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Paweł Laidler

Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Faculty of International and Political Studies, Faculty Member

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Political scientist, lawyer, American studies expert interested in U.S. constitutional law and U.S. political system, with a special focus on the role of judiciary, the politics of surveillance, and the process of constitutionalization of politics. Author and co-author of books and articles (in English and Polish) on the U.S. legal and political system. Associate Professor at the Institute of American Studies and Polish Diaspora, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
Address: Institute of American Studies and Polish Diaspora
Rynek Glowny 34
31-010 Krakow

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Northeastern University

Monash University

University of Cologne

Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

francesco clementi

Università degli Studi "La Sapienza" di Roma

CESRAN | Centre for Strategic Research & Analysis

Giacomo Delledonne

Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna

Elspeth Van Veeren

University of Bristol

Alessandro Arienzo

Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II"

Richard Jochelson

University of Manitoba

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Books by Paweł Laidler

Global Development Policy in the 21st Century: New Challenges (eds. Marcin Grabowski, Pawel Laidler)

by Marcin Grabowski and Paweł Laidler

Global Development Policy in the 21st Century: New Challenges (eds. Marcin Grabowski, Pawel Laidler), Peter Lang Verlag, Berlin 2018, 2018

This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to ans... more This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to answer questions, how to turn nations that are underdeveloped and torn apart by conflict into good places to live, how to help them develop. Issues connected with globalization, political challenges, constitutional systems as a condition for development are addressed. Problems of entrepreneurship in developing regions, as well as transnational connections between countries, making them vulnerable to economic crises are also touched upon. Finally, issues connected with institutional design, clean energy, health service challenges, as well as gender issues are analyzed. All those issues refer to developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as Central and Eastern Europe.

Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Od prawa do polityki

Monografia poświęcona jest analizie historyczno-prawnej oraz instytucjonalnej najwyższej instancj... more Monografia poświęcona jest analizie historyczno-prawnej oraz instytucjonalnej najwyższej instancji sądowniczej w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Autor zakłada, że Sąd Najwyższy USA, jedyny sąd federalny stworzony w konstytucji 1787 roku, miał na początku pełnić rolę drugorzędną w systemie kontroli i równowagi względem egzekutywy i legislatywy, natomiast w wyniku aktywnego stosowania kontroli konstytucyjności prawa oraz dzięki prawotwórczej roli sędziów w systemie common law instytucja ta stała się bardzo ważna, a momentami nawet dominująca w amerykańskim systemie władzy. Opracowanie sięga do najważniejszych orzeczeń Sądu w historii, analizuje relacje między SN USA a prezydentem i Kongresem, bada pozycję precedensów SN USA w hierarchii źródeł prawa i przybliża czynniki, które zdeterminowały współczesną pozycję ustrojową tej instytucji. Od czasów prac autorstwa W. Szyszkowskiego oraz L. Garlickiego, monografia jest pierwszym tak istotnym opracowaniem na polskim rynku wydawniczym dotyczącym najbardziej upolitycznionego sądu świata.

PRAWNO-POLITYCZNY SPÓR WOKÓŁ WYBORU SĘDZIEGO SĄDU NAJWYŻSZEGO USA PO ŚMIERCI ANTONINA SCALII

Przegląd Sejmowy, 2016

Cena demokracji. Finansowanie federalnych kampanii wyborczych w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki

by Maciej Turek and Paweł Laidler

Basic Documents in U.S. Federal Campaign Finance Law

by Maciej Turek and Paweł Laidler

The purpose of the volume Basic Documents in Federal Campaign Finance Law is to present that evol... more The purpose of the volume Basic Documents in Federal Campaign Finance Law is to present that evolution of the meaning of money and politics in American governance, with a special focus on the regulations and norms which have shaped the current understanding of campaign finance in the United States. It is important to acknowledge the main reasons for federal legislation on campaign finance, its outcomes, and the ways in which issues have been challenged in the courts, focusing especially on the changing interpretations of the Supreme Court towards the issue. The book contains a short introduction to every important piece of legislation or Court decision, in which the authors have presented the background of the legislation and its main purposes and substance, as well as the facts leading to legal disputes over the legislation’s constitutionality. Each introductory piece is followed by the most crucial excerpts from legislative acts or Supreme Court opinions on campaign finance, so that readers are able to analyze for themselves the substance and form of the regulations on the issue. According to the authors, all twenty nine documents presented in the volume (14 acts of Congress, and 15 Court decisions), should be considered the main legal source of the debate on the proper scope of money in federal election campaigns. Although most of the excerpts presented relate to federal laws, there are a few references to state laws when the issue at stake has a direct effect on the national discussion on campaign finance.

