Papers by Faustin P Maganga
Training researchers in Tanzania-the experience of the university of Dar es Salaam
A Hidden Pitfall for REDD: Analysis of Power Relation in Participatory Forest Management on Whether It Is an Obstacle or a Reliever on REDD Pathway
International Journal of Forestry Research, 2015
Indigenous Peoples and Forest Management: Before and After Redd
Indigenous Affairs, 2009
The Formal Divide: Customary Rights and the Allocation of Credit to Agriculture in Tanzania
The Journal of Development Studies, 2016
It is generally held that one mechanism to enable inclusive growth in Tanzania is enabling farmer... more It is generally held that one mechanism to enable inclusive growth in Tanzania is enabling farmers to access credit to raise productivity and incomes. The formalisation of property rights in Tanzania is being undertaken by a multiplicity of actors at great expense to donors, individuals and the government. While there have been a variety of different justifications for allocating Certificates of Customary Rights of Occupancy (CCROs) to farmers in Tanzania, perhaps the most prominent argument is that it will enable farmers to finally overcome the divide between ‘informal’ customary rights and the formal banking sector. CCROs would provide the collateral that would induce banks to lend money to small-scale farmers. As part of a six-year investigation in Manyara, Mbeya and Dodoma regions, our research team evaluated the impact of formalisation on farmers’ access to credit. The paper will present the results while pointing to the continuing institutional and market imperfections that perpetuate the formal divide.
Institutions, Security, and Pastoralism: Exploring the Limits of Hybridity
African Studies Review
This article furthers our understanding of how state and citizens interact to produce local insti... more This article furthers our understanding of how state and citizens interact to produce local institutions and examines the effects of these processes. It brings critical institutional theory into engagement with ideas about everyday governance to analyze how hybrid arrangements are formed through bricolage. Such a perspective helps us to understand governance arrangements as both negotiated and structured, benefiting some and disadvantaging others. To explore these points the article tracks the evolution of the Sungusungu, a hybrid pastoralist security institution in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania. It also considers the wider implications of such hybrid arrangements for livelihoods, social inclusion, distributive justice, and citizenship. Résumé: Cet article approfondit notre perception de la manière dont l’état et les citoyens interagissent lors de la création d’institutions locales et il examine également les conséquences de ces interactions. Nous instituons un dialogue entre la criti...
7. Rules, norms, organizations and actual practices—Land and water management in the Ruaha River basin, Tanzania
Managing the Globalized Environment, 1999
Water governance and livelihoods: Outcomes for smallholders on the Usangu plains, Tanzania
Water Resources and Rural Development, 2013
ABSTRACT How does water governance change over time? What are the outcomes for smallholders and t... more ABSTRACT How does water governance change over time? What are the outcomes for smallholders and the ecosystems that support them? We review the development of water resources management over the past 40 years in the Kimani catchment of the Usangu plains, in southwestern Tanzania. Our analysis is based on a conceptual framework for water governance comprising a system of resources, arrangements for access, and outcomes for people and ecosystems. We discuss how the resources for water governance have changed over time, we consider the changing arrangements for water allocation, particularly relating to water rights, water management organisations and physical infrastructure, and we analyse the outcomes in terms of access to water for people and of maintenance of environmental flows. Development of water resources in Kimani has been successful on many counts, resulting in assured supplies for many users, with consequent improvements in livelihoods, including, in particular, increases in land-holding size. However, these improvements are accompanied by some negative outcomes, as they reduce water access for other users and threaten downstream flows. The experiences from Kimani highlight the need to map the whole institutional landscape and to ensure that physical infrastructure reflects institutional arrangements when designing interventions to enhance water security. Such interventions may well have significant outcomes for equity and power relations amongst water users.
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2003
The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) paradigm, which underpin current water reforms i... more The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) paradigm, which underpin current water reforms in Tanzania focus on the use of statutory legal systems to regulate the use of water resources. However, Tanzania operates under a plural legal system, where the diverse customary systems are relied upon in the implementation of IWRM. Very few human activities are regulated by statutory laws alone. Neglect of customary laws may cause IWRM implementation to fail, or will have negative consequences for individuals and groups who were better served by customary-based systems. This paper describes statutory and customary systems of managing water resources and discusses some of the challenges of implementing IWRM whilst taking appropriate account of customary laws in Tanzania, with the Rufiji River Basin as a case study.
