett Byrnes, who introduced me to biological data analysis and reintroduced me to the world of programming, and whose blending of experimental and theoretical approaches to marine ecology has challenged me and shaped my work as an intertidal ecologist. My enduring gratitude goes to Dr. Robert Chen, for convincing me to become a student once again and to join the wonderful community that is the School for the Environment at the University of Massachusetts Boston. My appreciation and thanks also go to the many excellent UMB faculty including Dr. Ron Etter, Dr. Eugene Gallagher, and Dr. Michael Sharis, whom I have had the privilege of studying under and whose knowledge and guidance have steered my development as a scientist. I have also learned from and been supported by a wonderful group of fellow graduate students both in the School for the Environment and in the Biology Department. Finally, my heartfelt thanks and admiration go to my children, Tovah and Devan, who, along with my husband, have been relentless and unfailing cheerleaders and supporters of this effort over many years. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS
25th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2003. Proceedings., 2003
IEEE Software, 2002
This paper presents a lightweight form of usage-centered design that has proved particularly effe... more This paper presents a lightweight form of usage-centered design that has proved particularly effective in designing highly usable Webbased applications. Fully compatible with both traditional object-oriented software engineering methods and newer agile techniques such as Extreme Programming, this approach employs rapid, card-based techniques to develop simplified models of user roles, tasks, and user interface contents. The process attempts to resolve the conflict between the demands of rapid iterative design and incremental development on the one hand and the needs for integrity in a user interface fitted to the full set of user tasks on the other. The resolution depends on creating a navigation architecture and a visual and interaction design scheme based on quick but comprehensive task modeling. The process is illustrated with experiences from the design of a Web-deployed application for classroom teachers.
Communications of the ACM, 1993
CHI '99 extended abstracts on Human factors in computer systems - CHI '99, 1999
ABSTRACT Use cases are increasingly recognized as a particularly versatile form of task model. Us... more ABSTRACT Use cases are increasingly recognized as a particularly versatile form of task model. Use cases are related to scenarios, which have a long history of application to computer-human interaction [2], but may offer distinct advantages. A use case comprises a single case of use of a system that is complete, well-defined, and meaningful from the perspective of an external user [5,8]. Concrete instances of multiple use cases can be combined into plausible sequences to form the narrative vignettes usually associated with scenario-based design, but because use cases are a finer-grained formal construct at a higher level of abstraction, they lend themselves to more rigorous definition and more systematic and structured expression. The structured narratives of use cases can be interrelated through formally defined constructs [6,8] to form a comprehensive model of the tasks to be supported by a system under design.
Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, ... more Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, use cases are not well-defined. Relatively little attention has been paid to the various styles for writing the narratives that define use cases and their consequences for user interface design and software usability. Common narrative styles are presented with examples and discussions of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Essential use cases, a variant employed within usage-centered design, are contrasted with conventional use cases and scenarios. For the most efficient support of user interface design and particularly for large, complex projects, a highly-structured form of use case has evolved. New narrative elements and relationships among use cases are introduced. These include means for expressing partial or flexible ordering of interaction, relationships with business rules, as well as a clarification of the often misunderstood concept of extension that recognize...
The design of a special-purpose selection list is reviewed. As part of a performance-support appl... more The design of a special-purpose selection list is reviewed. As part of a performance-support application for classroom teachers, a means was needed for rapid selection from a large number of alternative words. By taking into account the inherent structure of the terms in the list, instead of treating it as a simple list of unspecified objects, a more efficient and more easily used design was achieved. By incorporating the structure of the alternatives, the design was also able to reflect and support best practices in classroom lesson planning.
Abstract: The design of a special-purpose selection list is reviewed. As part of a performance-su... more Abstract: The design of a special-purpose selection list is reviewed. As part of a performance-support application for classroom teachers, a means was needed for rapid selection from a large number of alternative words. By taking into account the inherent structure of the terms in the list, instead of treating it as a simple list of unspecified objects, a more efficient and more easily used design was achieved. By incorporating the structure of the alternatives, the design was also able to reflect and support best practices in classroom lesson planning.
