Geology

The sorption capacity of five clay soils from South Wales in the United Kingdom was investigated using two main tests; physico-chemical and batch equilibrium (BET). The physico-chemical property results show that soil weathered mudrocks (MR1), glacial till (GT1), and estuarine alluviums (NEA4, PEA3 and CEA3) are capable of being used as landfill liners and are chosen for further sorption tests. The batch tests (i.e. sorption tests) on soil suspension produce adsorption-pH curves, showing increasing adsorption at higher pH levels. The sorption data are also presented using adsorption isotherm curves and are best fitted using the Langmuir adsorption equation that yields the maximum adsorption capacity of the soils. The sorption capacity of soils are ranked as estuarine alluvium soils>glacial till>weathered mudrocks. Estuarine alluvium soils show a good buffering capacity and high sorption capability compared to glacial till and weathered mudrocks. The study also discovers that the maximum sorption capacities are highly influenced by the chemical properties of the soils.

The distribution coefficient, K d , is often used to quantify heavy metal mobility in soils. Batch sorption or column infiltration tests may be used to measure K d . The latter are closer to natural soil conditions, but are difficult to conduct in clays. This difficulty can be overcome by using a laboratory centrifuge. An acceleration of 2600 gravities was applied to columns of London Clay, an Eocene clay sub-stratum, and Cu, Ni, and Zn mobility was measured in centrifuge infiltration tests, both as single elements and in dual competition. Single-element K d values were also obtained from batch sorption tests, and the results from the two techniques were compared. It was found that K d values obtained by batch tests vary considerably depending on the metal concentration, while infiltration tests provided a single K d value for each metal. This was typically in the lower end of the range of the batch test K d values. For both tests, the order of mobility was Ni . Zn . Cu. Metals became more mobile in competition than when in singleelement systems: Ni K d decreased 3.3 times and Zn K d 3.4 times when they competed with Cu, while Cu decreased only 1.2 times when in competition with either Ni or Zn. Our study showed that competitive sorption between metals increases the mobility of those metals less strongly bound more than it increases the mobility of more strongly bound metals.

The Sungai Lembing abandoned tin mining and processing activities 77 years lease to mine the area have resulted in the production of hazardous wastes, which contain high residual concentrations of heavy metals. Heavy metals (As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni) contained in the tailings are mobilised, migrate to the surroundings and cause severe and widespread contamination of soils, surface and ground waters and to river. For the purpose of this study, eight holes were drilled using hand auger, and sampling of contaminated soil was conducted at different depths and collected samples from surface for the tailings. The concentrations of heavy metals in this area exceed the limit allowed by Dutch list and Kelly Indices. Results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in contaminated soils range between 101.71 mg/kg for Cr and 250311.4 mg/kg for Pb. Meanwhile, the maximum concentration of heavy metals in tailing deposits is 151839.32 mg/kg for Pb near the main potential sources of pollution (i.e. near the abandoned processing structure), and the minimum concentration is 96.04 mg/kg for Cr. The results suggest that there is a vital increase of heavy metal risk in this area. Polluted heavy metals dispersion (for examples from historical and active tailings impoundments and waste rock dumps), are mainly associated, at this site, with water transportation of mine waste through the flowing streams. Control measures of pollution routes and remediation measures at the site are urgently required.

