Comunicação Social

This edition collects a diversity of papers on colonial representations in journalism, Portuguese performance art, cinema and television. It also addresses questions about present day post-colonial relations with examples regarding the uses of internet and social media for the present construction of colonial memories as well as for critical and political purposes, such is the case of Papuans under the present Indonesian domain. Some accounts on new colonial forms emerge in articles about the journalistic mediatization of poverty, about  CPLP in Brazilian  news and the perpetuation of gender inequalities reinforcing colonial past orders.
This issue was organised by me and Ana Cabrera.

Esta edição reune artigos diversos sobre a temática das representações coloniais no jornalismo, na arte da performance, no cinema e na televisão, bem como questiona as atuais relações pós-coloniais com exemplos relativos à construção presente de memórias coloniais passadas através das redes sociais e da internet, às representações de género no jornalismo contemporâneo como continuação de formas hegemónicas passadas, ou à afirmação de identidades a partir de redes sociais (caso dos povos da Papua face ao domínio indonésio).

Resumo Neste trabalho, foi analisada a construção discursiva da indignação na edição de 26 de outubro de 2011 de Veja, revista semanal de informação geral de maior tiragem no Brasil. Propôs-se, para isso, uma abordagem do pathos discursivo a partir da interlocução entre os estudos da análise do discurso, da retórica e da semiótica. Com base nesse quadro teórico-metodológico, estruturas narrativas e valores morais que fundamentariam efeitos patêmicos no discurso da publicação foram relacionados ao fazer argumentativo que permeia a relação entre a revista e seu público de leitores. Abstract In this paper, it was analyzed the discursive construction of indignation in the 26 th October number of Veja, the information magazine with the greater circulation in Brazil. To achieve that goal, it was proposed an approach of discursive pathos based on the dialogue between discourse analysis, rhetoric and semiotics. Considering that theoretical and methodological framework, narrative structures and moral values that base pathemic effects on the publication discourse were associated with the argumentative dimension in the relationship between the magazine and its public.

Based on Brazilian news media narratives about " everyday " death, such as traffic accidents, crimes, etc., this paper approaches the temporal features of journalism, based on concepts such as Koselleck´s " horizon of expectations " and " space of experience " , and Ricoeur's " narrative " and " mimesis ". It focuses especially on the relations that built social memory and come from the intertwining of the worlds brought forth by news narratives and those of their readers. Thus, this paper attempts to grasp the reflexive relations between news narratives and everyday life. In choosing death as a main theme of investigation, it takes into account that death has the quality of being a peculiar and potentially disruptive social event. For death is seen as a defying meaning event which newsworthiness depends on an association with some other rather common themes, such as the overcoming of loss and pain, road conditions the behavior of car drivers, the heroism or flaws of the police force, and so on. However, those common news precisely create a remarkable tension between remembering and forgetting, since, for instance, each news story about a crime does not often tell its readers about previous ones. Thus, all recollecting of past similar events depends mostly on the readers' ability to remember and associate characters and stories, i.e., to produce meaning for the present. The arguments presented by the authors came from a methodological exercise which consisted in experiencing news narratives about death on their everyday routine. That exercise was based on the assumptions that: 1) the media do not have a unilateral role in " creating " audience interest in a particular event or issue, nor in making them visible according to their own, exclusive criteria; 2) one's contact to media products and narratives is a regular, daily-based routine which is part of everyday life.

