Law

post-graduate student, lecturer of Law Reviewer: Serghei ŢURCAN, Ph.D., associate professor The way in which to accommodate the interests of a group with those of an entire nation has confounded constitutionalists, constitution-makers, minority rights advocates and also international lawyers for a long time. National government is not necessarily the best or the only level of government where the accommodation of group interests can take place. At the national level, group interests may become overridden by the needs and concerns of the majority, while the capacity at local government level to respond to the needs of the group may be limited, especially in terms of the powers required to bring about the accommodation between the group and the national entity.

In this article we will attempt to bridge the moral position of secession, from theory to practice. We will try to understand how the right to secession can be incorporated into the functioning of such a powerful institution, which is the constitution of the modern state.

The problems of ethnic minorities — in the form in which they appear before us today — from
a historical point of view is very young. Modern problems of minority groups have their origins
directly to the nation-state: some time ago in Europe, and most recently — in the states of the
East the concept of “minority” existed only as a concept of religious minorities. The author examines
the concept of minority in the context of international and national, human rights provisions
situation, following the alarming trend of development of a de facto right of secession

În conformitate cu Declaraţia de intenţii, semnată la Ljubljana în anul 2002 de către ţărilemembre ale Pactului de stabilitate pentru Europa de Sud-Est, Moldova şi-a asumat responsabilitatea de a edifica o societate informaţională, orientată spre interesele cetăţenilor întregii societăţi, bazată pe principiile consfinţite în Statutul ONU, în Declaraţia Universală a Drepturilor Omului şi în Carta edificării societăţii informaţionale globale de la Okinawa 2000. Edificarea societăţii informaţionale, una din direcţiile strategice ale dezvoltării mondiale, se bazează pe implementarea largă a tehnologiilor informaţionale şi de comunicaţii. Societatea informaţională este o formă nouă, considerată mai perfectă, a societăţii contemporane, în care accesul egal la informaţie, în corelaţie cu o infrastructură informaţională şi de comunicaţii dezvoltată, contribuie la o dezvoltare social-economică durabilă, reducerea gradului de sărăcie, îmbunătăţirea calităţii vieţii, la integrarea informaţională globală. Politica statului în domeniul eficientizării activităţii autorităţilor administraţiei publice, asigurării transparenţei proceselor decizionale este orientată inter alia spre crearea de condiţii favorabile participării active a cetăţenilor la procesele decizionale privind problemele cu impact asupra vieţii şi activităţii lor, în cadrul edificării unei societăţi democratice. [1] Informatizarea este un proces organizatoric social-economic şi tehnico-ştiinţific de creare a unor condiţii optime pentru satisfacerea necesităţilor informaţionale şi realizarea drepturilor cetăţenilor, autorităţilor administraţiei publice şi persoanelor juridice în baza formării şi utilizării resurselor informaţionale. [2] Potrivit Concepţiei guvernării electronice implementarea acesteia constituie una din direcţiile prioritare ale edificării societăţii informaţionale în Republica Moldova; în acest sens, autorităţile administraţiei publice, în limitele competenţelor atribuite, sunt obligate să asigure implementarea şi dezvoltarea guvernării electronice. Obiectivul general al guvernării electronice îl constituie asigurarea accesului la informaţia oficială, prestarea serviciilor prin intermediul mijloacelor electronice pentru cetăţeni şi mediul de afaceri, îmbunătăţirea calităţii serviciilor publice, sporirea gradului de participare a cetăţenilor în procesul de guvernare, eficientizarea activităţii administraţiei publice, consolidarea democraţiei şi a instituţiilor statului de drept. În final, participarea on-line la guvernare va deveni o normă pentru cetăţeni, iar procesele de guvernare -mai transparente. Edificarea democraţiei electronice va suporta schimbări pozitive 1

Tout au long de l'histoire et jusqu'à la période moderne, l'état a dominé la personne qui se trouvait dans une situation d'infériorité, subordination et « obéissance » vers celui-ci, indifféremment des raisons et des justifications (ou dans l'absence de toute justification) d'une telle situation. La réévaluation de la relation état-citoyen a débuté dans la période moderne et, en conséquence, a démarré le processus de diminution de l'inégalité entre les autorités publiques, qui détiennent le