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2002
This paper reviews the historical development of domestic water supplies in Tanzania, the consequ... more This paper reviews the historical development of domestic water supplies in Tanzania, the consequences of major policy shifts during the last seven decades, and some of the reasons for the failure of water supply systems. It considers the extent to which water resource issues are constraints in meeting the water supply needs of rural and urban populations, and the relevance of integrated water resources management to the WSS sector. Drawing upon case-study material from 2 major river basins, the Pangani and Rufiji, it reviews some of the practical steps being taken to implement IWRM principles in Tanzania.
The Interplay Between Formal and Informal Systems of Managing Resource Conflicts: Some Evidence from South-Western Tanzania
The European Journal of Development Research, 2002
... However, more and more private Faustin P. Maganga, Institute of Resource Assessment. ... The ... more ... However, more and more private Faustin P. Maganga, Institute of Resource Assessment. ... The following two examples from the Ruiwa Ward Tribunal illustrate this situation: (1) A wife sought divorce from her husband because'she was no longer in love with him'. ...
Wildlife management in Tanzania is currently undergoing a process of recentralization.
Asr Forum: Engaging with African Informal Economies: Social Inclusion or Adverse Incorporation?
African Studies Review, 2013
ABSTRACT This article furthers our understanding of how state and citizens interact to produce lo... more ABSTRACT This article furthers our understanding of how state and citizens interact to produce local institutions and examines the effects of these processes. It brings critical institutional theory into engagement with ideas about everyday governance to analyze how hybrid arrangements are formed through bricolage. Such a perspective helps us to understand governance arrangements as both negotiated and structured, benefiting some and disadvantaging others. To explore these points the article tracks the evolution of the Sungusungu, a hybrid pastoralist security institution in the Usangu Plains, Tanzania. It also considers the wider implications of such hybrid arrangements for livelihoods, social inclusion, distributive justice, and citizenship.
Of Land and Legitimacy: A Tale of Two Lawsuits
Africa, 2013
ABSTRACT Through a comparative analysis of two recent Tanzanian lawsuits concerning pastoralist–f... more ABSTRACT Through a comparative analysis of two recent Tanzanian lawsuits concerning pastoralist–farmer disputes over land, this article argues that the judicial system is being employed as a vehicle for legitimizing dispossession. Wealthy elites who find their efforts to acquire vast tracts of land thwarted by protective mechanisms in the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999 are turning to the courts to get what they want. Having access to deeper pockets and being able to out-lawyer and out-manoeuvre their poorer and often less-educated opponents enables elites (including the government itself) to avail themselves of the judicial system and acquire land through illegitimate means. Yet our analysis also illustrates that Tanzanian courts at times act independently of political influence and secure property rights for at least some of the dispossessed. An unusual mix of conflicting pressures and key personalities in these two cases coalesced to produce unexpected outcomes in favour of the Maasai defendants, whose land and legitimacy were on the line. Winning, however, came at considerable cost.
Tanzania is already in advanced stage of drafting a new legal framework for water resources manag... more Tanzania is already in advanced stage of drafting a new legal framework for water resources management, aimed at attaining the objectives of the National Water Policy of 2002. These objectives include the development of a comprehensive framework for promoting the optimal, sustainable and equitable development and use of water resources for the benefit of all Tanzanians; and separation of water
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2004
This paper presents the preliminary findings of a WARFSA-funded study, whose objective is to faci... more This paper presents the preliminary findings of a WARFSA-funded study, whose objective is to facilitate the formulation of better policies and guidelines for implementing IWRM through a case study of local water conflicts. It is observed that, although the current water reforms in the country focus on the use of statutory legal systems to regulate the use of water resources, the country operates under a plural legal system. Apart from the statutory laws, diverse customary systems are relied upon in resolving waterrelated conflicts. Neglect of these norms and laws may have negative consequences for the majority of the villagers who rely on them. The paper presents some of the water-related conflicts in the study areas and the views of government authorities and river basin managers regarding customary norms and laws for water resource management. Also, the paper describes how different types of conflicts over water resources are handled through official legal channels.