All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you... more All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, ... more Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, use cases are not well-defined. Relatively little attention has been paid to the various styles for writing the narratives that define use cases and their consequences for user interface design and software usability. Common narrative styles are presented with examples and discussions of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Essential use cases, a variant employed within usage-centered design, are contrasted with conventional use cases and scenarios. For the most efficient support of user interface design and particularly for large, complex projects, a highly-structured form of use case has evolved. New narrative elements and relationships among use cases are introduced. These include means for expressing partial or flexible ordering of interaction, relationships with business rules, as well as a clarification of the often misunderstood concept of extension that recognizes two dis...
Assembling reports or documents by pulling together and organizing disparate content from a varie... more Assembling reports or documents by pulling together and organizing disparate content from a variety of sources is a common task in many different work situations. Standard components and interaction techniques supported by conventional graphical user interfaces make it possible to accomplish such tasks but hardly can be said to facilitate simple and efficient use. This design study reviews the design of a novel facility for allowing users at all levels of sophistication and skill to quickly and easily construct complex documents using resources obtained from numerous and varied sources. The resulting "dynamic workspace" was inspired by the way teachers actually assemble and sort notes and bits of information on their desks in preparation for creating lesson plans or other documents. Design tradeoffs in efficiency, ease of use, and screen real estate are discussed. Keywords: instructive interaction, document assembly, information management, navigation, usage-centered de...
This report illustrates the design of a novel user interface feature to provide simple and rapid ... more This report illustrates the design of a novel user interface feature to provide simple and rapid navigation and user customization of the contents of a complex, multipart document. Within a performancesupport application for classroom teachers, the objective was to provide an efficient and instantly learnable scheme for direct user control over the parts to be included in the document as well as quick access to any part of the document. The design relies on the techniques of instructive interaction, an innovative approach for making user interfaces self - teaching even when they incorporate novel or non-standard features. Keywords: document navigation, customization, user control, instructive interaction, usage-centered design, design innovation, user interface design, interaction design, usability, performance support Learn more about usage-centered design at http://www.forUse.com. Series
Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, ... more Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, use cases are not well-defined. Relatively little attention has been paid to the various styles for writing the narratives that define use cases and their consequences for user interface design and software usability. Common narrative styles are presented with examples and discussions of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Essential use cases, a variant employed within usage-centered design, are contrasted with conventional use cases and scenarios. For the most efficient support of user interface design and particularly for large, complex projects, a highly-structured form of use case has evolved. New narrative elements and relationships among use cases are introduced. These include means for expressing partial or flexible ordering of interaction, relationships with business rules, as well as a clarification of the often misunderstood concept of extension that recognizes two dis...
Abstract: Assembling reports or documents by pulling together and organizing disparate content fr... more Abstract: Assembling reports or documents by pulling together and organizing disparate content from a variety of sources is a common task in many different work situations. Standard components and interaction techniques supported by conventional graphical user interfaces make it possible to accomplish such tasks but hardly can be said to facilitate simple and efficient use. This design study reviews the design of a novel facility for allowing users at all levels of sophistication and skill to quickly and easily construct complex documents using resources obtained from numerous and varied sources. The resulting “dynamic workspace ” was inspired by the way teachers actually assemble and sort notes and bits of information on their desks in preparation for creating lesson plans or other documents. Design tradeoffs in efficiency, ease of use, and screen real estate are discussed.
This report illustrates the design of a novel user interface feature to provide simple and rapid ... more This report illustrates the design of a novel user interface feature to provide simple and rapid navigation and user customization of the contents of a complex, multipart document. Within a performance- support application for classroom teachers, the objective was to provide an efficient and instantly learnable scheme for direct user control over the parts to be included in the document as well as quick access to any part of the document. The design relies on the techniques of instructive interaction, an innovative approach for making user interfaces self - teaching even when they incorporate novel or non-standard features.
Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, ... more Although widely employed in both object-oriented software engineering and user interface design, use cases are not well-defined. Relatively little attention has been paid to the various styles for writing the narratives that define use cases and their consequences for user interface design and software usability. Common narrative styles are presented with examples and discussions of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Essential use cases, a variant employed within usage -centered design, are contrasted with conventional use cases and scenarios. For the most efficient support of user interface design and particularly for large, complex projects, a highly -structured form of use case has evolved. New narrative elements and relationships among use cases are introduced. These include means for expressing partial or flexible ordering of interaction, relationships with business rules, as well as a clarification of the often misunderstood concept of extension that recognizes two d...
Uploads
Papers by Lucy A . D . Lockwood