Papers by Paweł Laidler

The U.S. Department of Justice, National Security and Constitutionalization of Politics Since 9/11

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego, 2023

The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of politics, und... more The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of politics, understood as the influence of non-judicial actors on the procedure of constitutional review on the example of the functioning of selected offices of the United States Department of Justice during the presidencies of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. By analyzing the activities of attorneys general and Office of Legal Counsel lawyers, the author shows the important role of these entities in deter-1

Global development policy in the 21st century : new challenges

Berlin : Peter Lang eBooks, 2018

This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to ans... more This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to answer questions, how to turn nations that are underdeveloped and torn apart by conflict into good places to live and how to help them develop. Issues connected with globalization, political challenges, constitutional systems as a condition for development are addressed. Problems of entrepreneurship in developing regions, as well as transnational connections between countries, making them vulnerable to economic crises are also touched upon. Finally, issues connected with institutional design, clean energy, health service challenges, as well as gender issues are analyzed. All those issues refer to developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as Central and Eastern Europe

Urząd Prokuratora Generalnego Stanów Zjednoczonych : konflikt kompetencji

Some Myths about the Jury System from the Perspective of American Cinematography

Ad Americam, Dec 30, 2014

The popularity of the jury in the US legal system makes it, on the one hand, an attractive resear... more The popularity of the jury in the US legal system makes it, on the one hand, an attractive research subject for many specialists in American Studies, and, on the other, a source of inspiration for Cultural Studies. Many films and TV series create general myths about the structure, operation and character of jury trials in the United States. Among the most typical myths are: the 12-member requirement, the necessity to achieve unanimous verdicts, and vast politicization of the voir dire procedure. The topic of law and culture is very attractive among American scholars, as both areas have a significant impact on the everyday life of not only American society, but also other societies around the world. Facing the complexity of popular legal culture, the purpose of the article is to confront the most popular myths of jury trials shaped by specific works of American cinematography, such as 12 Angry Men, The Verdict, Runaway Jury, Murder One, and Law and Order. The most common misunderstandings of how the jury system works shall be revealed by a brief analysis of Supreme Court precedents referring to jury functioning in the contemporary US legal system.

Friends of The Court or Friends of Their Own Interests: Amicus Curiae as a Lobbying Tool of Groups of Interest in the U.S. Supreme Court's Decision-Making Process

It’s All About the Court(s): General Remarks on the American Idea of Judicial Impact on the Scope of Civil Rights

Konstytucyjny wymiar kontroli inwigilacyjnej polityki państwa na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego, Jun 30, 2021

Celem artykułu jest analiza treści i wykładni konstytucji na temat zakresu kontroli polityki inwi... more Celem artykułu jest analiza treści i wykładni konstytucji na temat zakresu kontroli polityki inwigilacyjnej Stanów Zjednoczonych. Odwołując się do afery Snowdena czy inwigilacji w związku z COVID-19, Autor prowadzi rozważania dotyczące wyzwań stojących przed władzą ustawodawczą i sądowniczą w realizacji kompetencji kontroli działań egzekutywy w zakresie bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Nawiązując do reguły tajności oraz doktryn i przywilejów wywiedzionych z interpretacji konstytucji, stara się wyjaśnić, dlaczego skuteczna kontrola polityki inwigilacyjnej państwa nie jest współcześnie możliwa.

