The article focuses on the international environment, which is one of the main variables in the i... more The article focuses on the international environment, which is one of the main variables in the internationalization process of firms from the perspective of international entrepreneurship. The main goal of this study is the identification of the key factors in the internationalization of the firms, inherent in the international environment, and the exploration of the impact of these factors on the process of the internationalization of Polish firms. The paper presents the partial results of a survey based on a sample of 355 companies operating in Poland. The questionnaire was completed in 2015 as a part of the OPUS 4 project as carried out at the Cracow University of Economics. Using information from Polish companies, the study finds that pull factors have a positive influence on the level of internationalization of the examined businesses. Production companies are the main beneficiaries of the internationalization process and Polish born globals take advantage of their adjustments to the ecology. The results presented in the article are just a starting point for further analyses, including not only the simple seven-dimensional PLESCET approach, but also the process of organizational learning, the accumulation of knowledge coming from the environment, and the taking advantage of environmental opportunities.
English-language editing of that article was financed under Agreement 672/ P-DUN /2019 with funds... more English-language editing of that article was financed under Agreement 672/ P-DUN /2019 with funds from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education allocated to the popularization of science.
The main objective of this paper is to identify and examine the main factors which affect the cho... more The main objective of this paper is to identify and examine the main factors which affect the choice of Incoterms® rules that are used in international sales contracts by enterprises operating in Poland. Research Design & Methods: Mixed methods research was conducted to achieve this goal. The methods applied include the critical review of existing literature on Incoterms® and their use in international sales contracts and a survey carried out among export/import managers of companies operating in Poland. Findings: Results of this study proved that there are many external and internal factors to consider in the Incoterms® selection process, which can affect cost, risks, liabilities and formalities of international transactions. The main problem faced by many companies is making incorrect or decisions on Incoterms®, as traders often underestimate their potential, misuse or apply certain terms too much, choosing them without much reflection and continuing to use the same Incoterms® even if other conditions of transactions differ significantly. The fact that most of companies don't consider domestic and foreign competition as a factor strongly affecting their decisions on Incoterms® may suggest that the use of Incoterms® as a strategic tool for building competitive advantage is often underestimated. Also, many traders seem to be mainly focused on cost of transportation but do not see the link between Incoterms® and terms of payment or other financial aspects of transaction. The results revealed also that the selection of Incoterms® is often considered as a difficult task because of the insufficient knowledge on the topic and that entrepreneurs point out the need for further training that would increase their knowledge and skills in the proper use of Incoterms®. Implications & Recommendations: The obtained results can be used both by entrepreneurs making decisions about Incoterms®, who need guidance on their correct application. They also give indications for the education sector on how to better respond to the need for expanding knowledge and skills about Incoterms®, especially with respect to Incoterms® selection and its determinants, by shaping its educational offer appropriately. Contribution & Value Added: The research provides deeper understanding and fills the gap in knowledge regarding Incoterms® and their appropriate use in international trade. It considers different factors affecting decisions on selection of Incoterms® made by companies operating in Poland. Article type: research article
In today's economy, entrepreneurship is considered an important determinant of economic, tech... more In today's economy, entrepreneurship is considered an important determinant of economic, technological and social development, therefore education in this area, shaping active attitudes and intentions, especially among young people, is an important challenge facing the entire education system, covering all its stages, going beyond its traditional framework and taking into account the assumptions of the lifelong learning concept...
The study constitutes a part of scientific research carried out at the Department of Foreign Trad... more The study constitutes a part of scientific research carried out at the Department of Foreign Trade of Cracow University of Economics as a part of project no. 061/WE-KHZ/02/2017/S/7061entitles "Competitiveness in the macro, meso, and micro perspective" financed from the funds granted to the Faculty of Economics and International Relations of the Cracow University of Economics within the subsidy program to maintain research potential.
Cel naukowy: Celem artykulu jest przedstawienie i proba oceny umiejetności zawodowych w zakresie ... more Cel naukowy: Celem artykulu jest przedstawienie i proba oceny umiejetności zawodowych w zakresie handlu miedzynarodowego studentow Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie. Problem i metody badawcze: Podstawowym problemem zaprezentowanym w artykule są umiejetności zawodowe w zakresie handlu miedzynarodowego w odniesieniu do zdobywanej wiedzy i warunkow rynku pracy. W artykule wykorzystano tradycyjne studia literaturowe z elementami krytycznej analizy zebranych materialow, opisową analize przypadku (analiza jakościowa) oraz elementy analizy ilościowej (proste wskaźniki statystyczne). Proces wywodu: W cześci teoretycznej na podstawie studiow nad literaturą przedmiotu sformulowano wnioski dotyczące umiejetności zawodowych i przeprowadzono przegląd badan w tym obszarze. Cześc empiryczna opiera sie na analizie specjalności handel zagraniczny w zakresie osiąganych efektow ksztalcenia i ksztaltowania umiejetności zawodowych. Wyniki analizy naukowej: W literaturze przedmiotu brak jest dotychc...
