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Joana Mendonca

Instituto Superior Tecnico, Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, IN+, Researcher

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Joana Mendonça holds a PhD in Engineering and Industrial Management at the technical University of Lisbon, with a dissertation entitled “The Impact of Knowledge Creation and Accessibility on Entrepreneurial Activities”. She has completed her Master in Engineering Policy and Management of Technology, with a dissertation on the “Determinants of Innovation in the Portuguese Chemical Industry”. She has a Diploma in Chemistry from the Lisbon University.
Between 2010-2013, she was deputy director for the science, technology and higher education statistics department. In 2009-2010 she was an assistant to the secretary of state for Science, Technology and Higher Education, Manuel Heitor.
She has been a researcher at IN+, the Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research at IST since 2002. Her research has focused on innovation processes, and new business creation, especially in human capital aspects on innovation and entrepreneurial activities.

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York University

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University of Southampton

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Papers by Joana Mendonca

When Risks Cannot Be Seen: Regulating Uncertainty in Emerging Technologies

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016

Commercializing an emerging technology that employs an immature production process can be challen... more Commercializing an emerging technology that employs an immature production process can be challenging, particularly when there are many different sources of uncertainty. In industries with stringent safety requirements, regulatory interventions that ensure safety while maintaining incentives for innovation can be particularly elusive. We use the extreme case of metal additive manufacturing (an emerging technology with many sources of process uncertainty) in commercial aviation (an industry where lapses in safety can have catastrophic consequences) to unpack how the characteristics of a technology may influence the options for regulatory intervention. Based on our findings, we propose an adaptive regulatory framework in which standards are periodically revised and in which different groups of companies are regulated differently as a function of their technological capabilities. We conclude by proposing a generalizable framework for regulating emerging process-based technologies in safety-critical industries in which the optimal regulatory configuration depends on the industry structure (number of firms), the performance and safety requirements, and the sources of technological uncertainty.

Mapping Industry 4.0 Technologies: From Cyber-Physical Systems to Artificial Intelligence

arXiv (Cornell University), Nov 28, 2021

The fourth industrial revolution is rapidly changing the manufacturing landscape. Due to the grow... more The fourth industrial revolution is rapidly changing the manufacturing landscape. Due to the growing research and fast evolution in this field, no clear definitions of these concepts yet exist. This work provides a clear description of technological trends and gaps. We introduce a novel method to create a map of Industry 4.0 technologies, using natural language processing to extract technology terms from 14,667 research articles and applying network analysis. We identified eight clusters of Industry 4.0 technologies, which served as the basis for our analysis. Our results show that Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies have become the center of the Industry 4.0 technology map. This is in line with the initial definitions of Industry 4.0, which centered on IIoT. Given the recent growth in the importance of artificial intelligence (AI), we suggest accounting for AI's fundamental role in Industry 4.0 and understanding the fourth industrial revolution as an AI-powered natural collaboration between humans and machines. This article introduces a novel approach for literature reviews, and the results highlight trends and research gaps to guide future work and help these actors reap the benefits of digital transformations.

Exposure of occupations to technologies of the fourth industrial revolution

ArXiv, 2021

The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is likely to have a substantial impact on the economy. Com... more The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is likely to have a substantial impact on the economy. Companies need to build up capabilities to implement new technologies, and automation may make some occupations obsolete. However, where, when, and how the change will happen remain to be determined. Robust empirical indicators of technological progress linked to occupations can help to illuminate this change. With this aim, we provide such an indicator based on patent data. Using natural language processing, we calculate patent exposure scores for more than 900 occupations, which represent the technological progress related to them. To provide a lens on the impact of the 4IR, we differentiate between traditional and 4IR patent exposure. Our method differs from previous approaches in that it both accounts for the diversity of task-level patent exposures within an occupation and reflects work activities more accurately. We find that exposure to 4IR patents differs from traditional patent exp...

Nonprofit Entrepreneurs: How Far Education Influences the Choice for an Entrepreneurial Career? (Summary)

Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 2012

Entrepreneurial Backgrounds, Human Capital and Survival in the Early Years after Start-Up

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011

We examine whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after sta... more We examine whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after start-up. We develop hypotheses linking founders' backgrounds to pre-entry capabilities associated with entrepreneurial human capital, highlighting the cases of spin-offs and habitual entrepreneurs. The subject of unemployment-driven entrepreneurship is also explored. We find that specific human capital more frequently found in spin-off founders plays a key role in enhancing survival chances, while more general forms of human capital may help inexperienced entrepreneurs overcome the barrier posed by the critical early years after start-up.