Problem statement: Yemen is one of the developing courtiers is suffering from water pollution. Landfill is one of the sources of water pollution in this country. There is a several boreholes which are located close to Ibb landfill which are used for drinking water. A study of composition of landfill leachate and groundwater pollution was conducted at Ibb landfill, which is located at Al-Sahool area, north of Ibb City, Yemen. Approach: The leachate was sampled at three different locations of the landfill, at the landfill itself and 15 and 20 m downstream of this landfill. Groundwater samples were collected from five boreholes to study the possible impact of leachate percolation into the groundwater. The leachate and groundwater samples were collected during dry season only, due to the excessive generation of leachate during this season. The objective of this study is very significant to assess the degree of groundwater pollution due to Ibb landfill leachate at Al-Sahool area. The leachate and groundwater were physically and chemically characterized by using Spectrophotometer HACH, BOD Trak HACH, Flame photometer (PFP 7) and Inductively Coupled Plasma of Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) model Vista MPX. The parameters measured were pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fluoride (F), Chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO 4 ), nitrites (NO 2 ), nitrates (NO 3 ), ammonia-N (NH 3 -N), heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu), major cations (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Fe) and biological parameters (COD, BOD 5 and coliform group bacteria). Results: The results of this study showed that, the leachate at this landfill is most likely in methanogenic phase, based on the alkaline pH value recorded (pH = 8.46). The results also show that four out of five boreholes are contaminated, where the concentration of physico-chemical parameters are above the standard acceptable levels which required for drinking water adapted by Yemen's Ministry of Water and Environment and by the word standard. Conclusion: Therefore, the landfill is very dangerous for the environment so that the government should do a sanitary landfill to prevent further contamination to surface water, groundwater as well as soil.

Problem statement: Study suggested a solution to remove arsenic contamination from contaminated water. Approach: Bauxite, which is a mineral, was proposed as natural remediation material used in this study. Bauxite was collected from Johor mining company in Teluk Ramunia, Johor Bharu, Malaysia. Batch equilibrium test was performed in accordance to different initial concentrations, shaking time and different initial pH values. Results: Results showed that mineral bauxite has high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Specific Surface Area (SSA), with the values range from 23.9-32.6 meq/100 g and 18.5-22.09 m 2 g −1 , respectively. Sample of bauxite mineral is slightly acidic with pH values ranging from 5.06-5.35. Percentage of organic matter and carbonate content in bauxite are very low with the values of 3.78-4.57 and 2.435-2.5% respectively. For batch adsorption, results showed that bauxite has high adsorption capacity for arsenic and it can remove more than 99% of arsenic from contaminated water. The highest amount of arsenic adsorbed (q) was 4996.6 mg kg −1 in 500 ppm of arsenic concentration after 48 h of the test in pH 7.6. The lowest was 4554.7 mg kg −1 in 500 ppm of arsenic at 24 h of shaking time in pH 10. Conclusion: Results indicated that bauxite can be used as a natural material for the removal of arsenic from contaminated water.

Column experiment is a very useful apparatus that can be used to study the migration and attenuation of heavy metals (HMs) through a compacted soil column. In this recent study, column experiment was conducted on some natural soils from Selangor area in Malaysia using different types of heavy metals, namely Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn. Prior to testing, all soils were thoroughly characterized for their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. Three soil samples, namely Sungai Besar marine clay (SBMC), and weathered metasediments from Batang Berjuntai (HMS) and river alluvium soil from Ampar Tenang (ARA) were used in this study. All soil columns were permeated using laboratory made solution with concentrations of heavy metals ranging from 516-567 mg/L, pH was 1.5 and conductivity 5.93 mS/cm. The experimental test results were analysed in terms of their breakthrough curves, and the retention-migration profiles from top to bottom of the soil column. The breakthrough curves show that the SBMC sample has better adsorption capacity on heavy metals compared to other soils; resulting less migration of heavy metals through the soil column. Less retention means high concentration of heavy metals is detected in the pore fluid. the test result also reflect the influence of soil origin in adsorption of heavy metals, where soil characteristics and surface properties contribute very significantly to the adsorption of heavy metals by soils.

In this study, column tests were used to determine the retention capability of three types of estuarine alluvia collected adjacent to landfill sites in South Wales. Selective sequential extraction (SSE) was used to study the retention mechanisms of heavy metals in the soil columns obtained from leaching experiments. Acid digestion was later used to check the validity of the SSE results. Breakthrough curves show good retention of heavy metal ions (Pb, Cu, and Zn) by all soils, where almost 99% of heavy metals were retained with the Ce/Co values in the order of 10−3. The retention strength of these soils was observed to be constant up to five pore volumes (PV). This corresponds with the pH of the effluents and pore water of soil slices, which also show good buffering capacity against very acidic leachate up to 5PV. The heavy metal extraction profiles from SSE show very similar trends with the retention profiles from the leaching experiments, where heavy metals were retained mainly at the top part where the leachate entered the column. SSE indicates qualitatively that heavy metals precipitated with carbonates and amorphous materials (oxides/hydroxides) are higher than heavy metal retention via exchangeable mechanisms. The mass balance calculation gives range of deviation of 1–16% of the total soil extraction. The distribution of the heavy metals with various soil constituents are ranked in the following order: Carbonates>Amorphous oxides hydroxides>Organic matter>Exchangeable phases.

