Academic Journal of Research in Economics and Management, 2014
ABSTRACT he role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One ... more ABSTRACT he role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One of these parts is the doctrine of impossibility and unexpected circumstances. Fault regime is more equitable than other regimes such as strict liability, because it doesnt impose the whole liability on the promisor but impose it on the person who is at fault. According to the doctrine of impossibility, if the promisor is able to predict the accident but avoid doing this, he will be obliged to compensate the promisee for the total loss. And if the promiseeis in a better position to predict the accidents but avoids doing this, he is at fault and will be deprived of receiving damages to the extent of his fault. If no one is at fault, the promisor should pay the reliance damages to the promisee in order to return him to the situation that he had before the conclusion of the contract. Keywords: The law of contract, unexpected circumstances, the doctrine of impossibility (impracticability)
Environmental Liability - Law, Policy and Practice, 2021
This review offers a survey of legal responses to climate change. The majority of lawsuits invol... more This review offers a survey of legal responses to climate change. The majority of lawsuits involve private plaintiffs suing defendant governments and reveal a number of positive trends, including holding governments accountable to international instruments, building synergies with human rights legislation, linking climate change to the economic and developmental sectors and applying the doctrine of public trust.
Some developing countries are keen on using carbon capture and storage to mitigate climate change... more Some developing countries are keen on using carbon capture and storage to mitigate climate change, partly as a result of the climate commitments made by States under the Paris Agreement. One of the main pillars of the Agreement, which determines the climate duties and rights of States, is the concept of differentiation. The Agreement articulates the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in the light of different national circumstances by customizing commitments to the specificities of each of the Durban pillars-mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacitybuilding. This article considers to what extent the modernized concept of differentiation is reflected in the provisions on mitigation, financial and technical supports and capacity building under the Agreement and how this may influence the deployment of carbon capture and storage in developing countries. While the Agreement represents a significant shift away from the traditional differentiation approach, the obligation to provide financial and technological support for mitigation efforts continues to fall predominantly on developed states. The innovative endeavours pertaining to expanding the mitigation commitments to both parties, the concept of 'progression', encouraging 'other Parties' to provide finance voluntarily, and introducing funding goals may have a positive influence on carbon capture and storage development projects in the future.
نقش تقصیر در بخش¬های مختلف حقوق قراردادهای ایالات متحده آمریکا غیر قابل انکار است. یکی از این موا... more نقش تقصیر در بخش¬های مختلف حقوق قراردادهای ایالات متحده آمریکا غیر قابل انکار است. یکی از این موارد دکترین عدم امکان اجرا و اوضاع و احوال غیر قابل پیش¬بینی است. نظام مسئولیت مبتنی بر تقصیر عادلانه¬تر از سایر نظام¬های مسئولیت از جمله نظام مسئولیت مطلق است، زیرا مسئولیت را بر فرد متعهد تحمیل ننموده و ضمان را بر عهده فرد مقصر قرار می¬دهد. مطابق با دکترین عدم امکان اجرا، اگر متعهد امکان پیش¬بینی وقوع حادثه را داشته اما از انجام این وظیفه امتناع نموده باشد ملزم به جبران خسارت کامل متعهدله است و اگر متعهدله در شرایط بهتری برای پیش¬¬بینی وقوع حادثه و جلوگیری از آن بوده اما این کار را نکرده باشد مقصر بوده و به میزان تقصیر خویش از دریافت خسارت محروم خواهد شد. در صورتی که هیچ یک از طرفین نیز تقصیری مرتکب نشده باشند متعهد ملزم به پرداخت خسارت اتکایی به متعهدله است که وی را به وضعیت پیش از انعقاد قرارداد بازگرداند. واژگان کلیدی: حقوق قراردادها، اوضاع و احوال غیر قابل پیش بینی، دکترین عدم امکان اجرا، تقصیر، خسارت اتکایی
Environmental Law and Management - Volume 31 - Issue 5, 2019
Numerous reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change have proposed carbon capture an... more Numerous reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have proposed carbon capture and storage deployment as a key climate change mitigation option. Lack of adequate and consistent support for it has, however, contributed to the slow pace of deployment to date. Enjoying near-universal membership, the Paris Agreement was adopted in December 2015 as the cornerstone for global cooperation on climate change. To date, 10 nationally determined contributions comprise carbon capture and storage deployment as a mitigation option in the drive to achieve the international community’s climate goals. The degree to which the Paris Agreement will succeed in accelerating such deployment remains unclear despite the clear potential of carbon capture and storage to meet the agreement’s goals. This study assesses the extent to which the Paris Agreement’s key concepts and provisions in this area facilitate the utilization of carbon capture and storage technology and the way in which the agreement may influence steps taken to develop and deploy this technology. In this context, the central concepts of the agreement are ‘ambition’ and ‘differentiation’. The study comprises a detailed critical analysis of the Paris Agreement’s most relevant provisions and offers a set of recommendations for the expansion of carbon capture and storage projects under its terms.
