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Roald Docter

Ghent University, Archaeology, Faculty Member

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Researcher in Greek and Phoenician-Punic Archaeology
Phone: (+32)(0)9.3310169
Address: Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35
B-9000 Gent
Belgium

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Adriano Orsingher

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Università di Bologna

Carla Aleo Nero

Regione Siciliana

Danilo de Dominicis

Università di Sassari

Alessandro Maria Jaia

Università degli Studi "La Sapienza" di Roma

Rosana Pla Orquín

Babette Bechtold

University of Vienna

Texas Tech University

University of Glasgow

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Books by Roald Docter

Amphorae in the Phoenician-Punic World. The State of the Art

by Roald Docter and Eric Gubel

Amphorae in the Phoenician-Punic World, 2022

This thematic volume comprises 30 articles by 44 specialists and is the first collection solely d... more This thematic volume comprises 30 articles by 44 specialists and is the first collection solely dedicated to the study of Amphoras of the Phoenician-Punic world. The articles take their lead from presentations at a conference held in Ghent in December 2016. It is a welcome update to the terrain covered more than a quarter-century ago by the highly influential monograph of Juan Ramon, Las ánforas fenicio–púnicas del Mediterráneo Central y Occidental (Col·lecció Instrumenta 2), Barcelona: 1995. The link between trade and the Phoenician and Punic World is so pronounced that these subjects have often been treated synonymously. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that “the Amphora, the key element of the trade in foodstuffs during Antiquity, has been considered the guide fossil for Phoenician and Punic trade”. Geographically, the present contributions cover the space from the Levantine coast to the Atlantic shores of the Iberian Peninsula. Chronologically, they range from the earliest moments of the Phoenician presence in the western Mediterranean during the ninth century BCE until the centuries following the destruction of Carthage and its empire. Thematically, the volume deals with issues of production, typology, distribution, contents, and even socio-economical aspects. As such, it may be considered as a true state of the art on the Amphoras of the Phoenician and Punic World.

Kees Neeft: een instituut binnen een instituut: een liber amicorum voor dr. CW Neeft

... Classification, B3. Publishing Year, 2004. Number of Pages, 110. Publisher, Universiteit van ... more

Thorikos 10 Reports & Studies

Apollonia Pontica 2007

Karthago. Die Ergebnisse der Hamburger Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus

Classical Archaeology towards the third millennium. Reflections and Perspectives. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Amsterdam, July 12-17, 1998

Archaische Amphoren aus Karthago und Toscanos. Fundspektrum und Formentwicklung. Ein Beitrag zur phönizischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte

Archäologische Studien in Kontaktzonen der antiken Welt

Papers by Roald Docter

Rural sites in Northwest Malta: results of the Belgo-Maltese survey project

ABSTRACT This poster presentation offers results of a joint survey project in the northwest of Ma... more ABSTRACT This poster presentation offers results of a joint survey project in the northwest of Malta with finds ranging from the Prehistoric till the Early Modern period. The project is a trilateral endeavour of the Department of Archaeology of Ghent University (Belgium), the University of Malta and the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage (Malta) since 2008. It is an intensive systematic field-walking survey in a kilometre-wide transect, beyond the main Phoenician and Punic urban centre on the island, the present-day Rabat/Mdina. It is interdisciplinary, involving not only archaeologists, but also ceramic specialists, geophysicists, geomatic specialists / topographers and geomorphologists. Three permanently inhabited sites were encountered dating to at least the late 6th or early 5th century BCE, with a clearer attestation in the Hellenistic/Roman period and Late Antique periods. The resulting reconstructed settlement pattern of the Phoenician/Punic period suggests a managed landscape that seems to be a good reflexion of what is happening in North Africa and elsewhere in the central and western Mediterranean. At least from the Roman period on, these sites seem to have specialised on the production of olive oil. The poster presentation focuses upon the major site in the survey transect, the Ġebel Għawżara site.

