International Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Mixedness and Mixing, Jun 14, 2012
The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced peo... more The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced people to report race (or have their race reported for them) in singular and mutually exclusive categories. Under pressure from various groups, the US Office of Management and Budget (1997) instituted the new “mark one or more” system of racial classification designed to accommodate the racial claims of multiracial people in time for the 2000 Census (Perlmann and Waters 2002; Williams 2006). This taxonomic shift lays bare the social ...
Este estudo visou conhecer itinerários terapêuticos de sujeitos com problemáticas decorrentes do ... more Este estudo visou conhecer itinerários terapêuticos de sujeitos com problemáticas decorrentes do uso prejudicial de álcool em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para usuários de álcool e outras drogas -CAPSad. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, adotou a perspectiva etnometodológica e empregou os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas, grupo focal, observação participante e diário de campo. Os itinerários terapêuticos se configuram a partir da experiência construída, que dota de significados as vivências relacionadas ao uso de álcool e a necessidade de ajuda. Destaca-se a importância das redes sociorrelacionais, no contexto das quais são compartilhados sentidos, significados e suporte. O percurso da pesquisa mostrou a importância de se conhecerem os saberes e práticas dos sujeitos na proposição de práticas de cuidado comprometidas com produção de saúde e de vida. Palavras-chave: Itinerários terapêuticos. Transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias. Alcoolismo. Serviços comunitários de saúde mental. * Elaborado com base em Marques (2010); pesquisa aprovada pela
In the last few decades, the number of mixed-race households has increased substantially, raising... more In the last few decades, the number of mixed-race households has increased substantially, raising questions about their impact on measures of neighborhood segregation. Specifically, this paper asks two questions: What is the sensitivity of neighborhood racial segregation measures to levels of household scale racial mixing? And what is the relationship between neighborhood racial diversity and the presence of mixed-race households? We answer these questions using confidential long form data from the 1990 US census, which provides information on household racial composition at the tract scale. The results show that racial mixing within households has meaningful effects on measurements of neighborhood segregation. Additionally, we find that mixed-race households have the greatest proportional share of neighborhood diversity in the least racially diverse neighborhoods. The conclusions offer some thoughts as to the role mixed-race households may play in future neighborhood desegregation. They also argue that better understandings of mixed-race household formation and residential location are essential for comprehending neighborhood segregation dynamics more fully.
This study analyzes where households headed by Black-White, mixed-race couples live in cities. Us... more This study analyzes where households headed by Black-White, mixed-race couples live in cities. Using 2000 confidential US Census data, we investigate whether Black-White households in 12 large US metropolitan areas are more likely to be found in racially diverse neighborhoods than households headed by White or Black couples. Map analysis shows that concentrations of Black-White headed households are most often found in moderately diverse White neighborhoods. This relationship, however, varies by metropolitan context. ...
Abstract This article tests a conditional effect hypothesis which predicts that the strength and ... more Abstract This article tests a conditional effect hypothesis which predicts that the strength and magnitude of the association between racial composition and crime rates will dissipate with increasing distance of neighborhoods from public housing projects. We examine this ...
This review highlights geographical perspectives on mixed-race partnering and multiraciality in t... more This review highlights geographical perspectives on mixed-race partnering and multiraciality in the United States, explicitly calling for increased analysis at the scale of the mixed-race household. We begin with a discussion of mixed-race rhetoric and then sketch contemporary trends in mixed-race partnering and multiraciality in the US. We also weave in considerations of the public and the private and the genealogical and social constructions of race. Our challenges to current thought add to the landscape of scholarship concerned with race and space. By presenting mixed race in fresh ways, we offer new sites for intervention in this evolving literature.
Although mixed-race partnering in the United States is on the rise, scholars have paid scant atte... more Although mixed-race partnering in the United States is on the rise, scholars have paid scant attention to where people of `differently racialized parentage' (Ifekwunigwe, 2001: 46) actually meet. In an effort to help fill this gap, this paper (1) offers an overview of current scholarship on places of encounter and (2) aims to provide a blueprint for future research that will explicitly interrogate where mixed-race partners meet. We organize our survey around four contexts—residential neighborhoods, workplaces, educational settings, and cyberspace—to point out productive avenues for further inquiry. In contrast to much of the literature cited in this essay and in an effort to emphasize the intersections of race and space, we advocate for new scholarship that addresses the times and places where routine, prosaic, interactions between adults can erode long-standing stereotypes and lead to meaningful relationships. In studying everyday social and spatial processes, we highlight the ...