The article focuses on the international environment, which is one of the main variables in the i... more The article focuses on the international environment, which is one of the main variables in the internationalization process of firms from the perspective of international entrepreneurship. The main goal of this study is the identification of the key factors in the internationalization of the firms, inherent in the international environment, and the exploration of the impact of these factors on the process of the internationalization of Polish firms. The paper presents the partial results of a survey based on a sample of 355 companies operating in Poland. The questionnaire was completed in 2015 as a part of the OPUS 4 project as carried out at the Cracow University of Economics. Using information from Polish companies, the study finds that pull factors have a positive influence on the level of internationalization of the examined businesses. Production companies are the main beneficiaries of the internationalization process and Polish born globals take advantage of their adjustments to the ecology. The results presented in the article are just a starting point for further analyses, including not only the simple seven-dimensional PLESCET approach, but also the process of organizational learning, the accumulation of knowledge coming from the environment, and the taking advantage of environmental opportunities.
English-language editing of that article was financed under Agreement 672/ P-DUN /2019 with funds... more English-language editing of that article was financed under Agreement 672/ P-DUN /2019 with funds from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education allocated to the popularization of science.
The main objective of this paper is to identify and examine the main factors which affect the cho... more The main objective of this paper is to identify and examine the main factors which affect the choice of Incoterms® rules that are used in international sales contracts by enterprises operating in Poland. Research Design & Methods: Mixed methods research was conducted to achieve this goal. The methods applied include the critical review of existing literature on Incoterms® and their use in international sales contracts and a survey carried out among export/import managers of companies operating in Poland. Findings: Results of this study proved that there are many external and internal factors to consider in the Incoterms® selection process, which can affect cost, risks, liabilities and formalities of international transactions. The main problem faced by many companies is making incorrect or decisions on Incoterms®, as traders often underestimate their potential, misuse or apply certain terms too much, choosing them without much reflection and continuing to use the same Incoterms® even if other conditions of transactions differ significantly. The fact that most of companies don't consider domestic and foreign competition as a factor strongly affecting their decisions on Incoterms® may suggest that the use of Incoterms® as a strategic tool for building competitive advantage is often underestimated. Also, many traders seem to be mainly focused on cost of transportation but do not see the link between Incoterms® and terms of payment or other financial aspects of transaction. The results revealed also that the selection of Incoterms® is often considered as a difficult task because of the insufficient knowledge on the topic and that entrepreneurs point out the need for further training that would increase their knowledge and skills in the proper use of Incoterms®. Implications & Recommendations: The obtained results can be used both by entrepreneurs making decisions about Incoterms®, who need guidance on their correct application. They also give indications for the education sector on how to better respond to the need for expanding knowledge and skills about Incoterms®, especially with respect to Incoterms® selection and its determinants, by shaping its educational offer appropriately. Contribution & Value Added: The research provides deeper understanding and fills the gap in knowledge regarding Incoterms® and their appropriate use in international trade. It considers different factors affecting decisions on selection of Incoterms® made by companies operating in Poland. Article type: research article
In today's economy, entrepreneurship is considered an important determinant of economic, tech... more In today's economy, entrepreneurship is considered an important determinant of economic, technological and social development, therefore education in this area, shaping active attitudes and intentions, especially among young people, is an important challenge facing the entire education system, covering all its stages, going beyond its traditional framework and taking into account the assumptions of the lifelong learning concept...
The study constitutes a part of scientific research carried out at the Department of Foreign Trad... more The study constitutes a part of scientific research carried out at the Department of Foreign Trade of Cracow University of Economics as a part of project no. 061/WE-KHZ/02/2017/S/7061entitles "Competitiveness in the macro, meso, and micro perspective" financed from the funds granted to the Faculty of Economics and International Relations of the Cracow University of Economics within the subsidy program to maintain research potential.
Cel naukowy: Celem artykulu jest przedstawienie i proba oceny umiejetności zawodowych w zakresie ... more Cel naukowy: Celem artykulu jest przedstawienie i proba oceny umiejetności zawodowych w zakresie handlu miedzynarodowego studentow Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie. Problem i metody badawcze: Podstawowym problemem zaprezentowanym w artykule są umiejetności zawodowe w zakresie handlu miedzynarodowego w odniesieniu do zdobywanej wiedzy i warunkow rynku pracy. W artykule wykorzystano tradycyjne studia literaturowe z elementami krytycznej analizy zebranych materialow, opisową analize przypadku (analiza jakościowa) oraz elementy analizy ilościowej (proste wskaźniki statystyczne). Proces wywodu: W cześci teoretycznej na podstawie studiow nad literaturą przedmiotu sformulowano wnioski dotyczące umiejetności zawodowych i przeprowadzono przegląd badan w tym obszarze. Cześc empiryczna opiera sie na analizie specjalności handel zagraniczny w zakresie osiąganych efektow ksztalcenia i ksztaltowania umiejetności zawodowych. Wyniki analizy naukowej: W literaturze przedmiotu brak jest dotychc...
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