The role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One of these... more The role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One of these parts is the doctrine of impossibility and unexpected circumstances. Fault regime is more equitable than other regimes such as strict liability, because it doesn`t impose the whole liability on the promisor but impose it on the person who is at fault. According to the doctrine of impossibility, if the promisor is able to predict the accident but avoid doing this, he will be obliged to compensate the promisee for the total loss. And if the promiseeis in a better position to predict the accidents but avoids doing this, he is at fault and will be deprived of receiving damages to the extent of his fault. If no one is at fault, the promisor should pay the reliance damages to the promisee in order to return him to the situation that he had before the conclusion of the contract. Keywords: The law of contract, unexpected circumstances, the doctrine of impossibility (impracticability)
Academic Journal of Research in Economics and Management, 2014
ABSTRACT he role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One ... more ABSTRACT he role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One of these parts is the doctrine of impossibility and unexpected circumstances. Fault regime is more equitable than other regimes such as strict liability, because it doesnt impose the whole liability on the promisor but impose it on the person who is at fault. According to the doctrine of impossibility, if the promisor is able to predict the accident but avoid doing this, he will be obliged to compensate the promisee for the total loss. And if the promiseeis in a better position to predict the accidents but avoids doing this, he is at fault and will be deprived of receiving damages to the extent of his fault. If no one is at fault, the promisor should pay the reliance damages to the promisee in order to return him to the situation that he had before the conclusion of the contract. Keywords: The law of contract, unexpected circumstances, the doctrine of impossibility (impracticability)
Environmental Liability - Law, Policy and Practice, 2021
This review offers a survey of legal responses to climate change. The majority of lawsuits invol... more This review offers a survey of legal responses to climate change. The majority of lawsuits involve private plaintiffs suing defendant governments and reveal a number of positive trends, including holding governments accountable to international instruments, building synergies with human rights legislation, linking climate change to the economic and developmental sectors and applying the doctrine of public trust.
Some developing countries are keen on using carbon capture and storage to mitigate climate change... more Some developing countries are keen on using carbon capture and storage to mitigate climate change, partly as a result of the climate commitments made by States under the Paris Agreement. One of the main pillars of the Agreement, which determines the climate duties and rights of States, is the concept of differentiation. The Agreement articulates the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in the light of different national circumstances by customizing commitments to the specificities of each of the Durban pillars-mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacitybuilding. This article considers to what extent the modernized concept of differentiation is reflected in the provisions on mitigation, financial and technical supports and capacity building under the Agreement and how this may influence the deployment of carbon capture and storage in developing countries. While the Agreement represents a significant shift away from the traditional differentiation approach, the obligation to provide financial and technological support for mitigation efforts continues to fall predominantly on developed states. The innovative endeavours pertaining to expanding the mitigation commitments to both parties, the concept of 'progression', encouraging 'other Parties' to provide finance voluntarily, and introducing funding goals may have a positive influence on carbon capture and storage development projects in the future.