This article reflects on the racial configuration of urban space. Previous research tends to posi... more This article reflects on the racial configuration of urban space. Previous research tends to posit racial segregation and diversity as either endpoints on a continuum of racial dominance or mirror images of one another. We argue that segregation and diversity must be jointly understood; they are necessarily related, although not inevitably as binary opposites. Our view is that the neighborhood geographies of US metropolitan areas are simultaneously and increasingly marked by both racial segregation and racial diversity. ...
The lack of correspondence between traditional economic development measures, such as GNP per cap... more The lack of correspondence between traditional economic development measures, such as GNP per capita, and human welfare measures, such as the PQLI, has been well documented in the literature. We devised and analyzed an economic development-welfare disparity measure, and found considerable geographic variability, with actual levels of human welfare much less than expected in many hliddle Eastern and African countries, given the level of economic development. Exploratory correlation and regression analysis revealed that inequalities in the distribution of economic power and governmentd expenditures contributed to the geographic variability. :\lore importantly, each region improved its standing on the development-welfare disparity measure when relevant factors were controlled via multivariate regression.
Spatial assimilation theory, the traditional framework for analyzing immigration and housing in U... more Spatial assimilation theory, the traditional framework for analyzing immigration and housing in U.S. cities, was deeply shaped by the historical-geographic contingencies of the 1950s and 1960s. Yet the most recent and forceful challenge to assimilationist research --transnational urbanism --was also influenced by distinctive contemporary circumstances and epistemological priorities, creating a tense and unproductive dichotomy. In this paper, I contend that apparently fundamental theoretical disputes are at least partially resolved through methodological pluralism: understanding continuity and change in immigrant settlement and housing patterns requires that we draw on the distinct, complementary merits of transnational urbanist and spatial assimilation models --while also recognizing the features of American urban development and race relations that create powerful incentives in the spatial trajectories of immigrant upward mobility. Brief empirical case studies examine the recent rise of homeownership among Hmong immigrants in St. Paul, Minnesota; the intensified linkages between immigration and housing stress among renters in New York City; and the neighborhood-level contradictions of national policies favoring lowwage immigration and heavily-mortgaged owner-occupancy. The nexus between housing and immigration became a central element of American urban theory in the 1950s and 1960s, but historical context made for a paradoxical conventional wisdom that reflected the intersection of numerous historical-geographical contingencies. Low immigration levels and predictable source-country trends had been underway for many years, since the restrictive immigration laws of the 1920s. As more of the first-and second-generation Europeanborn immigrants died or lost their strong connections to the 'Old Country,' once-sharp divisions began to melt into an undifferentiated American middle-class Whiteness. 1 A golden age of economic expansion, Keynesian urban policy, and rapid suburbanization --a troika that often involved the premature creative destruction of viable inner-city labor and housing markets --forged a strong connection between upward socioconomic mobility and outward spatial mobility. 2 Markets and public policy opened the first and best opportunities to whites, with those lower
... The old presumed endpoint of spatial as-similation in predominantly white residential suburbs... more ... The old presumed endpoint of spatial as-similation in predominantly white residential suburbs is also increasingly problem-atic, because of ... across international borders by si-multaneously occupying social fields in both the origin and destination countries (Glick Schiller 1999). ...
Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. ... more Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. Cities have instituted a variety of structures to facilitate this involvement, including quasi-formal neighborhood or district councils. At the same time, urban populations are changing rapidly because of multiple dynamics operating at multiple scales. Immigration, for example, continues to transform inner-city neighborhoods despite the emergence of suburban immigrant enclaves. Existing research inadequately addresses the interaction between efforts to organize neighborhood political involvement and the dynamic nature of urban populations. We examine St Paul, Minnesota—a locale with a well-established neighborhood district-council system and a vibrant and rapidly growing immigrant community. Indeed, immigrants from Southeast Asia and East Africa are moving into neighborhoods that up until the early 1990s were predominantly white. Using a multimethod empirical analysis, we argue that the ...
Gender asymmetry in mixed-race heterosexual partnerships and marriages is common. For instance, b... more Gender asymmetry in mixed-race heterosexual partnerships and marriages is common. For instance, black men marry or partner with white women at a far higher rate than white men marry or partner with black women. This article asks if such gender asymmetries relate to the racial character of the neighborhoods in which households headed by mixed-race couples live. Gendered power imbalances within households generally play into decisions about where to live or where to move (i.e., men typically benefit more than women), and we find the same in mixed-race couple arrangements and residential attainment. Gender interacts with race to produce a measurable race-by-gender effect. Specifically, we report a positive relationship between the percentage white in a neighborhood and the presence of households headed by mixed-race couples with a white male partner. The opposite holds for households headed by white-blacks and white-Latinos if the female partner is white; they are drawn to predominantl...