The Early Permian to Late Triassic limestone of Chuping Formation in Bukit Tungku Lembu consists of six microfacies and exhibits various types of diagenetic products, reflecting it's complicated diagenetic history. Out of 89 samples collected for petrographic studies, six major microfacies have been identified, namely brecciated limestone, dolomites, mudstones, wackestones, packstones and grainstones. Four major diagenetic processes comprising micritization, cementation, compaction and dolomitization have also been identified. Micritization occurs as the first phase diagenesis after the sediments were deposited on the sea floor, followed by cementation in the marine environment and also in meteoric environments when the shallow marine carbonate at some points in time was subjected to subaerial exposure. Early burial were indicated by fractures and deformation as well as destruction of grains whole structure. Increasing pressure during deeper burial has produced dissolution seams and stylolites. Dolomitization also occurred in the deeper burial environments.

Lapisan perantaraan Formasi Kubang Pasu dan Formasi Chuping tersingkap di kawasan Beseri, Perlis. Hasil daripada cerapan di lapangan dan kajian terperinci di Kuari B, empat fasies sedimen telah dikenalpasti iaitu selang lapis batu pasir dan lumpur nipis, batu lumpur tebal, batu pasir berpelapisan tebal dengan sedikit lumpur dan batu pasir yang terbioturbasi. Secara keseluruhan, jenis litologi yang secara umumnya berbutir halus dan semakin berkalka ke atas jujukan ini menunjukkan sekitaran pengendapan di dalam laut cetek. Analisis jujukan pula mendapati terdapat dua jenis jujukan batuan iaitu jujukan mengkasar ke atas yang menandakan proses pengendapan di dalam sekitaran maraan garis pantai dan jujukan yang menghalus ke atas yang menandakan endapan di dalam sekitaran alur. Perulangan jujukan mengkasar dan menghalus ke atas ini menunjukkan terdapatnya kemungkinan bahawa lapisan perantaraan formasi ini terendap di dalam fasa regresi di dalam sekitaran pasang surut dan pelantar benua.

This thesis and study are made possible by the assistance of so many people. Especially my team in PTTEP, for allowing me to publish the work as part of my Master requirements. Many thanks to my colleagues, senior geologist and advisors for always helping me with my questions and always telling me not to give up. To my supervisor, Prof Issham Ismail, thank you for always pushing me to do more and giving me confidence in doing this work. Thank you also for always believing in me and telling me to believe in myself. To my classmates, thank you for all the tips and advices you guys shared, it was very helpful indeed. Thank you for the ups and downs in the journey and let's graduate with flying colours, insyaAllah! To the most important person who compromised most as much as me, my husband Abdul Razak. Thank you for allowing me to go through this journey, thank you for taking care of the kids while I am gone, thank you for always supporting me and staying up late at night with me studying. This is not possible without you. And thank you to my parents and siblings who are always praying for my success from afar. Lastly, thank you my little innovators, Jasmin, Dahlia and Rais.

This thesis and study are made possible by the assistance of so many people. Especially my team in PTTEP, for allowing me to publish the work as part of my Master requirements. Many thanks to my colleagues, senior geologist and advisors for always helping me with my questions and always telling me not to give up. To my supervisor, Prof Issham Ismail, thank you for always pushing me to do more and giving me confidence in doing this work. Thank you also for always believing in me and telling me to believe in myself. To my classmates, thank you for all the tips and advices you guys shared, it was very helpful indeed. Thank you for the ups and downs in the journey and let's graduate with flying colours, insyaAllah! To the most important person who compromised most as much as me, my husband Abdul Razak. Thank you for allowing me to go through this journey, thank you for taking care of the kids while I am gone, thank you for always supporting me and staying up late at night with me studying. This is not possible without you. And thank you to my parents and siblings who are always praying for my success from afar. Lastly, thank you my little innovators, Jasmin, Dahlia and Rais.

