Historia de la población africana y afrodescendiente en Uruguay, 2020
E
23
l texto que aquí se presenta es un aporte más en
los sostenidos y simultáneos esfuerzos que ... more E 23 l texto que aquí se presenta es un aporte más en los sostenidos y simultáneos esfuerzos que buscan dar cuenta del proceso de formación histórica de la colectividad afrodescendiente en Uruguay. Resultado del convenio entre la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (fhce) de la Universidad de la República y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (mides), a través de la Dirección Nacional de Promoción Sociocultural, el libro apunta a transversalizar las perspectivas de derechos humanos, igualdad y no discriminación desde las dimensiones de género, generaciones y etnia-raza en las políticas sociales, así como la promoción y protección del derecho a la educación de calidad.
Edited by Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat. Contributions by Emily Berquist Soule, Alex... more Edited by Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat. Contributions by Emily Berquist Soule, Alex Borucki, Marc Eagle, David Eltis, Jorge Felipe González, Paul Lokken, Rachel Sarah O'Toole, Elena Schneider, Pablo Miguel Sierra Silva, Sabrina Smith, David Wheat. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press (Diálogos Series), 2020. https://unmpress.com/books/galleons-highlands/9780826361165
La trata esclavista y la esclavitud tuvieron una historia prolongada y un rol central en el desar... more La trata esclavista y la esclavitud tuvieron una historia prolongada y un rol central en el desarrollo del Río de la Plata, aunque esta región no tuviera una economía de plantación. Este libro analiza las vidas de los africanos y sus descendientes en Buenos Aires y Montevideo desde fines del periodo colonial hasta las primeras décadas de la independencia. El autor muestra cómo los africanos esclavizados crearon identidades sociales basadas en experiencias compartidas, en ámbitos tan diversos como la supervivencia como compañeros de barco en los navíos esclavistas que los conducían forzadamente al Plata, hasta la camaradería en los batallones de negros desde la revolución a la era de Rosas y Rivera. Además del tráfico esclavista y del servicio militar, su participación en cofradías católicas, “naciones” africanas (tambos y candombes), y en la cultura letrada de este periodo dieron una forma distintiva a las identidades negras rioplatenses. Conectando regiones especificas de África y Brasil con Buenos Aires y Montevideo, así como la historia inseparable de las poblaciones negras en ambas márgenes del Plata, el autor también explora los lazos de los africanos y sus descendientes, tanto libres como esclavos, con la sociedad rioplatense en su conjunto.
(Coming soon to Amazon y la librería del barrio). Although it never had a plantation-based econom... more (Coming soon to Amazon y la librería del barrio). Although it never had a plantation-based economy, the Río de la Plata region, comprising present-day Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, has a long but neglected history of slave trading and slavery. This book analyzes the lives of Africans and their descendants in Montevideo and Buenos Aires from the late colonial era to the first decades of independence. The author shows how the enslaved Africans created social identities based on their common experiences, ranging from surviving together the Atlantic and coastal forced passages on slave vessels to serving as soldiers in the independence-era black battalions. In addition to the slave trade and the military, their participation in black lay brotherhoods, African “nations,” and the lettered culture shaped their social identities. Linking specific regions of Africa to the Río de la Plata region, the author also explores the ties of the free black and enslaved populations to the larger society in which they found themselves.
In mid-September 1783 the schooner Eagle, captained by David Miller, landed 104 enslaved Africans... more In mid-September 1783 the schooner Eagle, captained by David Miller, landed 104 enslaved Africans in Charleston. This is the first known U.S.-flagged transatlantic slave voyage arriving in the United States after independence. Before bringing these captives from Africa, Miller had conducted a previous voyage on the Eagle, which landed fifty other captives in Havana in May 1783. 1 The latter group of enslaved men and women, whom Miller brought from the Danish colony of Saint Thomas in the eastern Caribbean, were some of the nearly 14,500 captives we have found who were shipped to Havana, mainly from other Caribbean ports by merchants based in Cuba, the Danish West Indies, and the United States, from 1781 to 1785. Though British North American colonists had been organizing slave voyages for more than a century before the American Revolution, these slave vessels arriving in Cuba during that war were the first to sail under U.S. colors.