Proximity to knowledge sources and the location of knowledge-based start-ups

The Annals of Regional Science, 2009

We use detailed longitudinal data on firms, human capital and universities to study the impact of... more We use detailed longitudinal data on firms, human capital and universities to study the impact of geographical proximity to knowledge sources and local absorptive capacity on the location of knowledge-based start-ups in the Portuguese regions. There are significant differences in new firm formation in knowledge based sectors among Portuguese regions. Using municipalities as the regional unit of analysis, we examine the influence of the regional distribution of universities, yearly numbers of students and graduates, and workforce education on start-up numbers. We estimate models of regional entry using zero inflated negative binomial regression. We find that local access to knowledge and human capital significantly influences entry by knowledge based firms into regions, after controlling for other regional-level variables. Results suggest that local opportunities available for new businesses in manufacturing are fewer, and that absorptive capacity associated with human capital may also be lower than in services. Indeed, for manufacturing start-ups the creation of local absorptive capacity (i.e. human capital) seems to matter more than actual knowledge generation by universities. While proximity to the largest urban centres plays a positive role in driving entry into high and medium tech manufacturing, its effect is the opposite on entry into knowledge based services.

The impact of human capital on the early success of necessity versus opportunity-based entrepreneurs

Small Business Economics, 2013

This paper examines whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years ... more This paper examines whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after startup focusing in particular on the impact of unemploymentdriven entrepreneurship. For entrepreneurs who left their previous employment to found a new firm, both general and specific human capital play a key role in enhancing early survival chances. However, various forms of human capital have little effect on early survival of unemployment-driven entrepreneurs, who rely mostly on previous entrepreneurial experience to persevere. Results suggest that pre-entry capabilities play an important role in the early success of opportunity-based entrepreneurs, but have little influence on the early success of necessity-based ones.

Establishment of higher education institutions and new firm entry

Research Policy, 2011

The presence of universities has generally been associated with technological entrepreneurship. B... more The presence of universities has generally been associated with technological entrepreneurship. But what is the real impact of new universities on the levels of firm creation in a region? The present paper uses policy evaluation methodologies and longitudinal data on the establishment of higher education institutions in Portuguese municipalities for the period 1992-2002 to examine its effect on entry rates of new firms in different sectors. We find that the establishment of a new university has a positive and significant effect on subsequent levels of knowledge based firm entry in municipalities, and a negative effect on the levels of entry in other sectors, such as lowtech manufacturing.

A map of the knowledge bases for the chemical industry

International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 2007

International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management (IJTPM) is a vehicle to provide a refe... more International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management (IJTPM) is a vehicle to provide a refereed source of information in the field of policy and management in technology. Its objective is to further the development of this dynamic, innovative and global topic. The aim of IJTPM is to establish channels of communication between relevant academics and research experts, policy makers and executives in industry, commerce and investment institutions.

Innovation strategy by firms: do innovative firms grow more?

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2011

Linking innovation with firms' growth and performance is still a challenge for research. It is di... more Linking innovation with firms' growth and performance is still a challenge for research. It is difficult to observe the effect of new products and processes on firms' performance, because it may take a long time between innovation and the economic gain of firms. This paper intends to address this challenge and look at the relationship between innovation and firm performance, distinguishing product and process innovation. We join two different databases: the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) survey and the Portuguese Quadros de Pessoal. We observe an impact of innovation activities in performance gains three years later. This effect is observed only for small firms (less than 50 employees), and it is stronger for newer firms, thus leading to conclude that innovation activities may be a source of competitive advantage, especially for new firms.

