Trichoderma spp., a known beneficial fungus is reported to have several mechanisms to enhance pla... more Trichoderma spp., a known beneficial fungus is reported to have several mechanisms to enhance plant growth. In this study, the effectiveness of seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. to promote growth and increase physiological performance in rice was evaluated experimentally using completely randomized design under greenhouse condition. This study indicated that all the Trichoderma spp. isolates tested were able to increase several rice physiological processes which include net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO 2 concentration and water use efficiency. These Trichoderma spp. isolates were also able to enhance rice growth components including plant height, leaf number, tiller number, root length and root fresh weight. Among the Trichoderma spp. isolates, Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculated rice plants exhibited greater net photosynthetic rate (8.66 μmolCO 2 m −2 s −1), internal CO 2 concentration (336.97 ppm), water use efficiency (1.15 μmoCO 2 /mmoH 2 O), plant height (70.47 cm), tiller number (12), root length (22.5 cm) and root fresh weight (15.21 g) compared to the plants treated with other Trichoderma isolates tested. We conclude that beneficial fungi can be used as a potential growth promoting agent in rice cultivation.
International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology
Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) have been utilized widely for molecular markers in analyzin... more Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) have been utilized widely for molecular markers in analyzing the genetic diversity and phylogenetic and regions in the genome flanked by microsatellite sequences. PCR amplification of these regions using a single primer yields multiple amplification products that can be used as a dominant multilocus marker system for the study of genetic variation in various organisms. For this study provides, DNA isolation, adjusting in six factors (Buffer, MgCl 2 , dNTPs, ISSR primers, Template DNA and Taq polymerase) at six levels, and optimization of PCR temperature for the ISSR reaction was 60-45 °C, primers screening on indica rice (Oryza sativa). In this research, simple method of DNA isolation by using seedling. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the optimizations and quantification. Has been shown that stalk enhanced the maximum value of genomic. The results show that 100 ISSR primers were examined as well as, 56 ISSR primers was productively amplified. Optimum components for PCR reactions were 5.0 μl of 5X PCR Buffer, 1.5 μl of 25mM MgCl 2 , 1 μl of 10 mM dNTP, 1 μl of 10 Μm ISSR primers, 2 μl Template DNA, and 0.1 μl of 5 units/ml Taq polymerase. Based on this study, has brought out some information on the relationship between these ISSR primers will be applied further for molecular profiling as well as response evaluation in rice varieties.
Gamma ray, a mutagen used in crop and ornamental plant breeding, is expected to induce novel muta... more Gamma ray, a mutagen used in crop and ornamental plant breeding, is expected to induce novel mutations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of gamma-ray (Caesium-137) irradiation on the germination rate, plant height, and appropriate dose for causing boom in two varieties of local rice, namely, MRQ74 and MR269. Dry MRQ74 and MR269 seeds were irradiated at 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 Gy. Hydroponic germination under controlled conditions followed. The germination rate and the height of the plantlets were investigated as morphological responses. Consequently, compared with the control samples, the plantlets that were given low doses (0 and 100 Gy) showed an increase in height, whereas those given doses ranging from 200 to 500 Gy showed a reduction in germination rate and height. At doses exceeding 500 Gy, physiological damage on the seedling height became severe and none of the varieties survived. Doses between 340 and 360 Gy caused a ...
Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2013
This study reviews the role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Plant Growth Promotin... more This study reviews the role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF) and Mycorrhizal Fungi in the enhancement of rice growth and yield. A total 70 papers spanning from 1970 to 2013 was screened and noted its conclusion to enhance rice growth and yield. The mechanisms employed by microbes in enhancing rice growth and yield includes; the production of growth regulating substances, phosphate solubilization, N-fixation, cellulose degradation and side rophore production. Some microbes are also involved in cell regulation and signaling in rice plants. We can conclude that there are significant influences on the growth and yield of rice plant by microbes.
The study is aimed to evaluate in vitro somatic embryogenesis to gamma ray exposure and the use o... more The study is aimed to evaluate in vitro somatic embryogenesis to gamma ray exposure and the use of growth regulators to mature embryos explants for rice callus induction. Seeds of local rice genotype (MR269) were exposed to gamma rays at 350 Gy (Source: Caesium-137). Matured embryos were cultured to induce callus on Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented at different concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg/L 2.4-D and 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L Kinetin for 4 weeks. Callus induction and callus fresh weight were decreased after exposure to gamma ray. The most efficient response to callus induction and callus fresh weight was found at 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L kinetin.