Resumen: Si bien la trata de esclavos llevados por buques de Estados Unidos hacia el Río de la Pl... more Resumen: Si bien la trata de esclavos llevados por buques de Estados Unidos hacia el Río de la Plata duró solo doce años, entre 1798 y 1809, los comerciantes estadounidenses enviaron más cautivos directamente desde África a Buenos Aires y Montevideo (en lugar de hacerlo de manera indirecta a través de Brasil) que cualquier otro grupo nacional de mercaderes entre 1777 y 1812. Este artículo examina las conexiones de la trata de esclavos con la circulación de plata hispanoamericana más allá de las colonias españolas, en tanto la plata fue el principal medio de intercambio de las transacciones realizadas por este tráfico. Esta historia también conecta el Atlántico con el Pacífico, pues buena parte de los cautivos que desembarcaron las naves esclavistas de Estados Unidos en el Río de la Plata se redirigió hacia Lima a través de Chile. Palabras clave: tráfico esclavista, Río de la Plata, Estados Unidos, siglo xviii, siglo xix.
Es común leer que la esclavitud no fue tan central para la sociedad rioplatense como lo fue en Es... more Es común leer que la esclavitud no fue tan central para la sociedad rioplatense como lo fue en Estados Unidos, Cuba, y Brasil, o que el número de africanos esclavizados que llegaron al Río de la Plata no fue tan significativo como lo fue para las sociedades de esos países. En pos de dosificar estas generalizaciones, y con el objetivo de llegar tanto a investigadores de esta temática como a especialistas en otras áreas de la historia rioplatense, este artículo aporta una nueva cuantificación y periodización de la abrumadora magnitud de la trata esclavista hacia el Río de la Plata durante 250 años. Aquí se construye y se explica una aproximación cuantitativa sobre la trata, que trajo forzadamente al menos doscientos mil africanos y afrobrasileños esclavizados a esta región entre 1585 y 1835.
When writing on the lives of Africans and their descendants, the scholarship of colonial and revo... more When writing on the lives of Africans and their descendants, the scholarship of colonial and revolutionary Rio de la Plata has focused mainly on manumission and freedom, slave labor in the city and the countryside, gender, culture, and military participation. 1 Few works examine the African experiences in the slave trade routes leading to Buenos Aires and
From 1777 to 1812, slave ships carried nearly 70,000 captives to the Río de la Plata; however, th... more From 1777 to 1812, slave ships carried nearly 70,000 captives to the Río de la Plata; however, the main slave routes leading to Buenos Aires and Montevideo did not depart from Africa. The traffic direct from Africa accounted for 28,000 slaves whereas 42,000 captives were embarked in Brazil to sail south to these two ports (Borucki 2015, 25-56). In that same period, 162 transatlantic slave voyages arrived in the Río de la Plata, out of which shippers from the United States conducted at least 54 Atlantic crossings. 1 Although it only lasted from 1798 to 1809, the direct-from-Africa U.S. slave trade to the Río de la Plata was very active. This traffic was one of the main branches of commerce for U.S. merchants in this region, as Fabrício Prado reveals that out of a total 167 U.S. vessels arriving in the Río de la Plata between 1798 and 1807, at least 56 (or 33 percent) were bringing African captives (Prado forthcoming, Table 1). This article follows the voyage of the slave ship Ascension, the first of these U.S. vessels bringing slaves to Buenos Aires and Montevideo, in order to explain the formation of networks between U.S. and Rioplatense merchants and the centrality of silver as means of legal and illegal exchanges. Thus, it examines the presence of U.S. shippers as new players in late-colonial Latin America, especially in the Rio de la Plata and to a lesser extent in Brazil, the demographic and commercial force of the South Atlantic slave trade beyond Brazil (extending to Mozambique and the Indian Ocean) and thus focusing on slave arrivals in Spanish colonies, and finally, the global implications of Andean silver and internal Spanish American markets for East Asian trade at the expense of enslaved Africans. The case of these U.S. slave ships in the Río de la Plata reveals unaccounted exports of silver as a result of slave sales and the significance of slave trading in comparison with the overall commerce of this region. By following Spanish American silver, this article also charts the implications of this slave route beyond the Río de la Plata, in world trade connecting New England, Mozambique, and East Asia. 2 Captives from Mozambique were not new to Atlantic slaving, but these U.S. slave traders were stepping into a new world of Indian Ocean commerce through their presence in Mozambique and the Mascarene Islands, which they considered as a gateway to Asia. In 1795, the ship Ascension, which carried 208 tons and was owned by Caleb Gardner, Peleg Clarke, William Vernon (all from Newport, Rhode Island) and Samuel Brown
Este dossier reúne artículos sobre la historia social y cultural de los afrodescendientes en el C... more Este dossier reúne artículos sobre la historia social y cultural de los afrodescendientes en el Cono Sur americano, sin dejar de lado perspectivas sobre la economía y la política, que pudieran incluir temas como la esclavitud y la abolición, el género, la participación militar y política; el asociacionismo y el movimiento afrodescendiente, la historia intelectual, la cultura popular y la cultura impresa.
