Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Ananas comosus peels (AcP) are among the agro-industrial biomasses contributing to a significant ... more Ananas comosus peels (AcP) are among the agro-industrial biomasses contributing to a significant volume of waste in Malaysia. Thus, the AcP extract (AcPE) may prove useful for other applications, such as an ingredient in a nanocream for controlled delivery for dermal application. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an oil-in-water (O/W) nanocream using ingredients derived from the AcPE and test its stability alongside safety evaluation. The extract is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds viz., catechin, quercetin, and gallic acid. The study discovered that the optimized AcPE nano cream was stable against coalescence during the accelerated test but was influenced by Ostwald ripening over 6 weeks of storage at 4°C. Safety assessments affirmed the AcPE nano cream to be free of microbial contamination and heavy metals. The findings conveyed that the A. comosus nano cream is a good cosmetic ingredient and may contribute to the cosmeceutical industry’s new and safe topical products.
In the tropic, continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause photoageing. UV ge... more In the tropic, continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause photoageing. UV generated reactive oxygen species leading to collagen deficiency and eventually skin wrinkling. Our in vitro study indicated that Labisia pumila (LP) and Ficus deltoidea (FD) could protect fibroblast from UVB irradiation damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the cosmetic formulation based on LP and FD extracts in reducing the effect of skin ageing due to exposure to UVB irradiation. The evaluation of the active serum and placebo was carried out on 78 volunteers for two months and conducted using noninvasive bioengineering methods including melanin index, erythema index, skin moisture content, skin sebum content and skin surface pH measurement. The cutaneous hydration was increased after 8 weeks application of cosmetic formulation and this is highly related to a decrease of restoration of normal skin surface pH. Besides, the formulation application also cau...
Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid, liquid lipid and suitable surfact... more Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid, liquid lipid and suitable surfactant for the purpose of encapsulated poorly water soluble drugs. [6]-gingerol is the main bioactive compound in Zingiber officinale, widely known as ginger in Malaysia. Zingiber officinale extract has been discovered to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects to human body. The aim of this study is to develop NLC formulation for [6]-gingerol and to estimate the potential of NLC as a delivery system for these water insoluble drugs. In this work, the preparation of ginger oil loaded onto nanostructured lipid carrier (GO-NLC) was done by using ultrasonication method. The GO-NLCs were assessed by evaluating the morphology and its entrapment efficiency. The morphological study was performed by using Zetasizer Nano S and the entrapment efficiency analysis of NLC was performed using HPLC by detecting [6]-gingerol as active biomarker. The average particle size for GO-NLCs...
Nanostructured lipid cemer (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid. liquid lipid and suitable surfactan... more Nanostructured lipid cemer (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid. liquid lipid and suitable surfactant foe the purpose of encapsulated poorly water soluble drugs. Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract has been discovered to have anti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory. and anti-microbial effects to the human body. The aim of this study is to develop NLC formulation for encapsulation of Zingiber officinale (ZO) oil and to compare the charecteristic of NLC prepared using different. methods, ultrasonication and microfluidizer. ln this work, the prepared ZO-NLCs were evaluated in terms of particle size zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity. The morphological study was performed by using Zetasizer Nano S and entrapment efficiency analysis of NLC was performed using HPLC by detecting (6}-gingerol as active biomarker. Based on the study, NLC prepared by ultrasonication and microfluidizer has an evereqe particle size of 100-250 nm and So-l OO nm, respectively, for same formulati...
Hair loss or alopecia is a common dermatological issue that can affect millions of human populati... more Hair loss or alopecia is a common dermatological issue that can affect millions of human population of all ages and both gender, male and female. Frequently, alopecia has been found to be associated with significant adverse effects or reduction of psychological and self-esteem. Consequently, this may lead to psychological problems such as depression and anxiety, thus it may negatively impact the quality of life as well. There are several types of hair loss including androgenetic alopecia (AGA), alopecia areata (AA), alopecia totalis (AT), Alopecia Universalis (AU), cicatricial alopecia (CA), senescent alopecia (SA), traction alopecia (TA) and telogen effluvium. However, this review will focus on the androgenic alopecia only. Androgenic alopecia (AGA) also known as male pattern baldness is referred to as hair loss that often occurs in men after puberty caused by the androgen. In addition, this review will discuss on the hair growth cycles and their mechanism on the androgenic alopeci...
Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Abstract Ananas comosus (A. comosus) is one of the many commercial crops in Asian countries well-... more Abstract Ananas comosus (A. comosus) is one of the many commercial crops in Asian countries well-known for its medicinal characteristics, and widely popular in the food industry. Nonetheless, large quantities of the antioxidant rich pineapple peels (PP) are discarded or used as animal fodder, thus the full potential of the PP for nanocosmeceutical applications remain untapped. This study assessed the use of D-optimal mixture design for optimizing droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) of PP extract nanoemulsion (AcPEN), for four different independent variables (olive oil, grapeseed oil, Tween 80, water). The identified best formulation indicated satisfactory agreement, with the percentage prediction error (PPE) for the actual and predicted values being less than 10%. The optimized AcPEN (OPT-AcPEN) was organoleptically characterized and the Transmission Electron Micrograph corroborated the minimum droplet size and PDI of OPT-AcPEN being <200 nm and < 0.25, respectively. The OPT-AcPEN was stable under different storage conditions for up to 90 days, and the corresponding repeated centrifugation and freeze-thaw tests retaining the recommended pH of between 4 − 6 for topical skin application. Pertinently, the shear thinning and pseudoplastic behavior seen from the rheology results implied the suitability of OPT-AcPEN as a topical cosmeceutical nanoemulsion and could meet user’s requirements. Graphical Abstract
Results of research suggest that selfdetermination is one of the variables that determine, in par... more Results of research suggest that selfdetermination is one of the variables that determine, in part, the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities and their recognition as equal members of society. This paper presents a summary of the main ideas about this construct: factors that enable the origin and development of this movement, conceptual models, assessment tools and suggestions for intervention. To do this, we have performed an exhaustive review of the literature. Efforts to promote this basic right let us to state that selfdetermination is no longer a wish but it has become a reality.
Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a common condition that has a negative impact on the psycho-social... more Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a common condition that has a negative impact on the psycho-social health of many men. This study aims to engineer an alcohol-free formulation to cater for individuals who may have had allergic reactions to alcohol-based preparations. A lipid-based nanoparticle system composed of stearic and oleic acid (solid and liquid lipid) was used to deliver dutasteride (DST) for topical application. Two compositions, with oleic acid (Formulation A) and without (Formulation B), were compared to analyse the role of oleic acid as a potential active ingredient in addition to DST. DST-loaded LNP were prepared using the emulsification–ultrasonication method. All of the prepared formulations were spherical in shape in the nanometric size range (150–300 nm), with entrapment efficiencies of >75%. X-ray diffractograms revealed that DST exists in an amorphous form within the NLP matrices. The drug release behaviour from both LNP preparations displayed slow release of DST...
Dutasteride, licensed as an oral medicine for the treatment of benign prostatic hypoplasia, has b... more Dutasteride, licensed as an oral medicine for the treatment of benign prostatic hypoplasia, has been investigated as a treatment for androgenic alopecia. In this study, the potential for dustasteride to be delivered topically in order to reduce systemic exposure, irritation of the skin, and also cytotoxicity was explored. Chitosan oligomer (CSO) was successfully synthesised with lauric acid as a coating for a dutasteride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (DST-NLCs) system. DST-NLCs were prepared using a combination of melt-dispersion and ultrasonication. These negatively charged NLCs (−18.0 mV) had a mean particle size of ~184 nm, which was not significantly increased (p > 0.05) when coated with lauric acid-chitosan oligomer (CSO-LA), whilst the surface charge changed to positive (+24.8 mV). The entrapment efficiency of DST-NLCs was 97%, and coated and uncoated preparations were physically stable for up to 180 days at 4–8 °C. The drug release was slower from DST-NLCs coated wi...
Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji and Ab... more Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji and Abd. Aziz, Ramlan (2009) Effect of emulsifier on the particle size distribution of virgin coconut oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticle (VCO-SLNs) using ultrasonication method. In: ...
Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Dolhaji, Noer Hartini and Sa... more Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Dolhaji, Noer Hartini and Samsuddin, Hayatunissa and Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji and Abd. Aziz, Ramlan (2009) A double-blind test comparing VCO-SLNS lotion with Non-VCO-SLNS as a skin moisturizer. ...