The application of in vitro systems can lead to new methods of crop amelioration. This method has... more The application of in vitro systems can lead to new methods of crop amelioration. This method has been widely utilized for breeding tenacities, particularly for stress tolerance selection. Salinity causes oxidative stress in callus by enhancing the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), resulting in an efficient antioxidant system. The exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important requirement for tolerance. The present study aimed to examine in vitro selection strategy for callus induction in rice mature embryo culture on MS culture medium and to produce salt-tolerant callus under sodium chloride (NaCl) and AsA conditions in callus rice variety, MR269. This study also highlights changes in the activities of proline and antioxidants peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of callus under NaCl stress to understand their possible role in salt tolerance. However, various levels of exogenously applied AsA under saline conditions improved callus, and the antioxidant ...
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2014
The present study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. to enhance rice... more The present study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. to enhance rice germination and vigour. An in vitro experiment was carried out to assess the effect of seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. in enhancing rice germination and vigour. The results showed that all isolates of Trichoderma spp. significantly increased rice seedling growth, germination rate, vigour index and speed of germination with Trichoderma sp., SL2 showing the greatest increase in all the four parameters. Trichoderma sp., SL2 treated rice seeds attained values of 4.48 and 6.00 cm, 0.0084 and 0.0048 g and 1016.56 and 44.75 seeds/day for seedling shoot length seedling root length, shoot weight, root weight, vigour index and speed of germination respectively. We may conclude that Trichoderma spp. is able to enhance seed germination and vigour. The results of the study adds to the further understanding of the role of beneficial fungi in improving rice resistance to stress, yield and quality through seed invigoration.
Rice is the primary source of food in many countries of the world and has conducted many studies ... more Rice is the primary source of food in many countries of the world and has conducted many studies in order to improve breeding and rice production, especially in the field of plant tissue culture. The aim of this study is to review some of the factors that influence the induction of callus from rice seeds. Of these factors are that genotype and explants source are important parameters in determining the success of rice plant regeneration in tissue culture. The other factor plant hormones, like animal hormones, are relatively small molecules that are effective at low tissue concentrations. The most generally used plant hormones in tissue culture are cytokinins and auxins. Cytokinins are derived from adenine and exert two immediate effects on undif-ferentiated cells: the stimulation of DNA synthesis and increased cell division. Still studies dealing with the induction of callus of rice and the factors influencing it, such as genotype and growth regulators is not sufficient to reach the...
The plant tissue culture refers to the cultivation of different part of the plant, I both single ... more The plant tissue culture refers to the cultivation of different part of the plant, I both single cell organ tissue and under sterile circumstances at the media and industrial expansion in several controlled circumstances. The method of the plant tissue culture plays a pivotal role in the second green revolution that gene modification and biotechnology can be used for improving the crop harvest and also superiority. Through using plant tissue culture methods plants can be attained from several explants over direct or indirect morphogenesis and by somatic embryogenesis. Direct morphogenesis refers to the manufacture of shoots from explants deprived of passing over callus (unorganised tissue) stage while indirect morphogenesis relates to the generation of shoots over the callus stage. The culture in which an organized form of growing may be incessantly got is mentioned to as an organ culture. The most significant types of organ cultures used for micropropagation are meristem cultures, ...
Salinity restricts the construction abilities of cultivation soils in large areas around the worl... more Salinity restricts the construction abilities of cultivation soils in large areas around the world. The attempts to expand stress tolerant plants are of enormous significance to enhance crop production. The resistance of plant to salinity stress efficiency of the antioxidant system. Salt stress is recognized to bring the structure of mechanical oxygen type and of their scavenger, nonenzymatic or enzymes low molecular group antioxidants, in plant cell antioxidant enzymes have been noticed as the defensive team, whose merged intention is to defend cells from oxidative hurt, important antioxidant enzymes in the metabolism of ROS (reactive oxygen species) produced under salt stress. The function of antioxidant enzymes as the elements of the major tolerance mechanisms expanded in reaction to salt stress.