Developing human capital and research capacity: Science policies promoting brain gain

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2014

Science policies emphasizing the advanced qualification of human resources, together with democra... more Science policies emphasizing the advanced qualification of human resources, together with democratizing access to science and internationalizing the science base, are shown to help build the conditions needed to drive brain gain over time. Exploring a new set of data for the period 1970-2010 in Portugal, this paper focuses on the analysis of flows of doctorates, with the ultimate goal of helping to promote the absorptive capacity that emerging regions and countries worldwide need to acquire to learn how to use science for economic and social development. It shows a notable process of brain gain by the end of this period and, above all, it provides a dynamic approach to the cumulative process of building knowledge-based societies. The results show the need to consider the co-evolution of brain gain, brain drain and brain circulation over time and space. In addition, they suggest the importance of certain major counter-intuitive policy instruments to facilitate the co-evolution of human capital formation and research capacity building. In the case of Portugal, these instruments have included a centralized program of research grants, research careers independent of traditional academic career tracks, and a diversified system of funding research units and institutions based on research assessments through international peer reviews.

Skills and regional entrepreneurship capital formation: a comparison between Germany and Portugal

The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2015

Differentiating the Role Played by Founders' Human Capital in the Performance of Firms

The creation of higher education institutions and firm entry: a policy evaluation

Skill Composition and Regional Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study between Germany and Portugal

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Mapping Knowledge Bases in the Portuguese Chemical Industry

2006 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology, 2006

Abstract This paper examines the innovation processes in the Portuguese chemical industry. By exp... more Abstract This paper examines the innovation processes in the Portuguese chemical industry. By exploring the innovative activities undertaken by a chemical multinational in Portugal, we build a map of the knowledge bases representative of the Portuguese chemical industry. The paper presents a descriptive analysis of the company&amp;#x27;s formal innovation process, which includes an internal form and an external form. Within the external mode, we explore in greater detail the design of a specific initiative which can be classified as a kind of ...

Human Capital and the Performance of Firms Over Time

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Abstract: We examine the impact of founders&amp;#x27; and employees&amp;#x27; general and... more Abstract: We examine the impact of founders&amp;#x27; and employees&amp;#x27; general and specific human capital on the performance of new firms (survival and sales) over time. We find that firms founded by more educated business owners are more likely to perform better. Results also indicate that business owners with previous managerial and industry-specific experience are more likely to survive and present better sales performance. This effect persists and indeed gains relevance over time, even if the firm&amp;#x27;s owners change. While industry- ...

Synthesis of Disulfides Containing a Corrinoid Head Group for Preparation of Self-Assembled Monolayers

Synlett, 2005

The combination of functional synthesis and electrochemical detection at a sensor surface is part... more

Metallocenium Salts of Nickel Bis(α-thiophenedithiolate) [M(Cp*) 2 ][Ni(α-tpdt) 2 ] (M = Fe, Mn, Cr) - Metamagnetism and Magnetic Frustration

European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2008

Keywords: Donor-acceptor systems / Metallocenes / S ligands / Through-space interactions / Magnet... more Keywords: Donor-acceptor systems / Metallocenes / S ligands / Through-space interactions / Magnetic anisotropy The family of charge-transfer (CT) salts [M(Cp*) 2 ][Ni(α-tpdt) 2 ] [α-tpdt = 2,3-thiophenedithiolate; M = Fe (1), Mn (2), Cr ] were prepared. The crystal structure of 3 is similar to that previously reported for 1 and is composed of alternating layers each consisting of parallel mixed donor-acceptor D + A -D + A -D + Achains, and the chains in adjacent layers are perpendicular. A similar crystal structure is expected to occur in 2. The McConnell I model was used to analyze the intermolecular magnetic coupling in this family of compounds. The predicted ferromagnetic (FM) intrachain coupling and the antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling in the interchain coupling (both intra and interlayer) are in good agreement [a]

Copper, Cobalt and Platinum Complexes with Dithiothiophene-Based Ligands

European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2005

The preparation and characterisation of new thiophenedithiolate complexes of Cu, Co and Pt with t... more The preparation and characterisation of new thiophenedithiolate complexes of Cu, Co and Pt with the ligands α-tpdt and tpdt (α-tpdt = 2,3-thiophenedithiolate, tpdt = 3,4-thiophenedithiolate) is reported. The Co and Pt complexes present regular square-planar coordination geometry and low oxidation potentials when compared with complexes with simpler ligands, but their monoanionic state is found to be rather unstable. The Co(tpdt) 2 complex can be isolated both in the monoanionic and dianionic states as a stable compound but the Co(α-tpdt) 2 and the Pt complexes can be obtained only