Soil has long been utilized as low cost liner material to prevent contamination from leachate to groundwater media. To find a suitable soil material for this purpose is a great challenge. This study describes the potential use of residual soil to functions as engineered clay liner for waste disposal landfill in Malaysia. Three types of residual soils were investigated namely marine clays (SBMC1, SBMC2), Residual Granites (BGR, KGR) and residual meta-sediments (BBMS1, BBMS2 and PMS). Physical and chemical tests were applied for both granitic soils to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil materials. Physical and chemical tests involved grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction, pH, organic content, specific gravity, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Specific Surface Area (SSA) as well as Batch Equilibrium Test for adsorption of heavy metals. The best potential soil materials for clay liner is the materials that have high pH value, high organic matter, high liquid and plastics limits, high CEC and SSA values. The best material also highly dominated with clay (in this case PKMC, SBMC1 and SBMC 2). Result show the range of pH values are from 6.95-8.36, range of organic content are from 4.35-6.41%, the specific conductivity values range from 2.13-2.34 and for liquid limit and plastic limit range are from 56.40-84 and 26.86-59.35% respectively; which is high to very high plasticity. Residual soils as low-cost adsorbent materials were also used for removal of Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) from aqueous solutions. Batch test was used and the effect of heavy metal concentration was studied. Results were analyzed using adsorption isotherm models (i.e., Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich). Based on the correlation coefficient (r2 values), most of residual soils fitted nicely to Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich models. For Ni, most soils fitted to Langmuir models except for meta-sediment while for Zn fitted to Linear model. Marine clay has the highest adsorption coefficient ranged between KL = 0.2380-0.9655 L kg −1 followed by granite and meta-sediment KL = 0.0031-0.0168 L kg −1 and KL = 0.0016-0.0075 L kg −1 respectively. While for Zn, marine clay also has the best adsorption coefficient ranged between Kd = 0.0453-0.1249 L kg −1 , followed by granite and meta-sediment ranged between Kd = 0.0027-0.0028 L kg −1 and Kd = 0.0012-0.0016 L kg −1. The selectivity sequence KL for Ni is SBMC2> SBMC1 > PKMC> BGR> PMS> KGR> BBMS2> BBMS1 while for Zn, the selectivity sequence of Kd is SBMC2> SBMC1> PKMC> BBMS1> BBMS2> PMS>BGR> KGR. The study concludes that marine clay is the best material for landfill clay liner due to suitable physical-chemical characteristics and also appeared to be the best natural adsorbent of Ni and Zn of metal concentration in solution.

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) associated with both active and abandoned mining operations related to sulfide minerals, oxidation of pyrite affording an acidic solution that contains toxic metal ions. Result shows that pH value of water in Kg. Aur, Chini and Sg. Lembing are acidic with value of 2.81, 4.16 and 3.60 respectively. Maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the study area are: Pb (0.2 mg/L), Cd (0.05 mg/L), Zn (5.1 mg/L), Cu (5.2 mg/L), Mn (10.9 mg/L), Cr (0.2 mg/L), Ni (0.2 mg/L), As (0.005 mg/L) and Fe (202.69 mg/L). Prediction of acid formation using acid-base calculations from all samples shows high potential acid production between 22.84-2500.16 kg CaCO 3 /tonne. The ratio of Neutralization (NP) with Acid Potential (APP) shows a very low value (ratio<1) Sg. Lembing (0.02), Chini (0.08), Selinsing (0.31) and Kg. Aur (0.81). Analysis from the tank experiment after 30 days shows pH of LFS, bentonite, activated carbon and zeolite change to 6.11, 3.91, 2.98 and 2.71 respectively. Three mine sites experiencing AMD are Kg. Aur, Chini and Sg. Lembing. Active neutralization treatment successfully shows LFS has great potential to control AMD based on their ability to neutralize the pH and remove heavy metals in the mine water. Meanwhile, the second adsorbent material is bentonite followed by activated carbon and zeolite.