ABSTRACT Trichoderma spp. are considered as successful plant growth promoting fungi and have posi... more ABSTRACT Trichoderma spp. are considered as successful plant growth promoting fungi and have positive role in habitat engineering. In this study, the potential for Trichoderma spp. to regulate transpiration process in rice plant was assessed experimentally under greenhouse condition using a completely randomized design. The study revealed that Trichoderma spp. have potential to enhance growth of rice plant through transpirational processes. The results of the study add to the advancement of the understanding as to the role of Trichoderma spp. in improving rice physiological process.
Background: Trichoderma sp. SL2 has been previously reported to enhance rice germination, vigour,... more Background: Trichoderma sp. SL2 has been previously reported to enhance rice germination, vigour, growth and physiological characteristics. The use of Potato Dextrose Agar as carrier of Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculant is not practical for field application due to its short shelf life and high cost. This study focuses on the use of corn and sugarcane bagasse as potential carriers for Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculants. Findings: A completely randomized design was applied for this study. Trichoderma sp. SL2 suspension mixed with corn and sugarcane bagasse were used as treatment mixture in soil. Growth parameters including rice seedling height, root length, wet weight, leaf number and biomass were measured and compared to control. The results showed that Trichoderma sp. SL2 mixed with corn significantly enhanced rice seedlings root length, wet weight and biomass compared to Trichoderma sp. SL2 mixed with sugarcane bagasse and control. Conclusion: Corn can be a potential carrier for Trichoderma spp. inoculants for field application.
Elevated atmospheric CO 2 is widely reported to stimulate the plant growth and affect plant physi... more Elevated atmospheric CO 2 is widely reported to stimulate the plant growth and affect plant physiological processes. However, studies on the respond of tropical plant species to elevated CO 2 are quite limited and remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 treatments on the photosynthetic characteristics, growth and biomass in Shorea platycarpa. Saplings of S. platycarpa were grown for seven months in the open roof gas chamber supplied with elevated CO 2 (800±50 µmol mol-1) and in the shade house with ambient CO 2 (400±50 µmol mol-1). Measurements of S. platycarpa growth and photosynthetic characteristics were made at frequent intervals. Biomass characteristics were determined using destructive methods after seven months of treatment and nondestructive method was used for leaf area index (LAI) determination. Photosynthetic rate (A) of S. platycarpa was not significantly affected by elevated CO 2. Increased water use efficiency (WUE) of S. platycarpa grown in elevated CO 2 was due to the reduced stomatal conductance (g s) and transpiration rate (E). The CO 2 elevation had no significant effect on the S. platycarpa relative growth rates (RGR) and biomass but significantly reduced the leaf area. A weak correlation was found between photosynthetic rate (A) and relative growth rate (RGR). The results clearly showed that photosynthesis, growth rate and biomass of S. platycarpa were not significantly enhanced by elevated CO 2. The findings indicated that elevated CO 2 did not affect a relatively slow growing and a late successional peat swamp tree species.
The objective of the present study is to develop callus induction and plant regeneration; an expe... more The objective of the present study is to develop callus induction and plant regeneration; an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on callus induction in rice mature embryo culture. In this experiment, callus was initiated from the mature seed scutellumof two Malaysian indica rice, MRQ74 and MR269. Callus was induced using different concentrations of 2, 4-D and BAP on MS medium under dark condition or under 16/8 h photoperiod conditions. For complete plant regeneration, the calli of both varieties were planted for shoot regeneration on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and NAA, for root regeneration on IBA. The results revealed that the maximum callus inductions in MRQ74 and MR269 were observed in the MS medium containing 3 mg/L 2, 4-D with 0.1 mg/L BAP under dark conditions. Furthermore, our protocol uses mature seeds as the explants in both rice varieties in terms of callus induction. Additionally, green plant production of plants was also observed in all of the media tested for shoot regeneration and MS media supplemented with 3 mg/L of BAP and 0.1 mg/L of NAA was found to be responsible for the recovery of more highly regenerated shoots. Effective root induction (100%) was achieved in a medium containing 1mg/LIBA. The described protocol can be useful in the establishment of an in vitro system for rice that can be a major technique for a genetic transformation system and crop improvement.