În 2005 mai mulţi doctrinari concomitent au propus şi conturat conceptul de drept administrativ global, ca o soluţie la procesele administrative complexe transnaţionale, care nu pot fi încadrate în limitele relaţiilor tradiţionale din dreptul internaţional sau a dreptului orga-nizaţiilor internaţionale. Deşi de la momentul lansării discuţiilor asupra acestui concept a trecut mai mult timp şi au fost duse mai multe "bătălii" doctrinare, inclusiv între autori din diverse sisteme de drept, care şi-au argumentat poziţiile şi au combătut ideile adversarilor, în literatura juridică autohtonă acest subiect a fost, din păcate, ocolit. Prezentul articol îşi propune să evoce conceptualizarea globalizării dreptului administrativ şi să aducă în discuţie viabilitatea noului concept.

Cuvinte-cheie: drept administrativ global, guvernanţă globală, globalizare

Концепция «глобального административного права» впервые была представлена и описана в 2005 г. в статье-манифесте, подписанной командой исследователей с 3-х континентов и хотя с момента первых дискуссий по данной концепции прошло достаточно лет и состоялось множество теоретичных «баталий», в том числе между авторами, представляющими различные системы права, в нашей юридической литературе эту тематику, к сожалению, обходили стороной. Настоящей статьёй предлагается раскрыть концептуализацию о глобализации административного права и привнести к обсуждению жизнеспособность новой концепции.

The paper presents the emergence and evolution of the concept of transnational law, from the Philip Jessup's 1956 novation to the latest approaches, mainly from the western legal scholarship. In the legal writings from Romania or Republic of Moldova, the phenomenon of transnational law remains unexplored or, at best, mentioned incidental as a synonym of a modern "lex mercatoria". Likewise, in Russian scholarship, research on transnational law bears a strong private imprint and ubiquitous reluctance may be noted. This article aims to discuss, from the perspective of legal pluralism, the loss of the state monopoly in law making, the pluralization of sources of legitimacy for transnational actors, and the reconsideration of the scope of the law, by de-territorializing it. Transnational law is seen thus not just a private regime, but as a system of normative law that transcends international or national law, acts in a distinct social space and addresses specific actors, not only private, but also public or hybrid. In Romanian legal knowledge this approach is missing.

The paper presents the emergence and evolution of the concept of transnational law, from the Philip Jessup’s 1956 novation to the latest approaches, mainly from the western legal scholarship. In the legal writings from Romania or Republic of Moldova, the phenomenon of transnational law remains unexplored or, at best, mentioned incidental as a synonym of a modern “lex mercatoria”. Likewise, in Russian scholarship, research on transnational law bears a strong private imprint and ubiquitous reluctance may be noted. This article aims to discuss, from the perspective of legal pluralism, the loss of the state monopoly in law making, the pluralization of sources of legitimacy for transnational actors, and the reconsideration of the scope of the law, by de-territorializing it. Transnational law is seen thus not just a private regime, but as a system of normative law that transcends international or national law, acts in a distinct social space and addresses specific actors, not only private...

This study endeavours to clear up the terminological ambiguities prevalent within the realm of international administrative law (IAL). It traces the evolutionary trajectory of IAL, discerning its development under the influence of diverse doctrinal perspectives and highlights the challenges associated with use ambiguous terms within the jurisprudence of international administrative tribunals. The paper advocates for a departure from the dualistic terminology, exemplified by the juxtaposition of 'international administrative law' and 'administrative international law' (as observed in Romanian terminology such as 'drept administrativ internațional' and 'drept internațional administrativ', alongside consonant terms in Italian or French), in favour of a more precisely delineated lexicon. It emphasis the imperative need for clearer definitions and argues for the use of 'international institutional law' to accurately reflect the scope of regulations governing international organisations or their administrative structures. Additionally, it advocates for the use of 'law of the international civil service' as an apt descriptor for the relationships within international organisational personnel. Furthermore, the paper addresses the absence of a well-defined framework for the 'principles of international administrative law', used in some international administrative tribunals case law, underscoring the importance of clarity and coherence in legal terminology and doctrine.