Soil has long been utilized as low cost liner material to prevent contamination from leachate to groundwater media. To find a suitable soil material for this purpose is a great challenge. This study describes the potential use of residual soil to functions as engineered clay liner for waste disposal landfill in Malaysia. Three types of residual soils were investigated namely marine clays (SBMC1, SBMC2), Residual Granites (BGR, KGR) and residual meta-sediments (BBMS1, BBMS2 and PMS). Physical and chemical tests were applied for both granitic soils to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil materials. Physical and chemical tests involved grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction, pH, organic content, specific gravity, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Specific Surface Area (SSA) as well as Batch Equilibrium Test for adsorption of heavy metals. The best potential soil materials for clay liner is the materials that have high pH value, high organic matter, high liquid and plastics limits, high CEC and SSA values. The best material also highly dominated with clay (in this case PKMC, SBMC1 and SBMC 2). Result show the range of pH values are from 6.95-8.36, range of organic content are from 4.35-6.41%, the specific conductivity values range from 2.13-2.34 and for liquid limit and plastic limit range are from 56.40-84 and 26.86-59.35% respectively; which is high to very high plasticity. Residual soils as low-cost adsorbent materials were also used for removal of Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) from aqueous solutions. Batch test was used and the effect of heavy metal concentration was studied. Results were analyzed using adsorption isotherm models (i.e., Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich). Based on the correlation coefficient (r2 values), most of residual soils fitted nicely to Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich models. For Ni, most soils fitted to Langmuir models except for meta-sediment while for Zn fitted to Linear model. Marine clay has the highest adsorption coefficient ranged between KL = 0.2380-0.9655 L kg −1 followed by granite and meta-sediment KL = 0.0031-0.0168 L kg −1 and KL = 0.0016-0.0075 L kg −1 respectively. While for Zn, marine clay also has the best adsorption coefficient ranged between Kd = 0.0453-0.1249 L kg −1 , followed by granite and meta-sediment ranged between Kd = 0.0027-0.0028 L kg −1 and Kd = 0.0012-0.0016 L kg −1. The selectivity sequence KL for Ni is SBMC2> SBMC1 > PKMC> BGR> PMS> KGR> BBMS2> BBMS1 while for Zn, the selectivity sequence of Kd is SBMC2> SBMC1> PKMC> BBMS1> BBMS2> PMS>BGR> KGR. The study concludes that marine clay is the best material for landfill clay liner due to suitable physical-chemical characteristics and also appeared to be the best natural adsorbent of Ni and Zn of metal concentration in solution.

Penyelidikan ini mengkaji tingkah laku cadmium (Cd) melalui tanah baki granit yang dipadatkan. Sampel tanah baki granit telah diambil di kawasan Broga, Selangor dan dikaji menggunakan tiga kaedah ujian utama iaitu; ujian fizikal (taburan saiz butiran, had-had Atterberg, graviti tentu, pemadatan dan kebolehtelapan), ujian kimia (pH, bahan organik, luas permukaan spesifik (SSA) dan kadar pertukaran kation (CEC) serta ujian mini kolum turasan. Melalui ujian kolum turasan, konsep kebolehtelapan turus menurun digunakan yang melibatkan tiga faktor iaitu halaju/daya-G, ketebalan sampel dan jenis larutan yang digunakan. Graf lengkung bulus menunjukkan kepekatan Cd dalam tanah baki granit semakin meningkat dengan peningkatan halaju. Urutan kapasiti penjerapan semakin meningkat terhadap kadar putaran alat emparan/daya tarikan graviti (G); 230G>520G>920G>1440G. Pergerakan logam berat melalui tanah baki juga meningkat dengan peningkatan halaju/daya-G. Lengkung bulus juga menunjukkan pergerakan Cd secara songsang dengan ketebalan lapisan tanah di dalam kolum. Masa penembusan bagi ketebalan 20 mm juga lebih lama berbanding ketebalan 15 dan 10 mm. Manakala jumlah Cd yang terjerap oleh tanah baki granit dalam larutan campuran adalah rendah berbanding larutan tunggal (masa yang singkat untuk menembusi lengkung bulus). Tanah baki granit juga mempunyai kapasiti penampanan yang rendah (pH final = 4-7). Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa pencirian fiziko-kimia dan sifat penjerapan tanah dengan menggunakan ujian mini kolum turasan mempunyai kaitan yang kuat untuk mencirikan tanah baki granit untuk dijadikan pelapik lempung tereka bentuk.