Rice is an important staple crop but is highly susceptible to abiotic stress. Polysaccharides (β... more Rice is an important staple crop but is highly susceptible to abiotic stress. Polysaccharides (βglucan) and BG serve as crucial functions in regulating plant development and growth, especially in responding to abiotic stress. Callus responds to BG and NaCl signals through various chemical and biochemical processes. However, no prior study on BG signals specific to in vitro plants or callus cultures of rice has been conducted. Therefore, the response of rice callus to BG pretreatment was examined. The exogenous addition of BG to the stress media increased the salt tolerance of callus significantly though enhancing antioxidant activity. However, Na accumulation and Na/K ratio decreased significantly in callus throughout the experimental 3month period. The results identified that Line 2 exposed to a salinity condition from callus, exhibits good growth characteristics and high biochemical activities. Furthermore, it had the better anatomical structure, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate compared to Line 2, which was derived from control. BG as antioxidants, scavenge reactive oxygen species to mitigate possible injury on biomembranes under salt stress. The application of BG may induce an adaptive response in callus by stimulating antioxidant enzyme activities and showing the relationship between salttolerant callus cell lines and the histological structure of Line 2 shoot and root.
Salinity stress causes a considerable reduction in callus growth. Mushroom polysaccharides (β-glu... more Salinity stress causes a considerable reduction in callus growth. Mushroom polysaccharides (β-glucan) are the most promising groups of antioxidant compounds. An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential function of exogenously applied β-glucan in alleviating the accumulation of antioxidants in rice callus. In this study, morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of an embryogenic callus of the rice variety, MR269, were investigated under 200mM NaCl stress conditions after pre-treatment with (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) β-glucan in culture media. The present study sought to evaluate chemical, biochemical, and callus growth characterization. The results revealed that callus exposed to stressful media exhibited a significant decrease in callus growth and contents of K + and Ca +2 . In addition, significant accumulation of Na + and Na + /K + was found, as well as an enhanced enzymatic antioxidant system and elevated proline activities under NaCl conditions. Furthermore, exogenous addition of β-glucan at 0.5-1.5mg/L under NaCl stress induced a pronounced, significant increase of callus growth, K + and Ca +2 contents, and enzymatic antioxidant and proline activities. In contrast, a significant decrease was found in the levels of Na + and Na + /K + , particularly in callus treated with NaCl. β-Glucan ameliorates the adverse effects of NaCl stress, and the extent of amelioration depends on the type of βglucan agent as well as treatment duration (three months). The changes mentioned are important for determining the morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of salinity tolerance in callus. This study demonstrated that exogenous β-glucan exhibits alleviation of the harmful effects of salt stress and increases salinity resistance in callus rice.
Salinity considered as significant ecological regarding the productivity of different crops diffe... more Salinity considered as significant ecological regarding the productivity of different crops different arid and semi-arid areas all over the world. The most damaging things of salinity on herbal are usually related with low osmotic potential of soil solution, nutritional imbalance etc. Improving several plants usually happens under saline circumstances as a method for using saline soils which are usually arable. During the recent years, by using a method named in vitro plant tissue culture, several researchers developed biotechnological equipment to study about the serious difficulties regarding the crop improvement for sustainable agriculture. Plant tissue culture is considered as the best effective technology for improving and also developing salt-tolerant. By using plant cell and tissue culture we may emphasis on those physiological and biochemical procedures essential to cell that contribute to the changes of salt stress. During the current paper, researcher attempted to focus on...
Abiotic stress factors are the main limitations to plant growth and yield in agriculture. Among t... more Abiotic stress factors are the main limitations to plant growth and yield in agriculture. Among them, drought stress, which is caused by water deficit, is probably the most impacting adverse condition and the most widely encounter Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops that provides a staple diet for almost half of the world’s population. However, rice yield and quality are affected by environmental stress. Drought is one of the most common environmental stresses affecting rice growth and productivity. There’s the possible development of biotechnological tools to address the critical problems of crop improvement for a sustainable agriculture. Among the available biotechnological tools, the in-vitro culture alone or combined with mutagenesis, which are induced with physicochemical or biological agents by using (PEG) can be exploited to increase genetic variability and mutants, as a potential source of new commercial cultivars, in-vitro culture environments ....