Minas Gerais en Belo Horizonte (Brasil) ([email protected]) (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6937-6976) Dr. Carlos-Alberto de-Carvalho es Profesor del Programa de Posgrado en Comunicación de la Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais en Belo Horizonte (Brasil) ([email protected]) (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8433-8794) Dr. Elton Antunes es Profesor en el Programa del Posgrado en Comunicación de la Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais en Belo Horizonte (Brasil) ([email protected]) (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5265-6584) RESUMEN Este artículo indaga sobre la capacidad que tienen los medios de comunicación para incorporar controversias que circulan en la esfera pública. Para eso, se basa en el análisis de un conjunto de 607 relatos periodísticos sobre violencias contra mujeres en con-textos de relaciones de género y de proximidad, recolectados en nueve medios brasileños durante los años 2013 y 2014. Reconocido como uno de los países con más altos índices de violencia contra las mujeres, Brasil aprobó en las últimas décadas leyes destinadas a proteger a las víctimas y a agravar las condenas de los agresores, procesos que resultaron de intensos debates promovidos por feministas, investigadores y otros actores sociales comprometidos con la defensa de los derechos humanos. Los relatos recolectados fueron publicados en los años inmediatamente anteriores a la promulgación de la Ley del Feminicidio, en 2015. Abordados a través de una combinación de metodologías, como análisis de contenido y análisis de narrativa, los relatos periodísticos muestran a los medios todavía poco permeables al entendimiento de las violencias contra mujeres como resultado de relaciones de género, prevaleciendo enfoques de crímenes rutinarios y/o fútiles. Por lo tanto, el análisis hace posible percibir que los medios de comunicación están algunos pasos detrás de las acciones y debates que se dan en espacios académicos, por movimientos feministas y otros actores sociales que en Brasil se ocupan de este problema, elevándolo a la dimensión de contro-versia. ABSTRACT This paper explores the capacity of the media to incorporate controversies in circulation in the public sphere. For that, it is based on the analysis of a set of 607 news stories about violence against women in context of gender relations and proximity, collected in nine Brazilian media during the years of 2013 and 2014. Recognized as one of the countries with the highest rates of violence against women, in recent decades Brazil has passed laws aimed at protecting victims and aggravating the convictions of perpetrators, which were the result of intense debates promoted by feminists, researchers and others social actors involved in the guarantee of human rights. The collected news stories were published in the years immediately prior to the promulgation of the Feminicide Law, in 2015. Analyzed through a combination of methodologies, such as content analysis and narrative analysis, the collected news stories show that Brazilian news media are still little permeable to illuminating tendencies of violence against women as a result of gender relations, prevailing approaches that present them as routine and/or futile crimes. Therefore, the analysis makes it possible to perceive that the media are some steps behind the actions and debates that elevate this issue to a dimension of controversy, as those held in academic spaces, by feminist movements and other social actors in Brazil.