When Risks Cannot Be Seen: Regulating Uncertainty in Emerging Technologies

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016

Commercializing an emerging technology that employs an immature production process can be challen... more Commercializing an emerging technology that employs an immature production process can be challenging, particularly when there are many different sources of uncertainty. In industries with stringent safety requirements, regulatory interventions that ensure safety while maintaining incentives for innovation can be particularly elusive. We use the extreme case of metal additive manufacturing (an emerging technology with many sources of process uncertainty) in commercial aviation (an industry where lapses in safety can have catastrophic consequences) to unpack how the characteristics of a technology may influence the options for regulatory intervention. Based on our findings, we propose an adaptive regulatory framework in which standards are periodically revised and in which different groups of companies are regulated differently as a function of their technological capabilities. We conclude by proposing a generalizable framework for regulating emerging process-based technologies in safety-critical industries in which the optimal regulatory configuration depends on the industry structure (number of firms), the performance and safety requirements, and the sources of technological uncertainty.

Mapping Industry 4.0 Technologies: From Cyber-Physical Systems to Artificial Intelligence

arXiv (Cornell University), Nov 28, 2021

The fourth industrial revolution is rapidly changing the manufacturing landscape. Due to the grow... more The fourth industrial revolution is rapidly changing the manufacturing landscape. Due to the growing research and fast evolution in this field, no clear definitions of these concepts yet exist. This work provides a clear description of technological trends and gaps. We introduce a novel method to create a map of Industry 4.0 technologies, using natural language processing to extract technology terms from 14,667 research articles and applying network analysis. We identified eight clusters of Industry 4.0 technologies, which served as the basis for our analysis. Our results show that Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies have become the center of the Industry 4.0 technology map. This is in line with the initial definitions of Industry 4.0, which centered on IIoT. Given the recent growth in the importance of artificial intelligence (AI), we suggest accounting for AI's fundamental role in Industry 4.0 and understanding the fourth industrial revolution as an AI-powered natural collaboration between humans and machines. This article introduces a novel approach for literature reviews, and the results highlight trends and research gaps to guide future work and help these actors reap the benefits of digital transformations.

Exposure of occupations to technologies of the fourth industrial revolution

ArXiv, 2021

The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is likely to have a substantial impact on the economy. Com... more The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is likely to have a substantial impact on the economy. Companies need to build up capabilities to implement new technologies, and automation may make some occupations obsolete. However, where, when, and how the change will happen remain to be determined. Robust empirical indicators of technological progress linked to occupations can help to illuminate this change. With this aim, we provide such an indicator based on patent data. Using natural language processing, we calculate patent exposure scores for more than 900 occupations, which represent the technological progress related to them. To provide a lens on the impact of the 4IR, we differentiate between traditional and 4IR patent exposure. Our method differs from previous approaches in that it both accounts for the diversity of task-level patent exposures within an occupation and reflects work activities more accurately. We find that exposure to 4IR patents differs from traditional patent exp...

Nonprofit Entrepreneurs: How Far Education Influences the Choice for an Entrepreneurial Career? (Summary)

Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 2012

Entrepreneurial Backgrounds, Human Capital and Survival in the Early Years after Start-Up

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011

We examine whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after sta... more We examine whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after start-up. We develop hypotheses linking founders' backgrounds to pre-entry capabilities associated with entrepreneurial human capital, highlighting the cases of spin-offs and habitual entrepreneurs. The subject of unemployment-driven entrepreneurship is also explored. We find that specific human capital more frequently found in spin-off founders plays a key role in enhancing survival chances, while more general forms of human capital may help inexperienced entrepreneurs overcome the barrier posed by the critical early years after start-up.

Proximity to knowledge sources and the location of knowledge-based start-ups

The Annals of Regional Science, 2009

We use detailed longitudinal data on firms, human capital and universities to study the impact of... more We use detailed longitudinal data on firms, human capital and universities to study the impact of geographical proximity to knowledge sources and local absorptive capacity on the location of knowledge-based start-ups in the Portuguese regions. There are significant differences in new firm formation in knowledge based sectors among Portuguese regions. Using municipalities as the regional unit of analysis, we examine the influence of the regional distribution of universities, yearly numbers of students and graduates, and workforce education on start-up numbers. We estimate models of regional entry using zero inflated negative binomial regression. We find that local access to knowledge and human capital significantly influences entry by knowledge based firms into regions, after controlling for other regional-level variables. Results suggest that local opportunities available for new businesses in manufacturing are fewer, and that absorptive capacity associated with human capital may also be lower than in services. Indeed, for manufacturing start-ups the creation of local absorptive capacity (i.e. human capital) seems to matter more than actual knowledge generation by universities. While proximity to the largest urban centres plays a positive role in driving entry into high and medium tech manufacturing, its effect is the opposite on entry into knowledge based services.