Trichoderma spp., a known beneficial fungus is reported to have several mechanisms to enhance pla... more Trichoderma spp., a known beneficial fungus is reported to have several mechanisms to enhance plant growth. In this study, the effectiveness of seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. to promote growth and increase physiological performance in rice was evaluated experimentally using completely randomized design under greenhouse condition. This study indicated that all the Trichoderma spp. isolates tested were able to increase several rice physiological processes which include net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO 2 concentration and water use efficiency. These Trichoderma spp. isolates were also able to enhance rice growth components including plant height, leaf number, tiller number, root length and root fresh weight. Among the Trichoderma spp. isolates, Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculated rice plants exhibited greater net photosynthetic rate (8.66 μmolCO 2 m −2 s −1), internal CO 2 concentration (336.97 ppm), water use efficiency (1.15 μmoCO 2 /mmoH 2 O), plant height (70.47 cm), tiller number (12), root length (22.5 cm) and root fresh weight (15.21 g) compared to the plants treated with other Trichoderma isolates tested. We conclude that beneficial fungi can be used as a potential growth promoting agent in rice cultivation.
International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology
Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) have been utilized widely for molecular markers in analyzin... more Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) have been utilized widely for molecular markers in analyzing the genetic diversity and phylogenetic and regions in the genome flanked by microsatellite sequences. PCR amplification of these regions using a single primer yields multiple amplification products that can be used as a dominant multilocus marker system for the study of genetic variation in various organisms. For this study provides, DNA isolation, adjusting in six factors (Buffer, MgCl 2 , dNTPs, ISSR primers, Template DNA and Taq polymerase) at six levels, and optimization of PCR temperature for the ISSR reaction was 60-45 °C, primers screening on indica rice (Oryza sativa). In this research, simple method of DNA isolation by using seedling. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the optimizations and quantification. Has been shown that stalk enhanced the maximum value of genomic. The results show that 100 ISSR primers were examined as well as, 56 ISSR primers was productively amplified. Optimum components for PCR reactions were 5.0 μl of 5X PCR Buffer, 1.5 μl of 25mM MgCl 2 , 1 μl of 10 mM dNTP, 1 μl of 10 Μm ISSR primers, 2 μl Template DNA, and 0.1 μl of 5 units/ml Taq polymerase. Based on this study, has brought out some information on the relationship between these ISSR primers will be applied further for molecular profiling as well as response evaluation in rice varieties.
Gamma ray, a mutagen used in crop and ornamental plant breeding, is expected to induce novel muta... more Gamma ray, a mutagen used in crop and ornamental plant breeding, is expected to induce novel mutations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of gamma-ray (Caesium-137) irradiation on the germination rate, plant height, and appropriate dose for causing boom in two varieties of local rice, namely, MRQ74 and MR269. Dry MRQ74 and MR269 seeds were irradiated at 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 Gy. Hydroponic germination under controlled conditions followed. The germination rate and the height of the plantlets were investigated as morphological responses. Consequently, compared with the control samples, the plantlets that were given low doses (0 and 100 Gy) showed an increase in height, whereas those given doses ranging from 200 to 500 Gy showed a reduction in germination rate and height. At doses exceeding 500 Gy, physiological damage on the seedling height became severe and none of the varieties survived. Doses between 340 and 360 Gy caused a ...
Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2013
This study reviews the role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Plant Growth Promotin... more This study reviews the role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF) and Mycorrhizal Fungi in the enhancement of rice growth and yield. A total 70 papers spanning from 1970 to 2013 was screened and noted its conclusion to enhance rice growth and yield. The mechanisms employed by microbes in enhancing rice growth and yield includes; the production of growth regulating substances, phosphate solubilization, N-fixation, cellulose degradation and side rophore production. Some microbes are also involved in cell regulation and signaling in rice plants. We can conclude that there are significant influences on the growth and yield of rice plant by microbes.
The study is aimed to evaluate in vitro somatic embryogenesis to gamma ray exposure and the use o... more The study is aimed to evaluate in vitro somatic embryogenesis to gamma ray exposure and the use of growth regulators to mature embryos explants for rice callus induction. Seeds of local rice genotype (MR269) were exposed to gamma rays at 350 Gy (Source: Caesium-137). Matured embryos were cultured to induce callus on Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented at different concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg/L 2.4-D and 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L Kinetin for 4 weeks. Callus induction and callus fresh weight were decreased after exposure to gamma ray. The most efficient response to callus induction and callus fresh weight was found at 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L kinetin.