From the late eighteenth century through most of the nineteenth, Buenos Aires and Montevideo were... more From the late eighteenth century through most of the nineteenth, Buenos Aires and Montevideo were hosts to a joint theatrical circuit characterized by the regular comings and goings of impresarios, artisans, musicians, and actors between the two cities. The military conflicts that shaped this period actually encouraged these connections, as they stimulated both exile and repatriation between one locale and the other. Africans, and particularly their Rioplatense descendants, were an integral part of popular entertainment circuits in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Some of the first Argentinean historians of theater and music, among them Vicente Gesualdo and Teodoro Klein, were aware of this connection and included in their initial scholarship links that connect the history of free and enslaved Afro-descendants to the early theater of Río de la Plata. 1 People of African ancestry participated in the European-style performance arts in Buenos Aires and Montevideo during the viceregal period (1776–1810), and they continued to do so during the revolutionary nineteenth century. While this article centers on theater, it also provides glimpses into the dance academies and pulperías (combined bars and grocery stores) that were centers of community expression. Africans and Afro-descendants also played guitars and other instruments at bonfires (fogones) and street parties, owned pulperías and dance academies, and more broadly, engaged in popular culture other than
Rethinking the African Diaspora in the Americas urges scholars to look beyond where Africans came... more Rethinking the African Diaspora in the Americas urges scholars to look beyond where Africans came from and where they first disembarked in order to integrate the transimperial dimension. Social networks connecting black communities throughout the Americas constituted an additional feature of the black experience that shaped the political, social, economic, and cultural features of African diasporic communities and the larger societies in which these groups found themselves. Evidence regarding the slaves and freedmen that traveled across the Portuguese and Spanish colonies in South America best illustrates the significance of transimperial networks for local black communities. This article reveals that these transimperial social ties proved essential for black communities in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This contributes to discussions of “entangled empires” by showing how free and enslaved Africans and their descendants were immersed in transimperial social networks, which to a certain extent they shaped with their actions. This article emphasizes how military actions surrounding the fall of Portuguese Colonia in 1777 shaped the continuous and substantial black social networks across these borderlands and influenced black communities in Buenos Aires and Montevideo.
Historia de la población africana y afrodescendiente en Uruguay, 2020
E
23
l texto que aquí se presenta es un aporte más en
los sostenidos y simultáneos esfuerzos que ... more E 23 l texto que aquí se presenta es un aporte más en los sostenidos y simultáneos esfuerzos que buscan dar cuenta del proceso de formación histórica de la colectividad afrodescendiente en Uruguay. Resultado del convenio entre la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (fhce) de la Universidad de la República y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (mides), a través de la Dirección Nacional de Promoción Sociocultural, el libro apunta a transversalizar las perspectivas de derechos humanos, igualdad y no discriminación desde las dimensiones de género, generaciones y etnia-raza en las políticas sociales, así como la promoción y protección del derecho a la educación de calidad.
