Southeast Asia is rapidly losing native habitats and the consequences of this are poorly understo... more Southeast Asia is rapidly losing native habitats and the consequences of this are poorly understood. Because habitat loss and disturbance can affect avian and seed survivorship, we conducted artificial nest and seed predation experiments on tropical southeast Asian islands. Data among islands and fragments or different forest types (e.g. primary versus exotic forest) within the islands are compared. On Singapore Island, predation among different forest types (primary, secondary and woodland) did not differ. Only at one of the sites, nest predation was higher at 75 m from the forest edge than at 25 m. In other sites, predation did not differ in relation to the distance from the forest edge. Predation among 10 small (0.8–1026 ha) Singaporean islands differed. However, none of the environmental variables (e.g. island area) could explain the predation differences. The lowest predation of both nests and seeds was recorded in the primary forest areas of a contiguous forest (25 500 ha) in central Java (Linggoasri). Small mammals were the main predators on Singapore and other surrounding islands. However, the index of potential predator abundance, overall, did not correlate with predation. While larger and more pristine forests may be better for avian and seed survivorship, pinpointing variables affecting both artificial nest and seed predation may be difficult.
To achieve precise wind resource assessments, to calculate loads and wakes as well as for reliabl... more To achieve precise wind resource assessments, to calculate loads and wakes as well as for reliable short-term wind power forecasts, the vertical wind profile above the sea has to be modelled with high accuracy for tip heights up to 160m. For these purposes, it is crucial to consider the special meteorological characteristics of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Continuing our work in the EU-project ANEMOS [1], we analysed marine wind speed profiles that were measured at the two met masts Horns Rev (62m high) and FINO1 (103m) in the North Sea. We found pronounced effects of thermal stratification and of the influence of the land-sea transition. In many situations, the wind shear is significantly higher than expected with standard approaches in mesoscale models. Nevertheless, the numerical analysis of the marine wind field above the North Sea from the German Weather Service seems to provide a good assessment of wind speeds at 103m height. For an improved simulation of the vertical wind speed profiles, we developed a new analytic model of marine wind velocity profiles. In particular, the flux of momentum through the Ekman layers of the atmosphere and the sea is described by a common wave boundary layer. The good agreement between our theoretical profiles and observations at Horns Rev and FINO1 support the basic assumption of our model that the atmospheric Ekman layer begins at 10 to 30m height above the sea surface.
Background α-Amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils, as the... more Background α-Amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils, as these insects are highly dependent on starch as an energy source. In this study, we aimed to reveal the structure and diversity of dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes in wild emmer wheat from Israel and to elucidate the relationship between the emmer wheat genes and ecological factors using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Another objective of this study was to find out whether there were any correlations between SNPs in functional protein-coding genes and the environment. Results The influence of ecological factors on the genetic structure of dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes was evaluated by specific SNP markers. A total of 244 dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes were obtained from 13 accessions in 10 populations. Seventy-five polymorphic positions and 74 haplotypes were defined by sequence analysis. Sixteen out of the 75 SNP markers were designed to detect SNP variations in wild emmer wheat accessions from different populations in Israel. The proportion of polymorphic loci P (5%), the expected heterozygosity He, and Shannon's information index in the 16 populations were 0.887, 0.404, and 0.589, respectively. The populations of wild emmer wheat showed great diversity in gene loci both between and within populations. Based on the SNP marker data, the genetic distance of pair-wise comparisons of the 16 populations displayed a sharp genetic differentiation over long geographic distances. The values of P, He, and Shannon's information index were negatively correlated with three climatic moisture factors, whereas the same values were positively correlated by Spearman rank correlation coefficients' analysis with some of the other ecological factors. Conclusion The populations of wild emmer wheat showed a wide range of diversity in dimeric α-amylase inhibitors, both between and within populations. We suggested that SNP markers are useful for the estimation of genetic diversity of functional genes in wild emmer wheat. These results show significant correlations between SNPs in the α-amylase inhibitor genes and ecological factors affecting diversity. Ecological factors, singly or in combination, explained a significant proportion of the variations in the SNPs, and the SNPs could be classified into several categories as ecogeographical predictors. It was suggested that the SNPs in the α-amylase inhibitor genes have been subjected to natural selection, and ecological factors had an important evolutionary influence on gene differentiation at specific loci.
Paper ini mengangkat tema pengawasan dalam pembangunan. Fokus dalam penulisan paper ini didasarka... more Paper ini mengangkat tema pengawasan dalam pembangunan. Fokus dalam penulisan paper ini didasarkan pada fenomena adanya kasus laporan pengaduan masyarakat yang belum terselesaikan dan tiap tahunnya mengalami peningkatan jumlah laporan tentang bocornya kunci jawaban UN. Salah satu lembaga pengawasan dalam pelayanan publik adalah Ombudsman. Permasalahan dalam paper ini adalah Bagaimana Peran Ombudsman dalam pelaksanaan Ujian Nasional 2014. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana peran dari pengawasan Ombudsman Indonesia dalam mencegah terjadinya kecurangan pada Ujian Nasional 2014.