The impact of human capital on the early success of necessity versus opportunity-based entrepreneurs

Small Business Economics, 2013

This paper examines whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years ... more This paper examines whether founders' backgrounds influence new firm survival in the early years after startup focusing in particular on the impact of unemploymentdriven entrepreneurship. For entrepreneurs who left their previous employment to found a new firm, both general and specific human capital play a key role in enhancing early survival chances. However, various forms of human capital have little effect on early survival of unemployment-driven entrepreneurs, who rely mostly on previous entrepreneurial experience to persevere. Results suggest that pre-entry capabilities play an important role in the early success of opportunity-based entrepreneurs, but have little influence on the early success of necessity-based ones.

Establishment of higher education institutions and new firm entry

Research Policy, 2011

The presence of universities has generally been associated with technological entrepreneurship. B... more The presence of universities has generally been associated with technological entrepreneurship. But what is the real impact of new universities on the levels of firm creation in a region? The present paper uses policy evaluation methodologies and longitudinal data on the establishment of higher education institutions in Portuguese municipalities for the period 1992-2002 to examine its effect on entry rates of new firms in different sectors. We find that the establishment of a new university has a positive and significant effect on subsequent levels of knowledge based firm entry in municipalities, and a negative effect on the levels of entry in other sectors, such as lowtech manufacturing.

A map of the knowledge bases for the chemical industry

International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 2007

International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management (IJTPM) is a vehicle to provide a refe... more International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management (IJTPM) is a vehicle to provide a refereed source of information in the field of policy and management in technology. Its objective is to further the development of this dynamic, innovative and global topic. The aim of IJTPM is to establish channels of communication between relevant academics and research experts, policy makers and executives in industry, commerce and investment institutions.

Innovation strategy by firms: do innovative firms grow more?

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2011

Linking innovation with firms' growth and performance is still a challenge for research. It is di... more Linking innovation with firms' growth and performance is still a challenge for research. It is difficult to observe the effect of new products and processes on firms' performance, because it may take a long time between innovation and the economic gain of firms. This paper intends to address this challenge and look at the relationship between innovation and firm performance, distinguishing product and process innovation. We join two different databases: the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) survey and the Portuguese Quadros de Pessoal. We observe an impact of innovation activities in performance gains three years later. This effect is observed only for small firms (less than 50 employees), and it is stronger for newer firms, thus leading to conclude that innovation activities may be a source of competitive advantage, especially for new firms.

Developing human capital and research capacity: Science policies promoting brain gain

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2014

Science policies emphasizing the advanced qualification of human resources, together with democra... more Science policies emphasizing the advanced qualification of human resources, together with democratizing access to science and internationalizing the science base, are shown to help build the conditions needed to drive brain gain over time. Exploring a new set of data for the period 1970-2010 in Portugal, this paper focuses on the analysis of flows of doctorates, with the ultimate goal of helping to promote the absorptive capacity that emerging regions and countries worldwide need to acquire to learn how to use science for economic and social development. It shows a notable process of brain gain by the end of this period and, above all, it provides a dynamic approach to the cumulative process of building knowledge-based societies. The results show the need to consider the co-evolution of brain gain, brain drain and brain circulation over time and space. In addition, they suggest the importance of certain major counter-intuitive policy instruments to facilitate the co-evolution of human capital formation and research capacity building. In the case of Portugal, these instruments have included a centralized program of research grants, research careers independent of traditional academic career tracks, and a diversified system of funding research units and institutions based on research assessments through international peer reviews.

Skills and regional entrepreneurship capital formation: a comparison between Germany and Portugal

The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2015

Differentiating the Role Played by Founders' Human Capital in the Performance of Firms

The creation of higher education institutions and firm entry: a policy evaluation

Skill Composition and Regional Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study between Germany and Portugal

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Mapping Knowledge Bases in the Portuguese Chemical Industry

2006 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology, 2006

Abstract This paper examines the innovation processes in the Portuguese chemical industry. By exp... more Abstract This paper examines the innovation processes in the Portuguese chemical industry. By exploring the innovative activities undertaken by a chemical multinational in Portugal, we build a map of the knowledge bases representative of the Portuguese chemical industry. The paper presents a descriptive analysis of the company&amp;#x27;s formal innovation process, which includes an internal form and an external form. Within the external mode, we explore in greater detail the design of a specific initiative which can be classified as a kind of ...