/ Contextual-Historical Landmarks of the Emergence of the Term "Transnational Law" /

This paper explores the origin and evolution of the term "transnational law", in the seminal special contribution of Philip Jessup. In 1956, Jessup introduced the concept, defining it as including both public and private international law as well as other non-conventional rules. Jessup criticized the limitations of traditional legal approaches, proposing an integrated vision that recognizes the role of non-state actors and soft-law norms in transnational regulation. The paper also discusses the initial resistance to this concept and its subsequent acceptance and expansion, highlighting its importance in the age of globalization. The author concludes that transnational law of fundamental change in legal thinking, reflecting the complexity of a globalized and interdependent world.

Senior lecturer, chair of private law, ULIM The necessity of harmonization with the law of European Union is a very important matter for Republic of Moldova, due to the fact that Moldavian legislation in the sphere of international private law lacks consistency and contains many serious omissions and errors. This article examines the problem of applicable law in contractual obligations by means

Atherosclerosis is a vascular pathology affecting the arterial walls, generally located in specific vessel sites, such as bifurcations. In this paper, for the first time, a fully automatic approach for the detection of bifurcations in IVUS pullback sequences is presented. The method identifies the frames and the angular sectors in which a bifurcation is visible. This goal is achieved by applying a classifier to a set of textural features extracted from each image of an IVUS pullback. A comparison between two state-of-the-art classifiers is performed, AdaBoost and Random Forest. A cross-validation scheme is applied in order to evaluate the performances of the approaches. The obtained results are encouraging, showing a sensitivity of 75% and an accuracy of 94% by using the AdaBoost algorithm.

In this paper, we present a fully automatic method which identifies every bifurcation in an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) sequence, the corresponding frames, the angular orientation with respect to the IVUS acquisition, and the extension. This goal is reached using a two-level classification scheme: first, a classifier is applied to a set of textural features extracted from each image of a sequence. A comparison among three state-of-the-art discriminative classifiers (AdaBoost, random forest, and support vector machine) is performed to identify the most suitable method for the branching detection task. Second, the results are improved by exploiting contextual information using a multiscale stacked sequential learning scheme. The results are then successively refined using a-priori information about branching dimensions and geometry. The proposed approach provides a robust tool for the quick review of pullback sequences, facilitating the evaluation of the lesion at bifurcation sites. The proposed method reaches an F-Measure score of 86.35%, while the F-Measure scores for inter- and intraobserver variability are 71.63% and 76.18%, respectively. The obtained results are positive. Especially, considering the branching detection task is very challenging, due to high variability in bifurcation dimensions and appearance.

We prove that both the nucleolus and the core-center, i.e., the mass center of the core, of an m-sided Böhm-Bawerk assignment market can be respectively computed from the nucleolus and the core-center of a convex game defined on the set of m sectors. What is more, in the calculus of the nucleolus of this latter game only singletons and coalitions containing all agents but one need to be taken into account. All these results simplify the computation of the nucleolus and the corecenter of a multi-sided Böhm-Bawerk assignment market with a large number of agents. As a consequence we can show that, contrary to the bilateral case, for multisided Böhm-Bawerk assignment markets the nucleolus and the core-center do not coincide in general.

The institution of family is an essential element of our society and is part of the state's duty of citizens protection. The constitutional and family law principles are important to be respected both by the institutions of the state and by the subjects of family law. The consolidation of the family is achieved especially through the effort of the family subjects to respect the values and principles stated in the family regulation.

Abstract:
Essential Components of Freedom of Conscience and Religious Freedom in the Russian Federation in the Light of the European Convention on Human Rights.

The right to freedom of conscience and religious freedom are intended to defend and guarantee perhaps the most private and deepest values of a person. This article describes the components of these rights from the perspective of the European Convention on Human Rights, in the context of the "Yarovaya law" or "Yarovaya package" and its effects on missionary activity in Russian society. In society and public space, religious freedom includes the act of preaching, proselytizing and spreading the faith, otherwise the freedom of conscience and religion would be meaningless.