Edited by Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat. Contributions by Emily Berquist Soule, Alex... more Edited by Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat. Contributions by Emily Berquist Soule, Alex Borucki, Marc Eagle, David Eltis, Jorge Felipe González, Paul Lokken, Rachel Sarah O'Toole, Elena Schneider, Pablo Miguel Sierra Silva, Sabrina Smith, David Wheat. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press (Diálogos Series), 2020. https://unmpress.com/books/galleons-highlands/9780826361165
La trata esclavista y la esclavitud tuvieron una historia prolongada y un rol central en el desar... more La trata esclavista y la esclavitud tuvieron una historia prolongada y un rol central en el desarrollo del Río de la Plata, aunque esta región no tuviera una economía de plantación. Este libro analiza las vidas de los africanos y sus descendientes en Buenos Aires y Montevideo desde fines del periodo colonial hasta las primeras décadas de la independencia. El autor muestra cómo los africanos esclavizados crearon identidades sociales basadas en experiencias compartidas, en ámbitos tan diversos como la supervivencia como compañeros de barco en los navíos esclavistas que los conducían forzadamente al Plata, hasta la camaradería en los batallones de negros desde la revolución a la era de Rosas y Rivera. Además del tráfico esclavista y del servicio militar, su participación en cofradías católicas, “naciones” africanas (tambos y candombes), y en la cultura letrada de este periodo dieron una forma distintiva a las identidades negras rioplatenses. Conectando regiones especificas de África y Brasil con Buenos Aires y Montevideo, así como la historia inseparable de las poblaciones negras en ambas márgenes del Plata, el autor también explora los lazos de los africanos y sus descendientes, tanto libres como esclavos, con la sociedad rioplatense en su conjunto.
(Coming soon to Amazon y la librería del barrio). Although it never had a plantation-based econom... more (Coming soon to Amazon y la librería del barrio). Although it never had a plantation-based economy, the Río de la Plata region, comprising present-day Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, has a long but neglected history of slave trading and slavery. This book analyzes the lives of Africans and their descendants in Montevideo and Buenos Aires from the late colonial era to the first decades of independence. The author shows how the enslaved Africans created social identities based on their common experiences, ranging from surviving together the Atlantic and coastal forced passages on slave vessels to serving as soldiers in the independence-era black battalions. In addition to the slave trade and the military, their participation in black lay brotherhoods, African “nations,” and the lettered culture shaped their social identities. Linking specific regions of Africa to the Río de la Plata region, the author also explores the ties of the free black and enslaved populations to the larger society in which they found themselves.
In mid-September 1783 the schooner Eagle, captained by David Miller, landed 104 enslaved Africans... more In mid-September 1783 the schooner Eagle, captained by David Miller, landed 104 enslaved Africans in Charleston. This is the first known U.S.-flagged transatlantic slave voyage arriving in the United States after independence. Before bringing these captives from Africa, Miller had conducted a previous voyage on the Eagle, which landed fifty other captives in Havana in May 1783. 1 The latter group of enslaved men and women, whom Miller brought from the Danish colony of Saint Thomas in the eastern Caribbean, were some of the nearly 14,500 captives we have found who were shipped to Havana, mainly from other Caribbean ports by merchants based in Cuba, the Danish West Indies, and the United States, from 1781 to 1785. Though British North American colonists had been organizing slave voyages for more than a century before the American Revolution, these slave vessels arriving in Cuba during that war were the first to sail under U.S. colors.
Resumen: Si bien la trata de esclavos llevados por buques de Estados Unidos hacia el Río de la Pl... more Resumen: Si bien la trata de esclavos llevados por buques de Estados Unidos hacia el Río de la Plata duró solo doce años, entre 1798 y 1809, los comerciantes estadounidenses enviaron más cautivos directamente desde África a Buenos Aires y Montevideo (en lugar de hacerlo de manera indirecta a través de Brasil) que cualquier otro grupo nacional de mercaderes entre 1777 y 1812. Este artículo examina las conexiones de la trata de esclavos con la circulación de plata hispanoamericana más allá de las colonias españolas, en tanto la plata fue el principal medio de intercambio de las transacciones realizadas por este tráfico. Esta historia también conecta el Atlántico con el Pacífico, pues buena parte de los cautivos que desembarcaron las naves esclavistas de Estados Unidos en el Río de la Plata se redirigió hacia Lima a través de Chile. Palabras clave: tráfico esclavista, Río de la Plata, Estados Unidos, siglo xviii, siglo xix.