Dutasteride, used for treating benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), promotes hair growth. To enhanc... more Dutasteride, used for treating benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), promotes hair growth. To enhance delivery to the hair follicles and reduce systemic effects, in this study dutasteride has been formulated for topical application, in a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) coated with chitosan oligomer-stearic acid (CSO-SA). CSO-SA has been successfully synthesized, as confirmed using 1 H NMR and FTIR. Formulation of dutasteride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (DST-NLCs) was optimized using a 2 3 full factorial design. This formulation was coated with different concentrations of stearic acid-chitosan solution. Coating DST-NLCs with 5% SA-CSO increased mean size from 187.6 ± 7.0 nm to 220.1 ± 11.9 nm, and modified surface charge, with zeta potentials being À18.3 ± 0.9 mV and +25.8 ± 1.1 mV for uncoated and coated DST-NLCs respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed all formulations comprised approximately spherical particles. DST-NLCs, coated and uncoated with CSO-SA, exhibited particle size stability over 60 days, when stored at 4–8 °C. However, NLCs coated with CSO (without conjugation) showed aggregation when stored at 4–8 °C after 30 days. The measured particle size for all formulations stored at 25 °C suggested aggregation, which was greatest for DST-NLCs coated with 10% CSO-SA and 5% CSO. All nanoparticle formulations exhibited rapid release in an in vitro release study, with uncoated NLCs exhibiting the fastest release rate. Using a Franz diffusion cell, no dutasteride permeated through pig ear skin after 48 h, such that it was not detected in the receptor chamber for all samples. The amount of dutasteride in the skin was significantly different (p < 0.05) for DST-NLCs (6.09 ± 1.09 lg/cm 2) without coating and those coated with 5% CSO-SA (2.82 ± 0.40 lg/cm 2), 10% CSO-SA (2.70 ± 0.35 lg/cm 2) and CSO (2.11 ± 0.64 lg/cm 2). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the cytotoxicity (IC 50) between dutasteride alone and in the nanoparticles. DST-NLCs coated and uncoated with CSO-SA increased the maximum non-toxic concentration by 20-fold compared to dutasteride alone. These studies indicate that a stearic acid-chitosan conjugate was successfully prepared, and modified the surface charge of DST-NLCs from negative to positive. These stable, less cytotoxic, positively-charged dutasteride-loaded nanostruc-tured lipid carriers, with stearic acid-chitosan oligomer conjugate, are appropriate for topical delivery and have potential for promotion of hair growth.
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidan... more Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidant activity and contains medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). In this work formulation, characterisation and penetration of VCO-solid lipid particles (VCO-SLP) have been studied. VCO-SLP were prepared using ultrasonication of molten stearic acid and VCO in an aqueous solution. The electron microscopy imaging revealed that VCO-SLP were solid and spherical in shape. Ultrasonication was performed at several power intensities which resulted in particle sizes of VCO-SLP ranged from 0.608 ± 0.002 µm to 44.265 ± 1.870 µm. The particle size was directly proportional to the applied power intensity of ultrasonication. The zeta potential values of the particles were from −43.2 ± 0.28 mV to −47.5 ± 0.42 mV showing good stability. The cumulative permeation for the smallest sized VCO-SLP (0.608 µm) was 3.83 ± 0.01 µg/cm 2 whereas for larger carriers it was reduced (3.59 ± 0.02 µg/cm 2). It is concluded that SLP have the potential to be exploited as a micro/nano scale cosmeceutical carrying vehicle for improved dermal delivery of VCO.
Virgin Coconut Oil is usually extracted from well matured and fresh coconut through specialized p... more Virgin Coconut Oil is usually extracted from well matured and fresh coconut through specialized processes without damaging its natural nutrition. In this work, formulation, characterization and efficacy of VCO-SLPs have been studied. VCO-SLPs were prepared using ultrasonification of molten stearic acid and virgin coconut oil in an aqueous solution and particles with the size of 0.608 µm have been obtained. 20% concentration of VCO-SLPs of 0.608 µm particle size was added into the base lotion. Sensory study and skin evaluation study was conducted to compare the difference between lotion containing VCO-SLPs and lotion without VCO-SLPs. Moisturizing lotion incorporated with VCO-SLPs was found to increase skin hydration and skin elasticity by 24.8% and 2.60% respectively from day 0 to day 28. This shows that solid lipid particles has the potential to be utilized as a carrier for improved dermal delivery of VCO.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Ananas comosus peels (AcP) are among the agro-industrial biomasses contributing to a significant ... more Ananas comosus peels (AcP) are among the agro-industrial biomasses contributing to a significant volume of waste in Malaysia. Thus, the AcP extract (AcPE) may prove useful for other applications, such as an ingredient in a nanocream for controlled delivery for dermal application. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an oil-in-water (O/W) nanocream using ingredients derived from the AcPE and test its stability alongside safety evaluation. The extract is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds viz., catechin, quercetin, and gallic acid. The study discovered that the optimized AcPE nano cream was stable against coalescence during the accelerated test but was influenced by Ostwald ripening over 6 weeks of storage at 4°C. Safety assessments affirmed the AcPE nano cream to be free of microbial contamination and heavy metals. The findings conveyed that the A. comosus nano cream is a good cosmetic ingredient and may contribute to the cosmeceutical industry’s new and safe topical products.