The application of in vitro systems can lead to new methods of crop amelioration. This method has... more The application of in vitro systems can lead to new methods of crop amelioration. This method has been widely utilized for breeding tenacities, particularly for stress tolerance selection. Salinity causes oxidative stress in callus by enhancing the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), resulting in an efficient antioxidant system. The exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important requirement for tolerance. The present study aimed to examine in vitro selection strategy for callus induction in rice mature embryo culture on MS culture medium and to produce salt-tolerant callus under sodium chloride (NaCl) and AsA conditions in callus rice variety, MR269. This study also highlights changes in the activities of proline and antioxidants peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of callus under NaCl stress to understand their possible role in salt tolerance. However, various levels of exogenously applied AsA under saline conditions improved callus, and the antioxidant ...
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2014
The present study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. to enhance rice... more The present study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. to enhance rice germination and vigour. An in vitro experiment was carried out to assess the effect of seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. in enhancing rice germination and vigour. The results showed that all isolates of Trichoderma spp. significantly increased rice seedling growth, germination rate, vigour index and speed of germination with Trichoderma sp., SL2 showing the greatest increase in all the four parameters. Trichoderma sp., SL2 treated rice seeds attained values of 4.48 and 6.00 cm, 0.0084 and 0.0048 g and 1016.56 and 44.75 seeds/day for seedling shoot length seedling root length, shoot weight, root weight, vigour index and speed of germination respectively. We may conclude that Trichoderma spp. is able to enhance seed germination and vigour. The results of the study adds to the further understanding of the role of beneficial fungi in improving rice resistance to stress, yield and quality through seed invigoration.
Rice is the primary source of food in many countries of the world and has conducted many studies ... more Rice is the primary source of food in many countries of the world and has conducted many studies in order to improve breeding and rice production, especially in the field of plant tissue culture. The aim of this study is to review some of the factors that influence the induction of callus from rice seeds. Of these factors are that genotype and explants source are important parameters in determining the success of rice plant regeneration in tissue culture. The other factor plant hormones, like animal hormones, are relatively small molecules that are effective at low tissue concentrations. The most generally used plant hormones in tissue culture are cytokinins and auxins. Cytokinins are derived from adenine and exert two immediate effects on undif-ferentiated cells: the stimulation of DNA synthesis and increased cell division. Still studies dealing with the induction of callus of rice and the factors influencing it, such as genotype and growth regulators is not sufficient to reach the...
The plant tissue culture refers to the cultivation of different part of the plant, I both single ... more The plant tissue culture refers to the cultivation of different part of the plant, I both single cell organ tissue and under sterile circumstances at the media and industrial expansion in several controlled circumstances. The method of the plant tissue culture plays a pivotal role in the second green revolution that gene modification and biotechnology can be used for improving the crop harvest and also superiority. Through using plant tissue culture methods plants can be attained from several explants over direct or indirect morphogenesis and by somatic embryogenesis. Direct morphogenesis refers to the manufacture of shoots from explants deprived of passing over callus (unorganised tissue) stage while indirect morphogenesis relates to the generation of shoots over the callus stage. The culture in which an organized form of growing may be incessantly got is mentioned to as an organ culture. The most significant types of organ cultures used for micropropagation are meristem cultures, ...
Salinity restricts the construction abilities of cultivation soils in large areas around the worl... more Salinity restricts the construction abilities of cultivation soils in large areas around the world. The attempts to expand stress tolerant plants are of enormous significance to enhance crop production. The resistance of plant to salinity stress efficiency of the antioxidant system. Salt stress is recognized to bring the structure of mechanical oxygen type and of their scavenger, nonenzymatic or enzymes low molecular group antioxidants, in plant cell antioxidant enzymes have been noticed as the defensive team, whose merged intention is to defend cells from oxidative hurt, important antioxidant enzymes in the metabolism of ROS (reactive oxygen species) produced under salt stress. The function of antioxidant enzymes as the elements of the major tolerance mechanisms expanded in reaction to salt stress.