This paper explores the capacity of the media to incorporate controversies in circulation in the public sphere. For that, it is based on the analysis of a set of 607 news stories about violence against women in context of gender relations and proximity, collected in nine Brazilian media during the years of 2013 and 2014. Recognized as one of the countries with the highest rates of violence against women, in recent decades Brazil has passed laws aimed at protecting victims and aggravating the convictions of perpetrators, which were the result of intense debates promoted by feminists, researchers and others social actors involved in the guarantee of human rights. The collected news stories were published in the years immediately prior to the promulgation of the Feminicide Law, in 2015. Analyzed through a combination of methodologies, such as content analysis and narrative analysis, the collected news stories show that Brazilian news media are still little permeable to illuminating tendencies of violence against women as a result of gender relations, prevailing approaches that present them as routine and/or futile crimes. Therefore, the analysis makes it possible to perceive that the media are some steps behind the actions and debates that elevate this issue to a dimension of controversy, as those held in academic spaces, by feminist movements and other social actors in Brazil. RESUMEN Este artículo indaga sobre la capacidad que tienen los medios de comunicación para incorporar controversias que circulan en la esfera pública. Para eso, se basa en el análisis de un conjunto de 607 relatos periodísticos sobre violencias contra mujeres en con-textos de relaciones de género y de proximidad, recolectados en nueve medios brasileños durante los años 2013 y 2014. Reconocido como uno de los países con más altos índices de violencia contra las mujeres, Brasil aprobó en las últimas décadas leyes destinadas a proteger a las víctimas y a agravar las condenas de los agresores, procesos que resultaron de intensos debates promovidos por feministas, investigadores y otros actores sociales comprometidos con la defensa de los derechos humanos. Los relatos recolectados fueron publicados en los años inmediatamente anteriores a la promulgación de la Ley del Feminicidio, en 2015. Abordados a través de una combinación de metodologías, como análisis de contenido y análisis de narrativa, los relatos periodísticos muestran a los medios todavía poco permeables al entendimiento de las violencias contra mujeres como resultado de relaciones de género, prevaleciendo enfoques de crímenes rutinarios y/o fútiles. Por lo tanto, el análisis hace posible percibir que los medios de comunicación están algunos pasos detrás de las acciones y debates que se dan en espacios académicos, por movimientos feministas y otros actores sociales que en Brasil se ocupan de este problema, elevándolo a la dimensión de contro-versia. 20 1. Introduction The many expressions of physical and symbolic violence against women have mobilized Brazilian society in significant ways in the last two decades. This includes discussions based on academic studies; on the militancy of different feminist groups, with perspectives that are not always coincident; on legal provocations seen in judgments led by many courts; on the actions of human rights organizations; on governmental programs; and on many others endeavors carried out by social actors and actresses. Abortion, rape, prejudice related to sexuality, race and economic stratum, murders in relationships of proximity or motivated by other gender dynamics and physical and symbolic violence are examples of issues that reach out Brazilian public sphere with different intensity-levels, as well as the multiple sensitization powers held by the media or by the mediatic public sphere (Gomes, 2008; Peñamarín, 2014). Given its urgency, severity and complexity, gender violence acquires a clear status of a relatively long-lasting social controversy (Venturini, 2012). The intense debate that it has been generating within the Brazilian public sphere has even allowed the elaboration of two major laws. The " Maria da Penha " Law, from 2006, aims to curb violence against women by applying protective measures that, for example, alienate aggressive men and force them, when legally punished, to participate in-group dynamics to discuss violence against women and to develop means to avoid it (Blay, 2014; Beiras & Nascimento, 2017). A point that suggests its relation with the public debates about violence against women in the Brazilian public sphere is that the law was named after Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes, a woman who was, for many years, a victim of aggression by her husband. He tried to murder her and, in the end, made her a paraplegic. Since then, Maria da Penha managed to call up major sectors of the public sphere, whose pressures culminated in the approval of this legal instrument. There is also the Feminicide Law, from 2015, which qualifies murder crimes from a gender variable, leading to changes in the Brazilian Penal Code. The law includes feminicide among the " heinous crimes " , an expression used in Brazilian Law to designate the crimes with the most aggravated penalties. The social and political processes that led to the existence of these laws certainly continue until now, since their implementation requires behavior changes from the lawmakers, as well as a set of actions that involve the State and many social actors and actresses. Looking at their effectiveness, we can assume that the public debates about the implementation of these legal instruments have led, particularly in the case of " Maria da Penha " Law, to a reduction, albeit timid, in the cases of violence against women. The research data collected by the Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada [Institute of Applied Economic Research] points out that elements like the available infrastructure for women victims of aggression care, the cultural disparities between Brazilian regions, and other variables, all interfere in analyzing the impact of the laws. Despite that, We consider that the LMP [Maria da Penha Law] affected the behavior of aggressors and victims based in three aspects: 1) It raised the penalties for the aggressors; (2) It amplified empowerment and security conditions for victims to report; (3) It improved the jurisdictional mechanisms, allowing the criminal justice system to answer cases of domestic violence more effectively (Cerqueira & al., 2015: 32). The battle against gender-based violence, however, is by no means coming to a disclosure and Brazil presents an alarming data on murders of women. According to the data compiled by Waiselfisz (2015), the country is the fifth in a global ranking of female homicides that includes 83 nations. Only El Salvador, Colombia and Guatemala (Latin American countries) and the Russian Federation surpassed the 4.8 homicides per 100,000 women presented by Brazil. These numbers are 48 times bigger than the ones observed in the United Kingdom, for example. Another research, carried out by the Perseu Abramo Foundation and the Social Service of Commerce (Venturi & Godinho, 2013) in 2010, affirms that every two minutes, five women are beaten in Brazil. These numbers do not include death registers, but they help to enlighten the background of systematic violence in which the violence occurs. It is the same as saying that, by the end of each day, men in Brazil have injured approximately 3,600 women who lived together with them. Thus, it seems to us that understanding the complexity and the variety of the possible aggressions, as well as the connections between them, is decisive for comprehending gender violence and the murder of women, acknowledging that " femicide is the end point in the anti-female terror continuum that includes a wide range of verbal and physical abuse " (Pasinato, 2011: 224). Facing such controversy, what role has the Brazilian media been playing? Is it effectively present or does it act in an elusive way, positioning itself distant from public debates and other agents in the public sphere? International literature on the subject (