Papers by Alma Nacua
—The Philippines occupy the north of coral triangle, a huge area overlapping the Indian Ocean and... more —The Philippines occupy the north of coral triangle, a huge area overlapping the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and is famous for its extremely rich marine biodiversity. The taxonomical study of seaweeds started on the year 1750 and towards the end of the 20 th century[ 1 ]. In Ilocos Sur, a comprehensive study on the marine benthic algae was made by Domingo in 1988.In this study, he reported 103 species, with 91 species reported for the first time for the province[ 2 ].As to this date, no taxonomical study made in San Francisco-Canaoay. This study used site description, Exhaustive Line Transect Method.The macroalgae recorded in San Francisco-Canaoay in the open area of the coastlines includeone genus&sevenspecies of Phaeophyta, one genus&one species of Chlorophyta, and one genus &nine species of Rhodophyta. The larger number of Rhodophyta can be attributed to the presence of abundant nutrients in the area and the luminosity of light of 35, 000 Lux value, which was favorable for the photosynthetic macroalgae.The specimens identified,58% were Phaeophyta, 34% were Chlorophyta, and 8% were Rhodophyta.There were more red algaes (Rhodophyta) in the open area due to the nature of these plant-like protists to thrive in running water with many nutrients. The number of brown algaes (phaeophyta) are not affected by the conditions of the water because of their toughness as compared to the aforementioned nature of red algaes[ 3 ].
There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1... more There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991), LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded. Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition, conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso, Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6, 2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of 15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest. Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for wet and dry season.
Butterflies are attracted to specific host plants and suitable nectarine plants, cuttings of diff... more Butterflies are attracted to specific host plants and suitable nectarine plants, cuttings of different fruits, and moistened stones in the garden. The migration of butterflies from the Arroceros Park to the roof top garden of UDM was identified. This study focuses on the factors that influence the pattern of butterfly migration at UDM. Quantitative random sampling was utilized. Frequency of butterfly visits were recorded twice a month for one year from June 2015 to May 2016 between 9 am to 5 pm daily. Lux meter was used to measure the intensity of light. There were 22 species of butterflies identified, corresponding to certain groups of nectarine food plants and larval host plants. Migration of butterflies towards the roof top garden was generally influenced by the presence of host plants and nectarine plants in UDM garden. There is a need to maintain these plants throughout the year to conserve the butterfly species that have an identified occurrence in this particular urban garden.
Objectives: This study surveys the nectarine food plants (NFPs) available at the butterfly sanctu... more Objectives: This study surveys the nectarine food plants (NFPs) available at the butterfly sanctuary of the La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) and evaluate their interaction with butterflies acting as pollinators. Methodology: A total of 158 butterfly species in 8 families were identified as to their preference for specific families of NFPs. The 77 NFPs were assessed in terms of abundance, diversity, butterfly visits, nectar production and its sugar compositions. Lengths of proboscis and pistils were correlated to nectar production as well. Results: In terms of abundance, diversity and density of butterfly visits, the families Rubiaceae and Asteraceae were the most predominant NFPs. This could be explained by high nectar productions in these families with sucrose being the most concentrated sugar. Among the pollinators, the families Danaidae, Nymphalidae and Papilionidae are the common denominators of all the NFPs of plants from the families Rubiaceae and Asteraceae. The plants Ixora sp., Cosmos sulphurreius and Chromolaena odorata are all pollinated by butterfly species distributed in 9 families. There appears to be a correlation between proboscis length (but not pistil length) and nectar production. Conclusions: This study was able to provide evidence on the preference of butterflies at LUBG for Rubiaceae and Asteraceae flowering NFPs. INTRODUCTION One of the primary factors influencing the surivival of butterflies are the relative territorial abundance of nectarine flowering plants. A study by Nacua et al. 1 shows that certain families of butterflies at the La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) are highly dependent on specific nectarine plants. However, there was no report on the significant correlation between frequency or density of butterfly visits and the predominant families of nectarine plants found in 6 vegetation areas of LUBG, including the butterfly sanctuary. In a subsequent report, Nacua et al. 1a reported that butterfly and nectarine food plant (NFP) species in LUBG are well correlated to their diversity and areal density and that these NFPs were highly represented by the families Rubiaceae and Asteraceae. This study seeks to gather evidence on the preference of butterflies for Rubiaceae and Asteraceae NFPs at LUBG.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2016
IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 2015
IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 2015
innspub.net, Jan 5, 2015
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzo... more Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution
Conference Presentations by Alma Nacua
There are no reports on the biodiversities of butterflies at the La Union Botanical Garden (LUGB)... more There are no reports on the biodiversities of butterflies at the La Union Botanical Garden (LUGB). This study was undertaken to look into the species richness, diversity indices, natural enemies, diseases and food plant preference of butterflies at LUGB. Butterflies were collected by random sampling from 6 vegetative areas at LUGB. Standard methods of immobilizing, relaxing and mounting of specimens were done prior to specie identification. The natural enemies, diseases and food plant preferences were observed. The vegetation of LUGB is vast and varied, with both flowering, scented and dipterocarp plants. The families Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Satyridae and Lycenidae are the dominant families represented by a total of 400 collections. The sunny areas of LUBG have higher butterfly diversity than the shaded areas. The bird Orioles sterii was found to be the common natural enemies. Butterfly diseases comprised mainly of bacterial, viral and fungal infections secondary to chemical poisoning. Ixora sp. and Carphalea kirondon, both from Rubiaceae, were the predominant food plants. This study indicates that more conservation measures must be observed for specie propagation and protection.
There are 1,615 species and sub species of
butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1... more There are 1,615 species and sub species of
butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991),
LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded
they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et
al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies
belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded.
Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition,
conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies
in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso,
Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The
opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect
butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6,
2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of
15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the
vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly
diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A
dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted
and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest.
Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand
Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to
Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to
shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on
metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from
the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was
able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of
them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in
Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for
wet and dry season.
Drafts by Alma Nacua
There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1... more There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991), LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded. Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition, conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso, Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6, 2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of 15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest. Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for wet and dry season.
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Papers by Alma Nacua
Conference Presentations by Alma Nacua
butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991),
LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded
they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et
al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies
belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded.
Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition,
conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies
in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso,
Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The
opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect
butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6,
2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of
15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the
vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly
diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A
dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted
and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest.
Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand
Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to
Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to
shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on
metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from
the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was
able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of
them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in
Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for
wet and dry season.
Drafts by Alma Nacua
butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991),
LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded
they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et
al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies
belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded.
Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition,
conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies
in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso,
Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The
opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect
butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6,
2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of
15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the
vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly
diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A
dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted
and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest.
Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand
Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to
Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to
shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on
metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from
the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was
able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of
them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in
Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for
wet and dry season.