ABSTRACT Trichoderma spp. are considered as successful plant growth promoting fungi and have posi... more ABSTRACT Trichoderma spp. are considered as successful plant growth promoting fungi and have positive role in habitat engineering. In this study, the potential for Trichoderma spp. to regulate transpiration process in rice plant was assessed experimentally under greenhouse condition using a completely randomized design. The study revealed that Trichoderma spp. have potential to enhance growth of rice plant through transpirational processes. The results of the study add to the advancement of the understanding as to the role of Trichoderma spp. in improving rice physiological process.
Background: Trichoderma sp. SL2 has been previously reported to enhance rice germination, vigour,... more Background: Trichoderma sp. SL2 has been previously reported to enhance rice germination, vigour, growth and physiological characteristics. The use of Potato Dextrose Agar as carrier of Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculant is not practical for field application due to its short shelf life and high cost. This study focuses on the use of corn and sugarcane bagasse as potential carriers for Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculants. Findings: A completely randomized design was applied for this study. Trichoderma sp. SL2 suspension mixed with corn and sugarcane bagasse were used as treatment mixture in soil. Growth parameters including rice seedling height, root length, wet weight, leaf number and biomass were measured and compared to control. The results showed that Trichoderma sp. SL2 mixed with corn significantly enhanced rice seedlings root length, wet weight and biomass compared to Trichoderma sp. SL2 mixed with sugarcane bagasse and control. Conclusion: Corn can be a potential carrier for Trichoderma spp. inoculants for field application.
Elevated atmospheric CO 2 is widely reported to stimulate the plant growth and affect plant physi... more Elevated atmospheric CO 2 is widely reported to stimulate the plant growth and affect plant physiological processes. However, studies on the respond of tropical plant species to elevated CO 2 are quite limited and remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 treatments on the photosynthetic characteristics, growth and biomass in Shorea platycarpa. Saplings of S. platycarpa were grown for seven months in the open roof gas chamber supplied with elevated CO 2 (800±50 µmol mol-1) and in the shade house with ambient CO 2 (400±50 µmol mol-1). Measurements of S. platycarpa growth and photosynthetic characteristics were made at frequent intervals. Biomass characteristics were determined using destructive methods after seven months of treatment and nondestructive method was used for leaf area index (LAI) determination. Photosynthetic rate (A) of S. platycarpa was not significantly affected by elevated CO 2. Increased water use efficiency (WUE) of S. platycarpa grown in elevated CO 2 was due to the reduced stomatal conductance (g s) and transpiration rate (E). The CO 2 elevation had no significant effect on the S. platycarpa relative growth rates (RGR) and biomass but significantly reduced the leaf area. A weak correlation was found between photosynthetic rate (A) and relative growth rate (RGR). The results clearly showed that photosynthesis, growth rate and biomass of S. platycarpa were not significantly enhanced by elevated CO 2. The findings indicated that elevated CO 2 did not affect a relatively slow growing and a late successional peat swamp tree species.
The objective of the present study is to develop callus induction and plant regeneration; an expe... more The objective of the present study is to develop callus induction and plant regeneration; an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on callus induction in rice mature embryo culture. In this experiment, callus was initiated from the mature seed scutellumof two Malaysian indica rice, MRQ74 and MR269. Callus was induced using different concentrations of 2, 4-D and BAP on MS medium under dark condition or under 16/8 h photoperiod conditions. For complete plant regeneration, the calli of both varieties were planted for shoot regeneration on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and NAA, for root regeneration on IBA. The results revealed that the maximum callus inductions in MRQ74 and MR269 were observed in the MS medium containing 3 mg/L 2, 4-D with 0.1 mg/L BAP under dark conditions. Furthermore, our protocol uses mature seeds as the explants in both rice varieties in terms of callus induction. Additionally, green plant production of plants was also observed in all of the media tested for shoot regeneration and MS media supplemented with 3 mg/L of BAP and 0.1 mg/L of NAA was found to be responsible for the recovery of more highly regenerated shoots. Effective root induction (100%) was achieved in a medium containing 1mg/LIBA. The described protocol can be useful in the establishment of an in vitro system for rice that can be a major technique for a genetic transformation system and crop improvement.