Global development policy in the 21st century : introduction

Berlin : Peter Lang eBooks, 2018

This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to ans... more This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to answer questions, how to turn nations that are underdeveloped and torn apart by conflict into good places to live and how to help them develop. Issues connected with globalization, political challenges, constitutional systems as a condition for development are addressed. Problems of entrepreneurship in developing regions, as well as transnational connections between countries, making them vulnerable to economic crises are also touched upon. Finally, issues connected with institutional design, clean energy, health service challenges, as well as gender issues are analyzed. All those issues refer to developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as Central and Eastern Europe

Prawno-polityczny spór wokół wyboru sędziego Sądu Najwyższego USA po śmierci Antonina Scalii

Przegląd Sejmowy, 2016

Asystentka redaktora naczelnego: KATARZYNA MĄCZNIK Tłumaczenia na język angielski: ALBERT POL "Pr... more Asystentka redaktora naczelnego: KATARZYNA MĄCZNIK Tłumaczenia na język angielski: ALBERT POL "Przegląd Sejmowy" znajduje się w wykazie czasopism naukowych prowadzonym przez Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego na potrzeby oceny jednostek naukowych z przyznaną liczbą 11 punktów. "Przegląd Sejmowy" jest dostępny w bazach danych CEJSH i EBSCO Business Source Complete. W wypadku wykorzystania tekstów i informacji z "Przeglądu Sejmowego" w innych publikacjach prosimy o powołanie się na nasze czasopismo. U w a g a. Artykułów niezamówionych nie zwracamy. Zastrzegamy sobie prawo do skrótów w tekstach nadesłanych do publikacji.

Divide and Rule: Political Impact of President Trump’s US-Mexico Border Wall Initiative

Politeja, Feb 24, 2023

While announcing his participation in 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised, if elect... more While announcing his participation in 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised, if elected, to build a wall along the US-Mexican border to limit the flow of illegal immigrants from Latin America to the United States. During the campaign, he repeatedly stressed the necessity to control the situation at the border, which he indicated as one of the biggest threats for US national security, claiming that Mexico should pay for the construction of the wall. After winning the election, President Trump decided to fulfill his promise and signed an executive order enabling the wall to be erected. During four years of his tenure, the wall was built in almost half of the planned length It had impact not only on the flow of immigrants from Latin America, but also on the debate about U.S. immigration policy, as well as on the bilateral relations with Mexico. The purpose of the article is to analyze political consequences of putting up the wall, both in the US and Mexico, and to assess the impact of Trump's immigration policy on the relations between both countries.

“Good Law” Versus “Bad Law”: Civil Disobedience During the Desegregation Process in the United States of America

Politeja, Jun 22, 2021

This article retakes an argument that has ancient roots, but is nowadays largely forgotten, namel... more This article retakes an argument that has ancient roots, but is nowadays largely forgotten, namely that democracy, to be viable and stable, stands in need of aristocratic checks. First of all, institutional checks, like an Upper House in Parliament, and a professional judiciary. But more importantly-and that is what the article focuses on-an aristocratic ethos in the rulership or leadership. The tradition of reflection on the aristocratic ethos, going back to antiquity, is described, including the virtue theory it propounds. Finally, an overview is given of the traditional ideas on how to create and ensure the influence of the aristocratic ethos over the rulers or leaders.

Separate, Equal, or Separate-But-Equal? The Changing Image of Race in the U.S. Supreme Court’s Decisions

Politeja, Jun 16, 2021

Secrecy versus transparency in the US national security surveillance state

Routledge eBooks, Nov 29, 2021

Ewolucja Statusu Prawnego Imigrantów Na Podstawie Analizy Wybranych Orzeczeń Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki

Studia Migracyjne - Przeglad Polonijny, 2013

Problematyka reprezentacji i odpowiedzialności w kontekście funkcjonowania amerykańskiego urzędu Solicior General

Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne, 2014

Global Development Policy in the 21st Century: New Challenges (eds. Marcin Grabowski, Pawel Laidler)

by Marcin Grabowski and Paweł Laidler

Global Development Policy in the 21st Century: New Challenges (eds. Marcin Grabowski, Pawel Laidler), Peter Lang Verlag, Berlin 2018, 2018

This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to ans... more This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to answer questions, how to turn nations that are underdeveloped and torn apart by conflict into good places to live, how to help them develop. Issues connected with globalization, political challenges, constitutional systems as a condition for development are addressed. Problems of entrepreneurship in developing regions, as well as transnational connections between countries, making them vulnerable to economic crises are also touched upon. Finally, issues connected with institutional design, clean energy, health service challenges, as well as gender issues are analyzed. All those issues refer to developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as Central and Eastern Europe.

Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Od prawa do polityki

Monografia poświęcona jest analizie historyczno-prawnej oraz instytucjonalnej najwyższej instancj... more Monografia poświęcona jest analizie historyczno-prawnej oraz instytucjonalnej najwyższej instancji sądowniczej w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Autor zakłada, że Sąd Najwyższy USA, jedyny sąd federalny stworzony w konstytucji 1787 roku, miał na początku pełnić rolę drugorzędną w systemie kontroli i równowagi względem egzekutywy i legislatywy, natomiast w wyniku aktywnego stosowania kontroli konstytucyjności prawa oraz dzięki prawotwórczej roli sędziów w systemie common law instytucja ta stała się bardzo ważna, a momentami nawet dominująca w amerykańskim systemie władzy. Opracowanie sięga do najważniejszych orzeczeń Sądu w historii, analizuje relacje między SN USA a prezydentem i Kongresem, bada pozycję precedensów SN USA w hierarchii źródeł prawa i przybliża czynniki, które zdeterminowały współczesną pozycję ustrojową tej instytucji. Od czasów prac autorstwa W. Szyszkowskiego oraz L. Garlickiego, monografia jest pierwszym tak istotnym opracowaniem na polskim rynku wydawniczym dotyczącym najbardziej upolitycznionego sądu świata.

PRAWNO-POLITYCZNY SPÓR WOKÓŁ WYBORU SĘDZIEGO SĄDU NAJWYŻSZEGO USA PO ŚMIERCI ANTONINA SCALII

Przegląd Sejmowy, 2016

Cena demokracji. Finansowanie federalnych kampanii wyborczych w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki

by Maciej Turek and Paweł Laidler

Basic Documents in U.S. Federal Campaign Finance Law

by Maciej Turek and Paweł Laidler

The purpose of the volume Basic Documents in Federal Campaign Finance Law is to present that evol... more The purpose of the volume Basic Documents in Federal Campaign Finance Law is to present that evolution of the meaning of money and politics in American governance, with a special focus on the regulations and norms which have shaped the current understanding of campaign finance in the United States. It is important to acknowledge the main reasons for federal legislation on campaign finance, its outcomes, and the ways in which issues have been challenged in the courts, focusing especially on the changing interpretations of the Supreme Court towards the issue. The book contains a short introduction to every important piece of legislation or Court decision, in which the authors have presented the background of the legislation and its main purposes and substance, as well as the facts leading to legal disputes over the legislation’s constitutionality. Each introductory piece is followed by the most crucial excerpts from legislative acts or Supreme Court opinions on campaign finance, so that readers are able to analyze for themselves the substance and form of the regulations on the issue. According to the authors, all twenty nine documents presented in the volume (14 acts of Congress, and 15 Court decisions), should be considered the main legal source of the debate on the proper scope of money in federal election campaigns. Although most of the excerpts presented relate to federal laws, there are a few references to state laws when the issue at stake has a direct effect on the national discussion on campaign finance.

The U.S. Department of Justice, National Security and Constitutionalization of Politics Since 9/11

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego, 2023

The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of politics, und... more The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of politics, understood as the influence of non-judicial actors on the procedure of constitutional review on the example of the functioning of selected offices of the United States Department of Justice during the presidencies of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. By analyzing the activities of attorneys general and Office of Legal Counsel lawyers, the author shows the important role of these entities in deter-1

Global development policy in the 21st century : new challenges

Berlin : Peter Lang eBooks, 2018

This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to ans... more This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to answer questions, how to turn nations that are underdeveloped and torn apart by conflict into good places to live and how to help them develop. Issues connected with globalization, political challenges, constitutional systems as a condition for development are addressed. Problems of entrepreneurship in developing regions, as well as transnational connections between countries, making them vulnerable to economic crises are also touched upon. Finally, issues connected with institutional design, clean energy, health service challenges, as well as gender issues are analyzed. All those issues refer to developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as Central and Eastern Europe