نقش تقصیر در بخش¬های مختلف حقوق قراردادهای ایالات متحده آمریکا غیر قابل انکار است. یکی از این موا... more نقش تقصیر در بخش¬های مختلف حقوق قراردادهای ایالات متحده آمریکا غیر قابل انکار است. یکی از این موارد دکترین عدم امکان اجرا و اوضاع و احوال غیر قابل پیش¬بینی است. نظام مسئولیت مبتنی بر تقصیر عادلانه¬تر از سایر نظام¬های مسئولیت از جمله نظام مسئولیت مطلق است، زیرا مسئولیت را بر فرد متعهد تحمیل ننموده و ضمان را بر عهده فرد مقصر قرار می¬دهد. مطابق با دکترین عدم امکان اجرا، اگر متعهد امکان پیش¬بینی وقوع حادثه را داشته اما از انجام این وظیفه امتناع نموده باشد ملزم به جبران خسارت کامل متعهدله است و اگر متعهدله در شرایط بهتری برای پیش¬¬بینی وقوع حادثه و جلوگیری از آن بوده اما این کار را نکرده باشد مقصر بوده و به میزان تقصیر خویش از دریافت خسارت محروم خواهد شد. در صورتی که هیچ یک از طرفین نیز تقصیری مرتکب نشده باشند متعهد ملزم به پرداخت خسارت اتکایی به متعهدله است که وی را به وضعیت پیش از انعقاد قرارداد بازگرداند. واژگان کلیدی: حقوق قراردادها، اوضاع و احوال غیر قابل پیش بینی، دکترین عدم امکان اجرا، تقصیر، خسارت اتکایی
Environmental Law and Management - Volume 31 - Issue 5, 2019
Numerous reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change have proposed carbon capture an... more Numerous reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have proposed carbon capture and storage deployment as a key climate change mitigation option. Lack of adequate and consistent support for it has, however, contributed to the slow pace of deployment to date. Enjoying near-universal membership, the Paris Agreement was adopted in December 2015 as the cornerstone for global cooperation on climate change. To date, 10 nationally determined contributions comprise carbon capture and storage deployment as a mitigation option in the drive to achieve the international community’s climate goals. The degree to which the Paris Agreement will succeed in accelerating such deployment remains unclear despite the clear potential of carbon capture and storage to meet the agreement’s goals. This study assesses the extent to which the Paris Agreement’s key concepts and provisions in this area facilitate the utilization of carbon capture and storage technology and the way in which the agreement may influence steps taken to develop and deploy this technology. In this context, the central concepts of the agreement are ‘ambition’ and ‘differentiation’. The study comprises a detailed critical analysis of the Paris Agreement’s most relevant provisions and offers a set of recommendations for the expansion of carbon capture and storage projects under its terms.
The role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One of these... more The role of fault is undeniable in different parts of the law of contracts in U.S.A. One of these parts is the doctrine of impossibility and unexpected circumstances. Fault regime is more equitable than other regimes such as strict liability, because it doesn`t impose the whole liability on the promisor but impose it on the person who is at fault. According to the doctrine of impossibility, if the promisor is able to predict the accident but avoid doing this, he will be obliged to compensate the promisee for the total loss. And if the promiseeis in a better position to predict the accidents but avoids doing this, he is at fault and will be deprived of receiving damages to the extent of his fault. If no one is at fault, the promisor should pay the reliance damages to the promisee in order to return him to the situation that he had before the conclusion of the contract. Keywords: The law of contract, unexpected circumstances, the doctrine of impossibility (impracticability)
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Papers by Reza Maddahi
Climate Change have proposed carbon capture and
storage deployment as a key climate change mitigation
option. Lack of adequate and consistent support for it has, however, contributed to the slow pace of deployment
to date. Enjoying near-universal membership, the Paris
Agreement was adopted in December 2015 as the cornerstone for global cooperation on climate change. To date, 10 nationally determined contributions comprise carbon capture and storage deployment as a mitigation option in the drive to achieve the international community’s climate goals. The degree to which the Paris Agreement will succeed in accelerating such deployment remains unclear despite the clear potential of carbon capture and storage to meet the agreement’s goals. This study assesses the extent to which the Paris Agreement’s key concepts and provisions in this area facilitate the utilization of carbon capture and storage technology and the way in which the agreement may influence steps taken to develop and deploy this technology. In this context, the central concepts of the agreement are ‘ambition’ and ‘differentiation’. The study comprises a detailed critical analysis of the Paris Agreement’s most relevant provisions and offers a set of recommendations for the expansion of carbon capture and storage projects under its terms.
Keywords: The law of contract, unexpected circumstances, the doctrine of impossibility (impracticability)
Climate Change have proposed carbon capture and
storage deployment as a key climate change mitigation
option. Lack of adequate and consistent support for it has, however, contributed to the slow pace of deployment
to date. Enjoying near-universal membership, the Paris
Agreement was adopted in December 2015 as the cornerstone for global cooperation on climate change. To date, 10 nationally determined contributions comprise carbon capture and storage deployment as a mitigation option in the drive to achieve the international community’s climate goals. The degree to which the Paris Agreement will succeed in accelerating such deployment remains unclear despite the clear potential of carbon capture and storage to meet the agreement’s goals. This study assesses the extent to which the Paris Agreement’s key concepts and provisions in this area facilitate the utilization of carbon capture and storage technology and the way in which the agreement may influence steps taken to develop and deploy this technology. In this context, the central concepts of the agreement are ‘ambition’ and ‘differentiation’. The study comprises a detailed critical analysis of the Paris Agreement’s most relevant provisions and offers a set of recommendations for the expansion of carbon capture and storage projects under its terms.
Keywords: The law of contract, unexpected circumstances, the doctrine of impossibility (impracticability)