Rice is an important staple crop but is highly susceptible to abiotic stress. Polysaccharides (β... more Rice is an important staple crop but is highly susceptible to abiotic stress. Polysaccharides (βglucan) and BG serve as crucial functions in regulating plant development and growth, especially in responding to abiotic stress. Callus responds to BG and NaCl signals through various chemical and biochemical processes. However, no prior study on BG signals specific to in vitro plants or callus cultures of rice has been conducted. Therefore, the response of rice callus to BG pretreatment was examined. The exogenous addition of BG to the stress media increased the salt tolerance of callus significantly though enhancing antioxidant activity. However, Na accumulation and Na/K ratio decreased significantly in callus throughout the experimental 3month period. The results identified that Line 2 exposed to a salinity condition from callus, exhibits good growth characteristics and high biochemical activities. Furthermore, it had the better anatomical structure, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate compared to Line 2, which was derived from control. BG as antioxidants, scavenge reactive oxygen species to mitigate possible injury on biomembranes under salt stress. The application of BG may induce an adaptive response in callus by stimulating antioxidant enzyme activities and showing the relationship between salttolerant callus cell lines and the histological structure of Line 2 shoot and root.
Salinity stress causes a considerable reduction in callus growth. Mushroom polysaccharides (β-glu... more Salinity stress causes a considerable reduction in callus growth. Mushroom polysaccharides (β-glucan) are the most promising groups of antioxidant compounds. An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential function of exogenously applied β-glucan in alleviating the accumulation of antioxidants in rice callus. In this study, morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of an embryogenic callus of the rice variety, MR269, were investigated under 200mM NaCl stress conditions after pre-treatment with (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L) β-glucan in culture media. The present study sought to evaluate chemical, biochemical, and callus growth characterization. The results revealed that callus exposed to stressful media exhibited a significant decrease in callus growth and contents of K + and Ca +2 . In addition, significant accumulation of Na + and Na + /K + was found, as well as an enhanced enzymatic antioxidant system and elevated proline activities under NaCl conditions. Furthermore, exogenous addition of β-glucan at 0.5-1.5mg/L under NaCl stress induced a pronounced, significant increase of callus growth, K + and Ca +2 contents, and enzymatic antioxidant and proline activities. In contrast, a significant decrease was found in the levels of Na + and Na + /K + , particularly in callus treated with NaCl. β-Glucan ameliorates the adverse effects of NaCl stress, and the extent of amelioration depends on the type of βglucan agent as well as treatment duration (three months). The changes mentioned are important for determining the morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of salinity tolerance in callus. This study demonstrated that exogenous β-glucan exhibits alleviation of the harmful effects of salt stress and increases salinity resistance in callus rice.
Salinity considered as significant ecological regarding the productivity of different crops diffe... more Salinity considered as significant ecological regarding the productivity of different crops different arid and semi-arid areas all over the world. The most damaging things of salinity on herbal are usually related with low osmotic potential of soil solution, nutritional imbalance etc. Improving several plants usually happens under saline circumstances as a method for using saline soils which are usually arable. During the recent years, by using a method named in vitro plant tissue culture, several researchers developed biotechnological equipment to study about the serious difficulties regarding the crop improvement for sustainable agriculture. Plant tissue culture is considered as the best effective technology for improving and also developing salt-tolerant. By using plant cell and tissue culture we may emphasis on those physiological and biochemical procedures essential to cell that contribute to the changes of salt stress. During the current paper, researcher attempted to focus on...
Abiotic stress factors are the main limitations to plant growth and yield in agriculture. Among t... more Abiotic stress factors are the main limitations to plant growth and yield in agriculture. Among them, drought stress, which is caused by water deficit, is probably the most impacting adverse condition and the most widely encounter Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops that provides a staple diet for almost half of the world’s population. However, rice yield and quality are affected by environmental stress. Drought is one of the most common environmental stresses affecting rice growth and productivity. There’s the possible development of biotechnological tools to address the critical problems of crop improvement for a sustainable agriculture. Among the available biotechnological tools, the in-vitro culture alone or combined with mutagenesis, which are induced with physicochemical or biological agents by using (PEG) can be exploited to increase genetic variability and mutants, as a potential source of new commercial cultivars, in-vitro culture environments ....
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