David H. Kaplan ∗ & Steven R. Holloway Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 4... more David H. Kaplan ∗ & Steven R. Holloway Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA; Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; ∗ Author for correspondence (Tel: 330-672-3221; Fax: 330-672-4304; E-mail: ...
This analysis considers how racial segregation affects the residential geographies of households ... more This analysis considers how racial segregation affects the residential geographies of households headed by mixed-race couples. We also become interested in assessing whether diverse households live in diverse places. To measure neighbourhood diversity, we develop a new index of diversity based on the exposure index. The analysis of 12 large US metropolitan areas finds that race (in tandem with status markers like income) and nativity provide some of the best understandings of the neighbourhood geographies of mixed-race households. The study also reveals that instead of fitting into and thus reinforcing the existing racialised urban spatial structure, some households formed by 'partnering out' live in spaces characterised by their racial diversity. We focus on the mixed-race household because such a collective constitutes a scale at which mixed-race contact takes place and a site for identity construction of individuals, partners, and the surrounding neighbourhood.
The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced peo... more The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced people to report race (or have their race reported for them) in singular and mutually exclusive categories. Under pressure from various groups, the US Office of Management and Budget (1997) instituted the new “mark one or more” system of racial classification designed to accommodate the racial claims of multiracial people in time for the 2000 Census (Perlmann and Waters 2002; Williams 2006).
This paper investigates how household-scale racial mixing affects measurements of neighborhood-sc... more This paper investigates how household-scale racial mixing affects measurements of neighborhood-scale racial segregation. This topic is increasingly important as mixed-race households are becoming more common across the United States. Specifically, our research asks two questions: What is the sensitivity of neighborhood racial segregation measures to levels of household-scale racial mixing? And what is the relationship between neighborhood racial diversity and the presence of mixed-race households? We answer ...
International Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Mixedness and Mixing, Jun 14, 2012
The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced peo... more The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced people to report race (or have their race reported for them) in singular and mutually exclusive categories. Under pressure from various groups, the US Office of Management and Budget (1997) instituted the new “mark one or more” system of racial classification designed to accommodate the racial claims of multiracial people in time for the 2000 Census (Perlmann and Waters 2002; Williams 2006). This taxonomic shift lays bare the social ...
Este estudo visou conhecer itinerários terapêuticos de sujeitos com problemáticas decorrentes do ... more Este estudo visou conhecer itinerários terapêuticos de sujeitos com problemáticas decorrentes do uso prejudicial de álcool em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para usuários de álcool e outras drogas -CAPSad. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, adotou a perspectiva etnometodológica e empregou os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas, grupo focal, observação participante e diário de campo. Os itinerários terapêuticos se configuram a partir da experiência construída, que dota de significados as vivências relacionadas ao uso de álcool e a necessidade de ajuda. Destaca-se a importância das redes sociorrelacionais, no contexto das quais são compartilhados sentidos, significados e suporte. O percurso da pesquisa mostrou a importância de se conhecerem os saberes e práticas dos sujeitos na proposição de práticas de cuidado comprometidas com produção de saúde e de vida. Palavras-chave: Itinerários terapêuticos. Transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias. Alcoolismo. Serviços comunitários de saúde mental. * Elaborado com base em Marques (2010); pesquisa aprovada pela
In the last few decades, the number of mixed-race households has increased substantially, raising... more In the last few decades, the number of mixed-race households has increased substantially, raising questions about their impact on measures of neighborhood segregation. Specifically, this paper asks two questions: What is the sensitivity of neighborhood racial segregation measures to levels of household scale racial mixing? And what is the relationship between neighborhood racial diversity and the presence of mixed-race households? We answer these questions using confidential long form data from the 1990 US census, which provides information on household racial composition at the tract scale. The results show that racial mixing within households has meaningful effects on measurements of neighborhood segregation. Additionally, we find that mixed-race households have the greatest proportional share of neighborhood diversity in the least racially diverse neighborhoods. The conclusions offer some thoughts as to the role mixed-race households may play in future neighborhood desegregation. They also argue that better understandings of mixed-race household formation and residential location are essential for comprehending neighborhood segregation dynamics more fully.