Carthaginian Domestic Amphorae, Lids and Stands, a view beyond the Tophet, ERETZ-ISRAEL Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies

Grieks Albanese toestanden

Karthago opgravingen in een Phoenicische stad

by Roald Docter and Hans Koens

The amphitheatre of Carnuntum – Towards a complete 3D model using airborne Structure from Motion and dense image matching

by Geert J Verhoeven and Roald Docter

Zwischen Spitzentechnologie und Handel. Wirtschaft der punischen Stadt Karthago, Antike Welt47/1, 2017, 16-21

Anhand von ausgesuchten Fallbeispielen wird im folgenden Beitrag eine kurze Wirtschaftsgeschichte... more Anhand von ausgesuchten Fallbeispielen wird im folgenden Beitrag eine kurze Wirtschaftsgeschichte des punischen Karthagos skizziert. Landwirtschaft, Metallindustrie, Handwerk und Handel bilden dabei die konstituierenden Bestandteile. Die Rolle innovativer Spitzentechnologie für das wirtschaftliche Gelingen der Karthagischen Gesellschaft wird dabei hervorgehoben.

Carthage and the Spoils of War: an update, CARTHAGE STUDIES 8, 2014 [2017], pp. 83-102

West Slope Ware

Brill S New Pauly Antiquity, 2010

Ga onmiddellijk naar paginanavigatie. West Slope Ware. Please use this identifier to cite or link... more

Rural sites in Northwest Malta: results of the Belgo-Maltese survey project

by Mevrick Spiteri and Roald Docter

Thorikos: A Picture in Pottery

by Roald Docter, Margarita Nazou, and Winfred van de Put

Thorikos and the Industrial Quarter: A Mine of Information on the Silver Industry of Ancient Attica

A Lekythos found in House 1 at Thorikos (2007 campaign)

by Roald Docter and Winfred van de Put

In the Thorikos cleaning campaign of 2007, a modest and worn lekythos turned up in House 1. Almos... more In the Thorikos cleaning campaign of 2007, a modest and worn lekythos turned up in House 1. Almost certainly, the lekythos is sescondary, as the Haimonian lekythos predates the house by several decades. The black-figure image depicts a goddess mounting a chariot, a stock-scene of lekythoi in this period (470-460 BCE). Mostly associated with graves, the lekythos may well have been used domestically, although this theme is not attested in a domestic context.

Amphorae in the Phoenician-Punic World. The State of the Art

by Roald Docter and Eric Gubel

Amphorae in the Phoenician-Punic World, 2022

This thematic volume comprises 30 articles by 44 specialists and is the first collection solely d... more This thematic volume comprises 30 articles by 44 specialists and is the first collection solely dedicated to the study of Amphoras of the Phoenician-Punic world. The articles take their lead from presentations at a conference held in Ghent in December 2016. It is a welcome update to the terrain covered more than a quarter-century ago by the highly influential monograph of Juan Ramon, Las ánforas fenicio–púnicas del Mediterráneo Central y Occidental (Col·lecció Instrumenta 2), Barcelona: 1995. The link between trade and the Phoenician and Punic World is so pronounced that these subjects have often been treated synonymously. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that “the Amphora, the key element of the trade in foodstuffs during Antiquity, has been considered the guide fossil for Phoenician and Punic trade”. Geographically, the present contributions cover the space from the Levantine coast to the Atlantic shores of the Iberian Peninsula. Chronologically, they range from the earliest moments of the Phoenician presence in the western Mediterranean during the ninth century BCE until the centuries following the destruction of Carthage and its empire. Thematically, the volume deals with issues of production, typology, distribution, contents, and even socio-economical aspects. As such, it may be considered as a true state of the art on the Amphoras of the Phoenician and Punic World.

Kees Neeft: een instituut binnen een instituut: een liber amicorum voor dr. CW Neeft

... Classification, B3. Publishing Year, 2004. Number of Pages, 110. Publisher, Universiteit van ... more

Thorikos 10 Reports & Studies

Apollonia Pontica 2007

Karthago. Die Ergebnisse der Hamburger Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus

Classical Archaeology towards the third millennium. Reflections and Perspectives. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Amsterdam, July 12-17, 1998

Archaische Amphoren aus Karthago und Toscanos. Fundspektrum und Formentwicklung. Ein Beitrag zur phönizischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte

Archäologische Studien in Kontaktzonen der antiken Welt

Rural sites in Northwest Malta: results of the Belgo-Maltese survey project

ABSTRACT This poster presentation offers results of a joint survey project in the northwest of Ma... more ABSTRACT This poster presentation offers results of a joint survey project in the northwest of Malta with finds ranging from the Prehistoric till the Early Modern period. The project is a trilateral endeavour of the Department of Archaeology of Ghent University (Belgium), the University of Malta and the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage (Malta) since 2008. It is an intensive systematic field-walking survey in a kilometre-wide transect, beyond the main Phoenician and Punic urban centre on the island, the present-day Rabat/Mdina. It is interdisciplinary, involving not only archaeologists, but also ceramic specialists, geophysicists, geomatic specialists / topographers and geomorphologists. Three permanently inhabited sites were encountered dating to at least the late 6th or early 5th century BCE, with a clearer attestation in the Hellenistic/Roman period and Late Antique periods. The resulting reconstructed settlement pattern of the Phoenician/Punic period suggests a managed landscape that seems to be a good reflexion of what is happening in North Africa and elsewhere in the central and western Mediterranean. At least from the Roman period on, these sites seem to have specialised on the production of olive oil. The poster presentation focuses upon the major site in the survey transect, the Ġebel Għawżara site.

Carthaginian Domestic Amphorae, Lids and Stands, a view beyond the Tophet, ERETZ-ISRAEL Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies

Grieks Albanese toestanden

Karthago opgravingen in een Phoenicische stad

by Roald Docter and Hans Koens

The amphitheatre of Carnuntum – Towards a complete 3D model using airborne Structure from Motion and dense image matching

by Geert J Verhoeven and Roald Docter

Zwischen Spitzentechnologie und Handel. Wirtschaft der punischen Stadt Karthago, Antike Welt47/1, 2017, 16-21

Anhand von ausgesuchten Fallbeispielen wird im folgenden Beitrag eine kurze Wirtschaftsgeschichte... more Anhand von ausgesuchten Fallbeispielen wird im folgenden Beitrag eine kurze Wirtschaftsgeschichte des punischen Karthagos skizziert. Landwirtschaft, Metallindustrie, Handwerk und Handel bilden dabei die konstituierenden Bestandteile. Die Rolle innovativer Spitzentechnologie für das wirtschaftliche Gelingen der Karthagischen Gesellschaft wird dabei hervorgehoben.

Carthage and the Spoils of War: an update, CARTHAGE STUDIES 8, 2014 [2017], pp. 83-102

West Slope Ware

Brill S New Pauly Antiquity, 2010

Ga onmiddellijk naar paginanavigatie. West Slope Ware. Please use this identifier to cite or link... more

Rural sites in Northwest Malta: results of the Belgo-Maltese survey project

by Mevrick Spiteri and Roald Docter

Thorikos: A Picture in Pottery

by Roald Docter, Margarita Nazou, and Winfred van de Put

Thorikos and the Industrial Quarter: A Mine of Information on the Silver Industry of Ancient Attica

A Lekythos found in House 1 at Thorikos (2007 campaign)

by Roald Docter and Winfred van de Put

In the Thorikos cleaning campaign of 2007, a modest and worn lekythos turned up in House 1. Almos... more In the Thorikos cleaning campaign of 2007, a modest and worn lekythos turned up in House 1. Almost certainly, the lekythos is sescondary, as the Haimonian lekythos predates the house by several decades. The black-figure image depicts a goddess mounting a chariot, a stock-scene of lekythoi in this period (470-460 BCE). Mostly associated with graves, the lekythos may well have been used domestically, although this theme is not attested in a domestic context.