Urząd Prokuratora Generalnego Stanów Zjednoczonych : konflikt kompetencji

Some Myths about the Jury System from the Perspective of American Cinematography

Ad Americam, Dec 30, 2014

The popularity of the jury in the US legal system makes it, on the one hand, an attractive resear... more The popularity of the jury in the US legal system makes it, on the one hand, an attractive research subject for many specialists in American Studies, and, on the other, a source of inspiration for Cultural Studies. Many films and TV series create general myths about the structure, operation and character of jury trials in the United States. Among the most typical myths are: the 12-member requirement, the necessity to achieve unanimous verdicts, and vast politicization of the voir dire procedure. The topic of law and culture is very attractive among American scholars, as both areas have a significant impact on the everyday life of not only American society, but also other societies around the world. Facing the complexity of popular legal culture, the purpose of the article is to confront the most popular myths of jury trials shaped by specific works of American cinematography, such as 12 Angry Men, The Verdict, Runaway Jury, Murder One, and Law and Order. The most common misunderstandings of how the jury system works shall be revealed by a brief analysis of Supreme Court precedents referring to jury functioning in the contemporary US legal system.

Friends of The Court or Friends of Their Own Interests: Amicus Curiae as a Lobbying Tool of Groups of Interest in the U.S. Supreme Court's Decision-Making Process

It’s All About the Court(s): General Remarks on the American Idea of Judicial Impact on the Scope of Civil Rights

Konstytucyjny wymiar kontroli inwigilacyjnej polityki państwa na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego, Jun 30, 2021

Celem artykułu jest analiza treści i wykładni konstytucji na temat zakresu kontroli polityki inwi... more Celem artykułu jest analiza treści i wykładni konstytucji na temat zakresu kontroli polityki inwigilacyjnej Stanów Zjednoczonych. Odwołując się do afery Snowdena czy inwigilacji w związku z COVID-19, Autor prowadzi rozważania dotyczące wyzwań stojących przed władzą ustawodawczą i sądowniczą w realizacji kompetencji kontroli działań egzekutywy w zakresie bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Nawiązując do reguły tajności oraz doktryn i przywilejów wywiedzionych z interpretacji konstytucji, stara się wyjaśnić, dlaczego skuteczna kontrola polityki inwigilacyjnej państwa nie jest współcześnie możliwa.

Global development policy in the 21st century : introduction

Berlin : Peter Lang eBooks, 2018

This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to ans... more This book addresses new problems and challenges of development in the 21st century, trying to answer questions, how to turn nations that are underdeveloped and torn apart by conflict into good places to live and how to help them develop. Issues connected with globalization, political challenges, constitutional systems as a condition for development are addressed. Problems of entrepreneurship in developing regions, as well as transnational connections between countries, making them vulnerable to economic crises are also touched upon. Finally, issues connected with institutional design, clean energy, health service challenges, as well as gender issues are analyzed. All those issues refer to developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, as well as Central and Eastern Europe

Prawno-polityczny spór wokół wyboru sędziego Sądu Najwyższego USA po śmierci Antonina Scalii

Przegląd Sejmowy, 2016

Asystentka redaktora naczelnego: KATARZYNA MĄCZNIK Tłumaczenia na język angielski: ALBERT POL "Pr... more Asystentka redaktora naczelnego: KATARZYNA MĄCZNIK Tłumaczenia na język angielski: ALBERT POL "Przegląd Sejmowy" znajduje się w wykazie czasopism naukowych prowadzonym przez Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego na potrzeby oceny jednostek naukowych z przyznaną liczbą 11 punktów. "Przegląd Sejmowy" jest dostępny w bazach danych CEJSH i EBSCO Business Source Complete. W wypadku wykorzystania tekstów i informacji z "Przeglądu Sejmowego" w innych publikacjach prosimy o powołanie się na nasze czasopismo. U w a g a. Artykułów niezamówionych nie zwracamy. Zastrzegamy sobie prawo do skrótów w tekstach nadesłanych do publikacji.