Human Capital and the Performance of Firms Over Time

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

Abstract: We examine the impact of founders&amp;#x27; and employees&amp;#x27; general and... more Abstract: We examine the impact of founders&amp;#x27; and employees&amp;#x27; general and specific human capital on the performance of new firms (survival and sales) over time. We find that firms founded by more educated business owners are more likely to perform better. Results also indicate that business owners with previous managerial and industry-specific experience are more likely to survive and present better sales performance. This effect persists and indeed gains relevance over time, even if the firm&amp;#x27;s owners change. While industry- ...

Synthesis of Disulfides Containing a Corrinoid Head Group for Preparation of Self-Assembled Monolayers

Synlett, 2005

The combination of functional synthesis and electrochemical detection at a sensor surface is part... more

Metallocenium Salts of Nickel Bis(α-thiophenedithiolate) [M(Cp*) 2 ][Ni(α-tpdt) 2 ] (M = Fe, Mn, Cr) - Metamagnetism and Magnetic Frustration

European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2008

Keywords: Donor-acceptor systems / Metallocenes / S ligands / Through-space interactions / Magnet... more Keywords: Donor-acceptor systems / Metallocenes / S ligands / Through-space interactions / Magnetic anisotropy The family of charge-transfer (CT) salts [M(Cp*) 2 ][Ni(α-tpdt) 2 ] [α-tpdt = 2,3-thiophenedithiolate; M = Fe (1), Mn (2), Cr ] were prepared. The crystal structure of 3 is similar to that previously reported for 1 and is composed of alternating layers each consisting of parallel mixed donor-acceptor D + A -D + A -D + Achains, and the chains in adjacent layers are perpendicular. A similar crystal structure is expected to occur in 2. The McConnell I model was used to analyze the intermolecular magnetic coupling in this family of compounds. The predicted ferromagnetic (FM) intrachain coupling and the antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling in the interchain coupling (both intra and interlayer) are in good agreement [a]

Copper, Cobalt and Platinum Complexes with Dithiothiophene-Based Ligands

European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2005

The preparation and characterisation of new thiophenedithiolate complexes of Cu, Co and Pt with t... more The preparation and characterisation of new thiophenedithiolate complexes of Cu, Co and Pt with the ligands α-tpdt and tpdt (α-tpdt = 2,3-thiophenedithiolate, tpdt = 3,4-thiophenedithiolate) is reported. The Co and Pt complexes present regular square-planar coordination geometry and low oxidation potentials when compared with complexes with simpler ligands, but their monoanionic state is found to be rather unstable. The Co(tpdt) 2 complex can be isolated both in the monoanionic and dianionic states as a stable compound but the Co(α-tpdt) 2 and the Pt complexes can be obtained only

Mapping Industry 4.0 Technologies: From Cyber-Physical Systems to Artificial Intelligence

by Benjamin Meindl and Joana Mendonca

arXiv preprint, 2021

The fourth industrial revolution is rapidly changing the manufacturing landscape. Due to the grow... more The fourth industrial revolution is rapidly changing the manufacturing landscape. Due to the growing research and fast evolution in this field, no clear definitions of these concepts yet exist. This work provides a clear description of technological trends and gaps. We introduce a novel method to create a map of Industry 4.0 technologies, using natural language processing to extract technology terms from 14,667 research articles and applying network analysis. We identified eight clusters of Industry 4.0 technologies, which served as the basis for our analysis. Our results show that Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies have become the center of the Industry 4.0 technology map. This is in line with the initial definitions of Industry 4.0, which centered on IIoT. Given the recent growth in the importance of artificial intelligence (AI), we suggest accounting for AI's fundamental role in Industry 4.0 and understanding the fourth industrial revolution as an AI-powered natural collaboration between humans and machines. This article introduces a novel approach for literature reviews, and the results highlight trends and research gaps to guide future work and help these actors reap the benefits of digital transformations.