Book reviews
The European Journal of Development Research, 1997
Capturing Critical Institutionalism: A Synthesis of Key Themes and Debates
European Journal of Development Research, 2014
ABSTRACT The article aims to provide a synthesis of key discussions within scholarship that is cr... more ABSTRACT The article aims to provide a synthesis of key discussions within scholarship that is critical of Mainstream Institutionalism. It adopts a thematic approach to chart debate and areas of convergence about key issues. The first section of the article briefly charts the rise to prominence of the mainstream ‘collective action’ school. Each of the themes identified as central to the alternative critical approach is then examined in turn. These are the ‘homogenous community’ critique, the avoidance of politics critique (further divided into ideational politics and politics of local empowerment) and the sociological critique. The article concludes by reflecting on the challenge of ‘making complexity legible’ that faces the nascent critical tradition in institutional analysis.Cet article fournit une synthèse des principales analyses scientifiques critiques à l’égard de l’institutionnalisme traditionnel. Il s’appuie sur une approche thématique pour retracer le débat et les points de convergence sur des questions-clés. La première partie de l’article récapitule brièvement la montée en puissance de la théorie traditionnelle de « l’action collective ». Ensuite, les thèmes identifiés comme étant au cœur de l’approche alternative sont examinés tour à tour. Il s’agit, tout d’abord, de la critique du postulat d’« homogénéité de la communauté », puis de la critique de l’évitement du politique (lui-même divisé en politique idéationnelle et en politique d’autonomisation locale) et, enfin, de la critique sociologique. Nous concluons par une réflexion sur le défi de « rendre lisible la complexité », auquel est confrontée la nouvelle tradition critique de l’analyse institutionnelle.
Development and Change, 2009
Farmer-herder conflicts in Africa are often presented as being driven by
The implications of improved communications for participatory forest management in Tanzania
African Journal of Ecology, 2009
ABSTRACT Following the 1998 National Forest Policy and Forest Act of 2002, participatory forest m... more ABSTRACT Following the 1998 National Forest Policy and Forest Act of 2002, participatory forest management (PFM) is being introduced in Tanzania. PFM has two key objectives: to reduce forest degradation thereby increasing ecosystem services, and to improve the livelihoods of local villagers. A unique data set collected in 2006 suggests that significant challenges remain with respect to communicating the new forest policies if the objectives of PFM are to be achieved. First, villagers as a group are much less well informed than other stakeholders, and their knowledge is often inaccurate. Second, women are less likely than men to have heard of the changes. Third, how PFM will contribute to poverty reduction (a key objective of PFM) is not always clear. Fourth, environmental degradation may not be reduced as much as anticipated – without alternatives sources, villagers often continue to cut trees for charcoal and firewood in the protected forests. Finally, several mismatches in perceptions are identified that could lead to difficulties in implementing PFM.
Despite a decade of rhetoric on community conservation, current trends in Tanzania reflect a dist... more Despite a decade of rhetoric on community conservation, current trends in Tanzania reflect a disturbing process of reconsolidation of state control over wildlife resources and increased rent-seeking behaviour, combined with dispossession of communities. Whereas the 1998 Wildlife Policy promoted community participation and local benefits, the subsequent policy of 2007 and the Wildlife Conservation Act of 2009 returned control over wildlife and over income from sport hunting and safari tourism to central government. These trends, which sometimes include the use of state violence and often take place in the name of 'community-based' conservation, are not, however, occurring without resistance from communities. This article draws on indepth studies of wildlife management practices at three locations in northern Tanzania to illustrate these trends. The authors argue that this outcome is more than just the result of the neoliberalization of conservation. It reflects old patterns of state patrimony and rent seeking, combined with colonial narratives of conservation, all enhanced through neoliberal reforms of the past two decades. At the same time, much of the rhetoric of neoliberal reforms is being pushed back by the state in order to capture rent and interact with villagers in new and oppressive ways.
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Papers by Faustin P Maganga