Ceramiche comuni, da trasporto e contenitori. Transport amphorae and Phoenician-Punic, Sardinian pottery

Archäologische Stadtforschung. II. Die griechische und punische Welt

The Phoenician Practice of Adapting Greek Drinking Vessels (Skyphoi and Kotylai)

Bichrome Ware Amphorae from Al Mina, Kition, and Carthage

Les fouilles tuniso-belges du terrain Bir Massouda (2002-2005): contribution ā la connaissance de la topographie de Carthage ā l'époque archaïque

by Roald Docter and Fethi Chelbi

VI Congresso Internacional …, Jan 1, 2010

Le terrain de Bir Massouda à Carthage-Dermech fait l'objet, depuis trois ans, d'un programme de r... more Le terrain de Bir Massouda à Carthage-Dermech fait l'objet, depuis trois ans, d'un programme de recherche Tuniso-Belge dont les résultats contribuent à une meilleure connaissance de l'urbanisme de Carthage à l'époque archaïque. En effet, dans la première configuration urbaine de la Cité phénicienne, ce secteur se trouvait extra muros, abritant une vieille nécropole à incinération, antérieure au cimetière de Junon et datable du plein VIIIe s. av. J.-C. Les investigations menées au sud de ce terrain ont permit de reconnaître neuf pozzi à incinérations, creusés dans la roche mère. Ceux-ci ont été perturbés depuis l'Antiquité, lors de l'installation d'un groupement d'ateliers métallurgiques qui, du fait de leur caractère polluant, avaient été relégués en dehors de la ville, à la place du vieux cimetière phénicien. Les fouilles Tuniso-Belges ont permit aussi de retrouver, à quelques dizaines de mètres au nord de ces pozzi, les restes de la muraille archaïque de Carthage, constituée d'un bastion en relation avec deux murs parallèles reliés par des murets transversaux : type de mur à casemates. Il s'agit sans doute d'un tronçon de la muraille de la Cité archaïque partiellement visible dans les fouilles allemandes de la rue Ibn Châbaat.

Mushroom-lipped jug

Brill's new Pauly: encyclopedia of the ancient world, Jan 1, 2006

Ga onmiddellijk naar paginanavigatie. Mushroom-lipped jug. Please use this identifier to cite or ... more

La nouvelle Carthage. Nieuwe inzichten in de topografie van een antieke stad

AVRA …, Jan 1, 2005

Thorikos (Attique-Attica)

Pharos. Journal of the Netherlands Institute …, Jan 1, 2009

Reconsidering the role of Thorikos within the Laurion silver mining area (Attica, Greece) through hydrological analyses

by Cornelis Stal, Roald Docter, A. Wulf, and Niko Verhoest

Journal of Archaeological Science, 2014

ABSTRACT The aim of the current study is to examine the role played by Thorikos within the Laurio... more ABSTRACT The aim of the current study is to examine the role played by Thorikos within the Laurion silver mining area from the perspective of metallurgical activities during the Classical and Early Hellenistic periods. Because water availability directly determines the production output of metallurgical workshops, a hydrological analysis of the area is an ideal tool to enhance our understanding of this issue. On a large scale, hydrological modelling is accomplished through the analysis of runoff water accumulation; on a small scale, a water balance model is used to simulate the operated water supply system for industrial purposes, more specifically the purifying of silver ores in washeries. Also, the impact of cistern location on its effectiveness and usability for silver processing is explored. The two focus areas are the Velatouri Hill, where the site of Thorikos is located, and the Soureza Valley, which is situated in the centre of the Laurion. In each area a number of ore washing workshops were chosen to study in more detail. Through the region-wide hydrological and archaeological analysis, it could be shown that the Thorikos workshops contrast sharply with the Soureza ones. The latter relied on ephemeral streams which were consolidated and tapped by large cisterns, thus creating a water stock that was more than sufficient to bridge the dry periods of the year. The former relied on the harvesting of limited runoff during heavy rain events, which in many cases did not provide a sufficient water stock. Furthermore, water supply strategies in Thorikos were not as well-considered in comparison to Soureza. This leads to the conclusion that Thorikos could have never been the large scale processing site Soureza was and, when combined with the small-scale analysis, the site must have had a distinctively more ad hoc character.