Divide and Rule: Political Impact of President Trump’s US-Mexico Border Wall Initiative

Politeja, Feb 24, 2023

While announcing his participation in 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised, if elect... more While announcing his participation in 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised, if elected, to build a wall along the US-Mexican border to limit the flow of illegal immigrants from Latin America to the United States. During the campaign, he repeatedly stressed the necessity to control the situation at the border, which he indicated as one of the biggest threats for US national security, claiming that Mexico should pay for the construction of the wall. After winning the election, President Trump decided to fulfill his promise and signed an executive order enabling the wall to be erected. During four years of his tenure, the wall was built in almost half of the planned length It had impact not only on the flow of immigrants from Latin America, but also on the debate about U.S. immigration policy, as well as on the bilateral relations with Mexico. The purpose of the article is to analyze political consequences of putting up the wall, both in the US and Mexico, and to assess the impact of Trump's immigration policy on the relations between both countries.

“Good Law” Versus “Bad Law”: Civil Disobedience During the Desegregation Process in the United States of America

Politeja, Jun 22, 2021

This article retakes an argument that has ancient roots, but is nowadays largely forgotten, namel... more This article retakes an argument that has ancient roots, but is nowadays largely forgotten, namely that democracy, to be viable and stable, stands in need of aristocratic checks. First of all, institutional checks, like an Upper House in Parliament, and a professional judiciary. But more importantly-and that is what the article focuses on-an aristocratic ethos in the rulership or leadership. The tradition of reflection on the aristocratic ethos, going back to antiquity, is described, including the virtue theory it propounds. Finally, an overview is given of the traditional ideas on how to create and ensure the influence of the aristocratic ethos over the rulers or leaders.

Separate, Equal, or Separate-But-Equal? The Changing Image of Race in the U.S. Supreme Court’s Decisions

Politeja, Jun 16, 2021

Secrecy versus transparency in the US national security surveillance state

Routledge eBooks, Nov 29, 2021

Ewolucja Statusu Prawnego Imigrantów Na Podstawie Analizy Wybranych Orzeczeń Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki

Studia Migracyjne - Przeglad Polonijny, 2013

Problematyka reprezentacji i odpowiedzialności w kontekście funkcjonowania amerykańskiego urzędu Solicior General

Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne, 2014

Amerykańska zasada podziału władzy : formalizm kontra funkcjonalizm

Na czym polega fenomen Baracka Obamy

The constitutionalism of developing countries : some lessons from the U.S. constitutional convention

Berlin : Peter Lang eBooks, 2018

When Politics and Law Collide

Ad Americam, Dec 29, 2013

Most scholars conducting research on the U.S. presidency analyze a particular presidency, ranking... more Most scholars conducting research on the U.S. presidency analyze a particular presidency, ranking the ideology and political role of the chief executive, his rhetoric, interior policy program, foreign policy activity, and impact on the economy, as well as the role of the president as national commander of the armed forces. My main field of research is not the presidency, but the American judiciary. However, careful analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of the functioning of American courts, and especially the U.S. Supreme Court, reveals the enormous impact of presidents on justice. Presidents nominate judges (and Supreme Court Justices), they may determine the scope of legal briefs presented in cases where the government is the party, and they can influence governmental participation as amicus curiae before the Court, which has become a vital tool of the United States in recent years. The growing political role of the Supreme Court, its enormous activity in applying judicial review, and its high position within the U.S. governmental structure have not only caused changes to the checks-and-balances system, but, above all, have resulted in the increased political activity of various presidents towards the tribunal. As a result, many chief executives consider their 'judicial policy' as one of the most important elements of their legacy. From this perspective, we may rank presidents who had the greatest (or the least) impact on the membership and operation of the Court (i.e. Washington, F.D.R., Lincoln versus Taylor, Harrison, Carter), as well as presidents who were willing to impose 1 This article was presented during the international conference Ranking American Presidents held at Northumbria University, Newcastle, on February 23 rd , 2012. Its methodology and substance regarding the nomination process to the Supreme Court of the United States is based on the author's own research, which is described in his book Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki: od prawa do polityki. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2011.

Aktywizm polityczny trzeciej władzy : na przykładzie Sądu Najwyższego USA

Warszawa : Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa eBooks, 2013