In the tropic, continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause photoageing. UV ge... more In the tropic, continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause photoageing. UV generated reactive oxygen species leading to collagen deficiency and eventually skin wrinkling. Our in vitro study indicated that Labisia pumila (LP) and Ficus deltoidea (FD) could protect fibroblast from UVB irradiation damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the cosmetic formulation based on LP and FD extracts in reducing the effect of skin ageing due to exposure to UVB irradiation. The evaluation of the active serum and placebo was carried out on 78 volunteers for two months and conducted using noninvasive bioengineering methods including melanin index, erythema index, skin moisture content, skin sebum content and skin surface pH measurement. The cutaneous hydration was increased after 8 weeks application of cosmetic formulation and this is highly related to a decrease of restoration of normal skin surface pH. Besides, the formulation application also cau...
Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid, liquid lipid and suitable surfact... more Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid, liquid lipid and suitable surfactant for the purpose of encapsulated poorly water soluble drugs. [6]-gingerol is the main bioactive compound in Zingiber officinale, widely known as ginger in Malaysia. Zingiber officinale extract has been discovered to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects to human body. The aim of this study is to develop NLC formulation for [6]-gingerol and to estimate the potential of NLC as a delivery system for these water insoluble drugs. In this work, the preparation of ginger oil loaded onto nanostructured lipid carrier (GO-NLC) was done by using ultrasonication method. The GO-NLCs were assessed by evaluating the morphology and its entrapment efficiency. The morphological study was performed by using Zetasizer Nano S and the entrapment efficiency analysis of NLC was performed using HPLC by detecting [6]-gingerol as active biomarker. The average particle size for GO-NLCs...
Nanostructured lipid cemer (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid. liquid lipid and suitable surfactan... more Nanostructured lipid cemer (NLC) is the blend of solid lipid. liquid lipid and suitable surfactant foe the purpose of encapsulated poorly water soluble drugs. Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract has been discovered to have anti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory. and anti-microbial effects to the human body. The aim of this study is to develop NLC formulation for encapsulation of Zingiber officinale (ZO) oil and to compare the charecteristic of NLC prepared using different. methods, ultrasonication and microfluidizer. ln this work, the prepared ZO-NLCs were evaluated in terms of particle size zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity. The morphological study was performed by using Zetasizer Nano S and entrapment efficiency analysis of NLC was performed using HPLC by detecting (6}-gingerol as active biomarker. Based on the study, NLC prepared by ultrasonication and microfluidizer has an evereqe particle size of 100-250 nm and So-l OO nm, respectively, for same formulati...
Hair loss or alopecia is a common dermatological issue that can affect millions of human populati... more Hair loss or alopecia is a common dermatological issue that can affect millions of human population of all ages and both gender, male and female. Frequently, alopecia has been found to be associated with significant adverse effects or reduction of psychological and self-esteem. Consequently, this may lead to psychological problems such as depression and anxiety, thus it may negatively impact the quality of life as well. There are several types of hair loss including androgenetic alopecia (AGA), alopecia areata (AA), alopecia totalis (AT), Alopecia Universalis (AU), cicatricial alopecia (CA), senescent alopecia (SA), traction alopecia (TA) and telogen effluvium. However, this review will focus on the androgenic alopecia only. Androgenic alopecia (AGA) also known as male pattern baldness is referred to as hair loss that often occurs in men after puberty caused by the androgen. In addition, this review will discuss on the hair growth cycles and their mechanism on the androgenic alopeci...
Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Abstract Ananas comosus (A. comosus) is one of the many commercial crops in Asian countries well-... more Abstract Ananas comosus (A. comosus) is one of the many commercial crops in Asian countries well-known for its medicinal characteristics, and widely popular in the food industry. Nonetheless, large quantities of the antioxidant rich pineapple peels (PP) are discarded or used as animal fodder, thus the full potential of the PP for nanocosmeceutical applications remain untapped. This study assessed the use of D-optimal mixture design for optimizing droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) of PP extract nanoemulsion (AcPEN), for four different independent variables (olive oil, grapeseed oil, Tween 80, water). The identified best formulation indicated satisfactory agreement, with the percentage prediction error (PPE) for the actual and predicted values being less than 10%. The optimized AcPEN (OPT-AcPEN) was organoleptically characterized and the Transmission Electron Micrograph corroborated the minimum droplet size and PDI of OPT-AcPEN being <200 nm and < 0.25, respectively. The OPT-AcPEN was stable under different storage conditions for up to 90 days, and the corresponding repeated centrifugation and freeze-thaw tests retaining the recommended pH of between 4 − 6 for topical skin application. Pertinently, the shear thinning and pseudoplastic behavior seen from the rheology results implied the suitability of OPT-AcPEN as a topical cosmeceutical nanoemulsion and could meet user’s requirements. Graphical Abstract
Results of research suggest that selfdetermination is one of the variables that determine, in par... more Results of research suggest that selfdetermination is one of the variables that determine, in part, the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities and their recognition as equal members of society. This paper presents a summary of the main ideas about this construct: factors that enable the origin and development of this movement, conceptual models, assessment tools and suggestions for intervention. To do this, we have performed an exhaustive review of the literature. Efforts to promote this basic right let us to state that selfdetermination is no longer a wish but it has become a reality.
Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a common condition that has a negative impact on the psycho-social... more Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a common condition that has a negative impact on the psycho-social health of many men. This study aims to engineer an alcohol-free formulation to cater for individuals who may have had allergic reactions to alcohol-based preparations. A lipid-based nanoparticle system composed of stearic and oleic acid (solid and liquid lipid) was used to deliver dutasteride (DST) for topical application. Two compositions, with oleic acid (Formulation A) and without (Formulation B), were compared to analyse the role of oleic acid as a potential active ingredient in addition to DST. DST-loaded LNP were prepared using the emulsification–ultrasonication method. All of the prepared formulations were spherical in shape in the nanometric size range (150–300 nm), with entrapment efficiencies of >75%. X-ray diffractograms revealed that DST exists in an amorphous form within the NLP matrices. The drug release behaviour from both LNP preparations displayed slow release of DST...
Dutasteride, licensed as an oral medicine for the treatment of benign prostatic hypoplasia, has b... more Dutasteride, licensed as an oral medicine for the treatment of benign prostatic hypoplasia, has been investigated as a treatment for androgenic alopecia. In this study, the potential for dustasteride to be delivered topically in order to reduce systemic exposure, irritation of the skin, and also cytotoxicity was explored. Chitosan oligomer (CSO) was successfully synthesised with lauric acid as a coating for a dutasteride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (DST-NLCs) system. DST-NLCs were prepared using a combination of melt-dispersion and ultrasonication. These negatively charged NLCs (−18.0 mV) had a mean particle size of ~184 nm, which was not significantly increased (p > 0.05) when coated with lauric acid-chitosan oligomer (CSO-LA), whilst the surface charge changed to positive (+24.8 mV). The entrapment efficiency of DST-NLCs was 97%, and coated and uncoated preparations were physically stable for up to 180 days at 4–8 °C. The drug release was slower from DST-NLCs coated wi...
Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji and Ab... more Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji and Abd. Aziz, Ramlan (2009) Effect of emulsifier on the particle size distribution of virgin coconut oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticle (VCO-SLNs) using ultrasonication method. In: ...
Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Dolhaji, Noer Hartini and Sa... more Mohamed Noor, Norhayati and Hasham, Rosnani and Abd. Aziz, Azila and Dolhaji, Noer Hartini and Samsuddin, Hayatunissa and Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji and Abd. Aziz, Ramlan (2009) A double-blind test comparing VCO-SLNS lotion with Non-VCO-SLNS as a skin moisturizer. ...