Ground‐penetrating radar survey over bronze age circular monuments on a sandy soil, complemented with electromagnetic induction and fluxgate gradiometer data

Archaeological …, Jan 1, 2009

This paper presents a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey over two circular structures original... more This paper presents a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey over two circular structures originally surrounding Bronze Age burial mounds at the site of Koekelare (western Belgium). The region is characterized by sandy soils. Their low water storage capacity and the consequent moisture contrasts in dry summers played an important role in the detection of over 1000 Bronze Age funeral monuments through aerial archaeology in the past few decades. At Koekelare, low attenuation of GPRwavesresultedinthe detectionofadoubleandsingle circularditch.Afluxgategradiometersurvey and electromagnetic induction (EMI) measurements did not clearly reveal the ditches. For the GPR wavevelocityanalysis, constant velocitymigrationtestswere combinedwithtime-domainreflectometry (TDR).TheTDR measurements were made at different depthswithin the ditches andin the adjacent undisturbed soil, so that the differences in the physical soil parameters could be assessed.

Ground-penetrating radar survey at the Roman town of Mariana (Corsica), complemented with fluxgate gradiometer data and old and recent excavation results

This paper presents the results of a GPR survey carried out at the Roman town of Mariana (Corsica... more This paper presents the results of a GPR survey carried out at the Roman town of Mariana (Corsica, France). Excavations (1959-1965 and 2000-2007) yielded a Roman street with houses and shops, an early mediaeval cathedral and a mediaeval bishop's palace. When compared with the hypothetical town limits derived from aerial photography, old cadastral maps and the location of two cemeteries, the excavations are in an eccentric position. The principal aim of the geophysical survey was to shed more light on the Early Imperial town centre (1 st -2 nd century AD), which was to be found further north. The results from a fluxgate gradiometer survey demonstrated the presence of buildings with an orientation corresponding to the excavated street. In the GPR data, an orthogonal street system became noticeable and most of the buildings can be identified as private dwellings. In several parts of the town, there are indications for more than one occupation phase. For example, in the north-western insula of the main survey area, the GPR results show a large building complex with deep foundations, as well as shallow walls of poor construction quality in the courtyard of this building. A trial excavation confirmed this dichotomy: it revealed solid walls with brick facings originating in the 1 st or 2 nd century AD, as opposed to alignments of loose boulders, not older than the 3rd century. On the basis of the GPR results, two small excavation trenches from the 1930s, one of which contained the remains of a bathhouse, can now be located exactly.

Comparison between electromagnetic induction and fluxgate gradiometer measurements on the buried remains of a 17th century castle

Journal of Applied …, Jan 1, 2009

The triangular model as an instrument for visualising and analysing residuality

Journal of …, Jan 1, 2007

Helikite aerial photographya versatile means of unmanned, radio controlled, low‐altitude aerial archaeology

Archaeological …, Jan 1, 2009

During the past 100 years, various devices have been developed and applied in order to acquire ar... more During the past 100 years, various devices have been developed and applied in order to acquire archaeologically usefulaerialimagery fromlow altitudes (e.g. balloons, kites, poles).Thispaper introduces Helikiteaerialphotography (HAP), a new form ofcloserange aerialphotography suitable for site or defined area photography, based on a camera suspended from a Helikite: a combination of both a helium balloon and kite wings. By largely overcoming the drawbacks of conventional kite-and balloon-based photography,HAPallows foravery versatile, remotely controlled approach to low-altitude aerial photography (LAAP). In addition to a detailed outline of the whole HAP system, its working procedure and possible improvements, some of the resulting imagery is shown to demonstrate the usefulness of HAP for several archaeological applications. Figure 12. (A) Visible (photograph by F.Vermeulen) and (B) pure near-infrared record (HAP with Nikon D50 NIR þ Nikkor 20 mm f/ 3.5 AI-S) of a Roman town wall and connected tower.

Ferrous Metallurgy from the Bir Massouda Metallurgical Precinct at Phoenician and Punic Carthage and the Beginning of the North African Iron Age, Journal of Archaeological Science 2016

by Roald Docter and Brett Kaufman

Excavations of the Phoenician and Punic layers at the site of Bir Massouda in Carthage have provi... more Excavations of the Phoenician and Punic layers at the site of Bir Massouda in Carthage have provided evidence for ferrous metallurgical activity spanning several centuries. Archaeometallurgical analyses of slagged tuy eres, slag, and alloys using optical microscopy, portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF), and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VPSEM-EDS) show that Carthaginian smiths were conducting primary smithing and forging of wrought iron and steel. Although the majority of slag specimens are remnant from ferrous production, a few select finds are from bronze recycling. The corpus represents the earliest known ferrous metallurgy in North Africa. As a Phoenician colony then later as an independent imperial metropolis, Carthage specialized in centrally organized ferrous technology at the fringes of the settlement in areas such as Bir Massouda and the Byrsa Hill from before 700 to 146 BC.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440316300036
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.002