This study investigated the validity of hydraulic conductivity value using Mini Column Infiltration Test. Granitic residual soils from Broga Selangor, Malaysia were tested to obtain the hydraulic conductivity value in relatively shorter time. Soil samples were physically characterized before being tested using Centrifuge Mini Column Infiltration Technique. A normal 1-g Falling Head Permeability Test (K f) was also being performed as a comparison with hydraulic conductivity value from Centrifuge Test (K cen). For centrifuge test (K cen), there were three factors involved; rotation speed, soil thickness and type of solution (single or mixture solution). Hydraulic conductivity value from Centrifuge Test (K cen) also was highly depending on the Scale Factor Value (SFV). The results from Centrifuge Test showed that the higher rotation speed, the lower SFV would be. Hydraulic conductivity was decreasing with an increasing of rotation speed. The increment of soil thickness also contributed to the decrement of SFV and hydraulic conductivity value. Thus, the hydraulic conductivity value would be more accurate when higher rotation speed and higher soil thickness were applied. Hydraulic conductivity, K cen for a single solution also showed higher values compared to mixture solutions. However, some of hydraulic conductivity value (K cen) showed overestimated values due to the presence of cracks in the soil (mudcakes). Most of the scale factors gave low values (x<1.00) which meant x values were close to unity. The value of hydraulic conductivity for 1-g Permeability Test (K f) was 2.08×10-6 m/s. While for 10mm soil thickness and 2500 RPM (1440-g) velocity of a single solution, the value of hydraulic conductivity (K cen) was 6.82×10 −4 m/s. Since the scale factor obtained was less than 1 (x = 0.74), the value of K cen could be used as a valid number to replace the value of K f from 1-g Permeability Test. This study concluded that by using scale factor, the relationship between HCV from Centrifuge Tests and Falling Head Permeability Tests could be known; thus, Centrifuge modeling could be developed as a valid method in determining the hydraulic conductivity of the soils.

This study investigates the capability of activated carbon-supported nano-zero valent iron (AC-nZVI) to remediate the anionic dye (Acid Orange II). The supported nanoparticles (AC-nZVI) were synthesized by using chemical reduction method of Ferric Chloride Tetrahydrate and Sodium Borohydride, NaBH4 solutions. The absorbents of nZVI and AC-nZVI were characterized by using Brunnaer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (XPS-AES). Batch Tests were also conducted to delineate the effectiveness of adsorbent materials in removing Acid Orange II. Batch tests involved of five effects including dose, initial concentration, pH, kinetic and temperature. In initial concentration effect, AC-nZVI exhibits larger adsorption capacity (4.41 mg/g) compared to activated carbon (1.82 mg/g) due to the dispersion of nZVI particles on activated carbon particles, co...

This study is about the mobility of cadmium through compacted granitic soils. Two granitic soils namely the Broga (BGR) and Kajang (KGR) granitic soils were collected in Selangor, Malaysia. Physical and chemical tests were applied for both granitic soils to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil materials. Physical test results shows granitic soils (BGR and KGR) have high percentage of sand ranging between 54%–63% and 46%–54% respectively, an intermediate and intermediate to high plasticity index as well as high specific gravity ie; 2.50–2.59 and 2.45–2.66 respectively. For chemical test, granitic soils shows acidic pH values ranged from 5.35–5.85 for BGR and pH 5.32–5.54 for KGR. For organic matter, SSA and CEC test, it shows low values ranged from 0.22%–0.34% and 0.39%– 0.50% respectively for organic matter test, 17.96 m2/g–21.93 m2/g and 25.76 m2/g–26.83 m2/g respectively for SSA test and 0.79 meq/100g–1.35 meq/100g and 1.31 meq/100g–1.35 meq/100g respectively for...