Dutasteride, used for treating benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), promotes hair growth. To enhanc... more Dutasteride, used for treating benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), promotes hair growth. To enhance delivery to the hair follicles and reduce systemic effects, in this study dutasteride has been formulated for topical application, in a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) coated with chitosan oligomer-stearic acid (CSO-SA). CSO-SA has been successfully synthesized, as confirmed using 1 H NMR and FTIR. Formulation of dutasteride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (DST-NLCs) was optimized using a 2 3 full factorial design. This formulation was coated with different concentrations of stearic acid-chitosan solution. Coating DST-NLCs with 5% SA-CSO increased mean size from 187.6 ± 7.0 nm to 220.1 ± 11.9 nm, and modified surface charge, with zeta potentials being À18.3 ± 0.9 mV and +25.8 ± 1.1 mV for uncoated and coated DST-NLCs respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed all formulations comprised approximately spherical particles. DST-NLCs, coated and uncoated with CSO-SA, exhibited particle size stability over 60 days, when stored at 4–8 °C. However, NLCs coated with CSO (without conjugation) showed aggregation when stored at 4–8 °C after 30 days. The measured particle size for all formulations stored at 25 °C suggested aggregation, which was greatest for DST-NLCs coated with 10% CSO-SA and 5% CSO. All nanoparticle formulations exhibited rapid release in an in vitro release study, with uncoated NLCs exhibiting the fastest release rate. Using a Franz diffusion cell, no dutasteride permeated through pig ear skin after 48 h, such that it was not detected in the receptor chamber for all samples. The amount of dutasteride in the skin was significantly different (p < 0.05) for DST-NLCs (6.09 ± 1.09 lg/cm 2) without coating and those coated with 5% CSO-SA (2.82 ± 0.40 lg/cm 2), 10% CSO-SA (2.70 ± 0.35 lg/cm 2) and CSO (2.11 ± 0.64 lg/cm 2). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the cytotoxicity (IC 50) between dutasteride alone and in the nanoparticles. DST-NLCs coated and uncoated with CSO-SA increased the maximum non-toxic concentration by 20-fold compared to dutasteride alone. These studies indicate that a stearic acid-chitosan conjugate was successfully prepared, and modified the surface charge of DST-NLCs from negative to positive. These stable, less cytotoxic, positively-charged dutasteride-loaded nanostruc-tured lipid carriers, with stearic acid-chitosan oligomer conjugate, are appropriate for topical delivery and have potential for promotion of hair growth.
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidan... more Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidant activity and contains medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). In this work formulation, characterisation and penetration of VCO-solid lipid particles (VCO-SLP) have been studied. VCO-SLP were prepared using ultrasonication of molten stearic acid and VCO in an aqueous solution. The electron microscopy imaging revealed that VCO-SLP were solid and spherical in shape. Ultrasonication was performed at several power intensities which resulted in particle sizes of VCO-SLP ranged from 0.608 ± 0.002 µm to 44.265 ± 1.870 µm. The particle size was directly proportional to the applied power intensity of ultrasonication. The zeta potential values of the particles were from −43.2 ± 0.28 mV to −47.5 ± 0.42 mV showing good stability. The cumulative permeation for the smallest sized VCO-SLP (0.608 µm) was 3.83 ± 0.01 µg/cm 2 whereas for larger carriers it was reduced (3.59 ± 0.02 µg/cm 2). It is concluded that SLP have the potential to be exploited as a micro/nano scale cosmeceutical carrying vehicle for improved dermal delivery of VCO.
Virgin Coconut Oil is usually extracted from well matured and fresh coconut through specialized p... more Virgin Coconut Oil is usually extracted from well matured and fresh coconut through specialized processes without damaging its natural nutrition. In this work, formulation, characterization and efficacy of VCO-SLPs have been studied. VCO-SLPs were prepared using ultrasonification of molten stearic acid and virgin coconut oil in an aqueous solution and particles with the size of 0.608 µm have been obtained. 20% concentration of VCO-SLPs of 0.608 µm particle size was added into the base lotion. Sensory study and skin evaluation study was conducted to compare the difference between lotion containing VCO-SLPs and lotion without VCO-SLPs. Moisturizing lotion incorporated with VCO-SLPs was found to increase skin hydration and skin elasticity by 24.8% and 2.60% respectively from day 0 to day 28. This shows that solid lipid particles has the potential to be utilized as a carrier for improved dermal delivery of VCO.
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