Integrating geomatics in archaeological research at the site of Thorikos (Greece)

by Jeroen De Reu, Roald Docter, Cornelis Stal, and Floris van den Eijnde

Archaeological excavation is a destructive process, making accurate, fast and efficient 3D docume... more Archaeological excavation is a destructive process, making accurate, fast and efficient 3D documentation of information essential. With this in mind, our research uses an integrated workflow of topographic measurements and image-based 3D modelling to generate highly accurate reconstructions of archaeological features at the site of Thorikos, Greece. Topographic ground control points and images are acquired using a total station and consumer digital camera respectively, and processed in a highly automated workflow using Structure from Motion and Multiview Stereo reconstruction software. These models were generated on a daily basis in order to map the on-going of a field campaign at this archaeological site in 2012. Moreover, a management system is presented as a consultation and analysis application, enabling the interaction with the 3D models, accompanied with attribute data and metadata. For the efficiency of the management system it was essential to integrate the 3D models in a Harris matrix. This matrix functions as an intermediate between a graphical user interface and the database system. Additionally, two applications of these 3D models are presented, focussing on capacity calculations and in situ mapping (orthophoto mapping) of stone wall remains. The presented management system, the linking of 3D models with excavation data, and the use of 3D models as a scientific tool demonstrate the huge potential of 3D data for archaeological research.

Phoenician and Punic Antiquities in the Heart of Europe. The Corpus of Phoenician and Punic Antiquities in Belgium.

by Vanessa Boschloos, Eric Gubel, and Roald Docter

Poster on the activities of the Belgian committee of the 'Corpus of Phoenician and Punic Antiquit... more

The Typology of Phoenician and Punic Transport Amphorae in the Central- and Westmediterranean

Review. Exhibition Catalogue: Masters of Middelburg. Exhibition in the Honour of Laurens J. Bol. Amsterdam (Kunsthandel K. & V. Waterman), maart 1984

Review. Ch. Börker/J. Burow, Die hellenistischen Amphorenstempel aus Pergamon. Pergamenische Forschungen 11, 1998

Review. F. Chelbi, Céramique à vernis noir de Carthage 1992.pdf

BABESCH, 1995

Review J. EiringJ. Lund, Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean 2002.pdf

Comparison between electromagnetic induction and fluxgate gradiometer measurements on the buried remains of a 17th century castle

by Alexander Lehouck, Roald Docter, and L. Verdonck

Journal of Applied Geophysics, Jan 1, 2009

This study aimed to evaluate the different configurations of an electromagnetic induction (EMI) s... more This study aimed to evaluate the different configurations of an electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, the EM38DD (Geonics Limited, Canada) with fluxgate gradiometer measurements on an archaeological site. The EM38DD allows measuring both the apparent magnetic susceptibility (MSa or χ a ) and the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa or σ a ) in two different coil orientations. A gradiometer measures the lateral variations of the vertical magnetic field gradient, caused by the induced and remanent magnetisations. An archaeological site where historical documents indicated the presence of a 17th century brick castle was selected as a test area. The results of the first survey with the EM38DD showed very strong magnetic anomalies in the central field, which were caused by the brick remains of the castle. Therefore, a smaller area was chosen within this field to compare the different configurations of the EM38DD with the gradiometer at the same measurement resolution. The most useful results with the EM38DD were obtained from the MSa measured in a vertical coplanar orientation. Its anomalies corresponded well with the gradiometer anomalies. The gradiometer anomalies were sharper defined than the EM38DD anomalies, but were complicated by the bipolar response pattern. The MSa map in horizontal coplanar orientation was very difficult to interpret, due to the less optimal spatial sensitivity. The wall remains were not visible in the ECa map in horizontal coplanar orientation, although other interesting anomalies were detected.