Southeast Asia is rapidly losing native habitats and the consequences of this are poorly understo... more Southeast Asia is rapidly losing native habitats and the consequences of this are poorly understood. Because habitat loss and disturbance can affect avian and seed survivorship, we conducted artificial nest and seed predation experiments on tropical southeast Asian islands. Data among islands and fragments or different forest types (e.g. primary versus exotic forest) within the islands are compared. On Singapore Island, predation among different forest types (primary, secondary and woodland) did not differ. Only at one of the sites, nest predation was higher at 75 m from the forest edge than at 25 m. In other sites, predation did not differ in relation to the distance from the forest edge. Predation among 10 small (0.8–1026 ha) Singaporean islands differed. However, none of the environmental variables (e.g. island area) could explain the predation differences. The lowest predation of both nests and seeds was recorded in the primary forest areas of a contiguous forest (25 500 ha) in central Java (Linggoasri). Small mammals were the main predators on Singapore and other surrounding islands. However, the index of potential predator abundance, overall, did not correlate with predation. While larger and more pristine forests may be better for avian and seed survivorship, pinpointing variables affecting both artificial nest and seed predation may be difficult.
To achieve precise wind resource assessments, to calculate loads and wakes as well as for reliabl... more To achieve precise wind resource assessments, to calculate loads and wakes as well as for reliable short-term wind power forecasts, the vertical wind profile above the sea has to be modelled with high accuracy for tip heights up to 160m. For these purposes, it is crucial to consider the special meteorological characteristics of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Continuing our work in the EU-project ANEMOS [1], we analysed marine wind speed profiles that were measured at the two met masts Horns Rev (62m high) and FINO1 (103m) in the North Sea. We found pronounced effects of thermal stratification and of the influence of the land-sea transition. In many situations, the wind shear is significantly higher than expected with standard approaches in mesoscale models. Nevertheless, the numerical analysis of the marine wind field above the North Sea from the German Weather Service seems to provide a good assessment of wind speeds at 103m height. For an improved simulation of the vertical wind speed profiles, we developed a new analytic model of marine wind velocity profiles. In particular, the flux of momentum through the Ekman layers of the atmosphere and the sea is described by a common wave boundary layer. The good agreement between our theoretical profiles and observations at Horns Rev and FINO1 support the basic assumption of our model that the atmospheric Ekman layer begins at 10 to 30m height above the sea surface.
Background α-Amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils, as the... more Background α-Amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils, as these insects are highly dependent on starch as an energy source. In this study, we aimed to reveal the structure and diversity of dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes in wild emmer wheat from Israel and to elucidate the relationship between the emmer wheat genes and ecological factors using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Another objective of this study was to find out whether there were any correlations between SNPs in functional protein-coding genes and the environment. Results The influence of ecological factors on the genetic structure of dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes was evaluated by specific SNP markers. A total of 244 dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes were obtained from 13 accessions in 10 populations. Seventy-five polymorphic positions and 74 haplotypes were defined by sequence analysis. Sixteen out of the 75 SNP markers were designed to detect SNP variations in wild emmer wheat accessions from different populations in Israel. The proportion of polymorphic loci P (5%), the expected heterozygosity He, and Shannon's information index in the 16 populations were 0.887, 0.404, and 0.589, respectively. The populations of wild emmer wheat showed great diversity in gene loci both between and within populations. Based on the SNP marker data, the genetic distance of pair-wise comparisons of the 16 populations displayed a sharp genetic differentiation over long geographic distances. The values of P, He, and Shannon's information index were negatively correlated with three climatic moisture factors, whereas the same values were positively correlated by Spearman rank correlation coefficients' analysis with some of the other ecological factors. Conclusion The populations of wild emmer wheat showed a wide range of diversity in dimeric α-amylase inhibitors, both between and within populations. We suggested that SNP markers are useful for the estimation of genetic diversity of functional genes in wild emmer wheat. These results show significant correlations between SNPs in the α-amylase inhibitor genes and ecological factors affecting diversity. Ecological factors, singly or in combination, explained a significant proportion of the variations in the SNPs, and the SNPs could be classified into several categories as ecogeographical predictors. It was suggested that the SNPs in the α-amylase inhibitor genes have been subjected to natural selection, and ecological factors had an important evolutionary influence on gene differentiation at specific loci.
Paper ini mengangkat tema pengawasan dalam pembangunan. Fokus dalam penulisan paper ini didasarka... more Paper ini mengangkat tema pengawasan dalam pembangunan. Fokus dalam penulisan paper ini didasarkan pada fenomena adanya kasus laporan pengaduan masyarakat yang belum terselesaikan dan tiap tahunnya mengalami peningkatan jumlah laporan tentang bocornya kunci jawaban UN. Salah satu lembaga pengawasan dalam pelayanan publik adalah Ombudsman. Permasalahan dalam paper ini adalah Bagaimana Peran Ombudsman dalam pelaksanaan Ujian Nasional 2014. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana peran dari pengawasan Ombudsman Indonesia dalam mencegah terjadinya kecurangan pada Ujian Nasional 2014.
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