This study analyzes where households headed by Black-White, mixed-race couples live in cities. Us... more This study analyzes where households headed by Black-White, mixed-race couples live in cities. Using 2000 confidential US Census data, we investigate whether Black-White households in 12 large US metropolitan areas are more likely to be found in racially diverse neighborhoods than households headed by White or Black couples. Map analysis shows that concentrations of Black-White headed households are most often found in moderately diverse White neighborhoods. This relationship, however, varies by metropolitan context. ...
Abstract This article tests a conditional effect hypothesis which predicts that the strength and ... more Abstract This article tests a conditional effect hypothesis which predicts that the strength and magnitude of the association between racial composition and crime rates will dissipate with increasing distance of neighborhoods from public housing projects. We examine this ...
This review highlights geographical perspectives on mixed-race partnering and multiraciality in t... more This review highlights geographical perspectives on mixed-race partnering and multiraciality in the United States, explicitly calling for increased analysis at the scale of the mixed-race household. We begin with a discussion of mixed-race rhetoric and then sketch contemporary trends in mixed-race partnering and multiraciality in the US. We also weave in considerations of the public and the private and the genealogical and social constructions of race. Our challenges to current thought add to the landscape of scholarship concerned with race and space. By presenting mixed race in fresh ways, we offer new sites for intervention in this evolving literature.
Although mixed-race partnering in the United States is on the rise, scholars have paid scant atte... more Although mixed-race partnering in the United States is on the rise, scholars have paid scant attention to where people of `differently racialized parentage' (Ifekwunigwe, 2001: 46) actually meet. In an effort to help fill this gap, this paper (1) offers an overview of current scholarship on places of encounter and (2) aims to provide a blueprint for future research that will explicitly interrogate where mixed-race partners meet. We organize our survey around four contexts—residential neighborhoods, workplaces, educational settings, and cyberspace—to point out productive avenues for further inquiry. In contrast to much of the literature cited in this essay and in an effort to emphasize the intersections of race and space, we advocate for new scholarship that addresses the times and places where routine, prosaic, interactions between adults can erode long-standing stereotypes and lead to meaningful relationships. In studying everyday social and spatial processes, we highlight the ...
This article reflects on the racial configuration of urban space. Previous research tends to posi... more This article reflects on the racial configuration of urban space. Previous research tends to posit racial segregation and diversity as either endpoints on a continuum of racial dominance or mirror images of one another. We argue that segregation and diversity must be jointly understood; they are necessarily related, although not inevitably as binary opposites. Our view is that the neighborhood geographies of US metropolitan areas are simultaneously and increasingly marked by both racial segregation and racial diversity. ...
The lack of correspondence between traditional economic development measures, such as GNP per cap... more The lack of correspondence between traditional economic development measures, such as GNP per capita, and human welfare measures, such as the PQLI, has been well documented in the literature. We devised and analyzed an economic development-welfare disparity measure, and found considerable geographic variability, with actual levels of human welfare much less than expected in many hliddle Eastern and African countries, given the level of economic development. Exploratory correlation and regression analysis revealed that inequalities in the distribution of economic power and governmentd expenditures contributed to the geographic variability. :\lore importantly, each region improved its standing on the development-welfare disparity measure when relevant factors were controlled via multivariate regression.
Spatial assimilation theory, the traditional framework for analyzing immigration and housing in U... more Spatial assimilation theory, the traditional framework for analyzing immigration and housing in U.S. cities, was deeply shaped by the historical-geographic contingencies of the 1950s and 1960s. Yet the most recent and forceful challenge to assimilationist research --transnational urbanism --was also influenced by distinctive contemporary circumstances and epistemological priorities, creating a tense and unproductive dichotomy. In this paper, I contend that apparently fundamental theoretical disputes are at least partially resolved through methodological pluralism: understanding continuity and change in immigrant settlement and housing patterns requires that we draw on the distinct, complementary merits of transnational urbanist and spatial assimilation models --while also recognizing the features of American urban development and race relations that create powerful incentives in the spatial trajectories of immigrant upward mobility. Brief empirical case studies examine the recent rise of homeownership among Hmong immigrants in St. Paul, Minnesota; the intensified linkages between immigration and housing stress among renters in New York City; and the neighborhood-level contradictions of national policies favoring lowwage immigration and heavily-mortgaged owner-occupancy. The nexus between housing and immigration became a central element of American urban theory in the 1950s and 1960s, but historical context made for a paradoxical conventional wisdom that reflected the intersection of numerous historical-geographical contingencies. Low immigration levels and predictable source-country trends had been underway for many years, since the restrictive immigration laws of the 1920s. As more of the first-and second-generation Europeanborn immigrants died or lost their strong connections to the 'Old Country,' once-sharp divisions began to melt into an undifferentiated American middle-class Whiteness. 1 A golden age of economic expansion, Keynesian urban policy, and rapid suburbanization --a troika that often involved the premature creative destruction of viable inner-city labor and housing markets --forged a strong connection between upward socioconomic mobility and outward spatial mobility. 2 Markets and public policy opened the first and best opportunities to whites, with those lower
... The old presumed endpoint of spatial as-similation in predominantly white residential suburbs... more ... The old presumed endpoint of spatial as-similation in predominantly white residential suburbs is also increasingly problem-atic, because of ... across international borders by si-multaneously occupying social fields in both the origin and destination countries (Glick Schiller 1999). ...
Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. ... more Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. Cities have instituted a variety of structures to facilitate this involvement, including quasi-formal neighborhood or district councils. At the same time, urban populations are changing rapidly because of multiple dynamics operating at multiple scales. Immigration, for example, continues to transform inner-city neighborhoods despite the emergence of suburban immigrant enclaves. Existing research inadequately addresses the interaction between efforts to organize neighborhood political involvement and the dynamic nature of urban populations. We examine St Paul, Minnesota—a locale with a well-established neighborhood district-council system and a vibrant and rapidly growing immigrant community. Indeed, immigrants from Southeast Asia and East Africa are moving into neighborhoods that up until the early 1990s were predominantly white. Using a multimethod empirical analysis, we argue that the ...
Gender asymmetry in mixed-race heterosexual partnerships and marriages is common. For instance, b... more Gender asymmetry in mixed-race heterosexual partnerships and marriages is common. For instance, black men marry or partner with white women at a far higher rate than white men marry or partner with black women. This article asks if such gender asymmetries relate to the racial character of the neighborhoods in which households headed by mixed-race couples live. Gendered power imbalances within households generally play into decisions about where to live or where to move (i.e., men typically benefit more than women), and we find the same in mixed-race couple arrangements and residential attainment. Gender interacts with race to produce a measurable race-by-gender effect. Specifically, we report a positive relationship between the percentage white in a neighborhood and the presence of households headed by mixed-race couples with a white male partner. The opposite holds for households headed by white-blacks and white-Latinos if the female partner is white; they are drawn to predominantl...
David H. Kaplan ∗ & Steven R. Holloway Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 4... more David H. Kaplan ∗ & Steven R. Holloway Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA; Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; ∗ Author for correspondence (Tel: 330-672-3221; Fax: 330-672-4304; E-mail: ...
This analysis considers how racial segregation affects the residential geographies of households ... more This analysis considers how racial segregation affects the residential geographies of households headed by mixed-race couples. We also become interested in assessing whether diverse households live in diverse places. To measure neighbourhood diversity, we develop a new index of diversity based on the exposure index. The analysis of 12 large US metropolitan areas finds that race (in tandem with status markers like income) and nativity provide some of the best understandings of the neighbourhood geographies of mixed-race households. The study also reveals that instead of fitting into and thus reinforcing the existing racialised urban spatial structure, some households formed by 'partnering out' live in spaces characterised by their racial diversity. We focus on the mixed-race household because such a collective constitutes a scale at which mixed-race contact takes place and a site for identity construction of individuals, partners, and the surrounding neighbourhood.
The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced peo... more The racial categorization systems used by the United States Census until the mid-1990s forced people to report race (or have their race reported for them) in singular and mutually exclusive categories. Under pressure from various groups, the US Office of Management and Budget (1997) instituted the new “mark one or more” system of racial classification designed to accommodate the racial claims of multiracial people in time for the 2000 Census (Perlmann and Waters 2002; Williams 2006).
This paper investigates how household-scale racial mixing affects measurements of neighborhood-sc... more This paper investigates how household-scale racial mixing affects measurements of neighborhood-scale racial segregation. This topic is increasingly important as mixed-race households are becoming more common across the United States. Specifically, our research asks two questions: What is the sensitivity of neighborhood racial segregation measures to levels of household-scale racial mixing? And what is the relationship between neighborhood racial diversity and the presence of mixed-race households? We answer ...
Abstract In the last few decades, the number of mixed-race households has increased substantially... more Abstract In the last few decades, the number of mixed-race households has increased substantially, raising questions about their impact on measures of neighborhood segregation. Specifically, this paper asks two questions: What is the sensitivity of neighborhood racial segregation measures to levels of household scale racial mixing? And what is the relationship between neighborhood racial diversity and the presence of mixed-race households?
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