Es común leer que la esclavitud no fue tan central para la sociedad rioplatense como lo fue en Es... more Es común leer que la esclavitud no fue tan central para la sociedad rioplatense como lo fue en Estados Unidos, Cuba, y Brasil, o que el número de africanos esclavizados que llegaron al Río de la Plata no fue tan significativo como lo fue para las sociedades de esos países. En pos de dosificar estas generalizaciones, y con el objetivo de llegar tanto a investigadores de esta temática como a especialistas en otras áreas de la historia rioplatense, este artículo aporta una nueva cuantificación y periodización de la abrumadora magnitud de la trata esclavista hacia el Río de la Plata durante 250 años. Aquí se construye y se explica una aproximación cuantitativa sobre la trata, que trajo forzadamente al menos doscientos mil africanos y afrobrasileños esclavizados a esta región entre 1585 y 1835.
When writing on the lives of Africans and their descendants, the scholarship of colonial and revo... more When writing on the lives of Africans and their descendants, the scholarship of colonial and revolutionary Rio de la Plata has focused mainly on manumission and freedom, slave labor in the city and the countryside, gender, culture, and military participation. 1 Few works examine the African experiences in the slave trade routes leading to Buenos Aires and
From 1777 to 1812, slave ships carried nearly 70,000 captives to the Río de la Plata; however, th... more From 1777 to 1812, slave ships carried nearly 70,000 captives to the Río de la Plata; however, the main slave routes leading to Buenos Aires and Montevideo did not depart from Africa. The traffic direct from Africa accounted for 28,000 slaves whereas 42,000 captives were embarked in Brazil to sail south to these two ports (Borucki 2015, 25-56). In that same period, 162 transatlantic slave voyages arrived in the Río de la Plata, out of which shippers from the United States conducted at least 54 Atlantic crossings. 1 Although it only lasted from 1798 to 1809, the direct-from-Africa U.S. slave trade to the Río de la Plata was very active. This traffic was one of the main branches of commerce for U.S. merchants in this region, as Fabrício Prado reveals that out of a total 167 U.S. vessels arriving in the Río de la Plata between 1798 and 1807, at least 56 (or 33 percent) were bringing African captives (Prado forthcoming, Table 1). This article follows the voyage of the slave ship Ascension, the first of these U.S. vessels bringing slaves to Buenos Aires and Montevideo, in order to explain the formation of networks between U.S. and Rioplatense merchants and the centrality of silver as means of legal and illegal exchanges. Thus, it examines the presence of U.S. shippers as new players in late-colonial Latin America, especially in the Rio de la Plata and to a lesser extent in Brazil, the demographic and commercial force of the South Atlantic slave trade beyond Brazil (extending to Mozambique and the Indian Ocean) and thus focusing on slave arrivals in Spanish colonies, and finally, the global implications of Andean silver and internal Spanish American markets for East Asian trade at the expense of enslaved Africans. The case of these U.S. slave ships in the Río de la Plata reveals unaccounted exports of silver as a result of slave sales and the significance of slave trading in comparison with the overall commerce of this region. By following Spanish American silver, this article also charts the implications of this slave route beyond the Río de la Plata, in world trade connecting New England, Mozambique, and East Asia. 2 Captives from Mozambique were not new to Atlantic slaving, but these U.S. slave traders were stepping into a new world of Indian Ocean commerce through their presence in Mozambique and the Mascarene Islands, which they considered as a gateway to Asia. In 1795, the ship Ascension, which carried 208 tons and was owned by Caleb Gardner, Peleg Clarke, William Vernon (all from Newport, Rhode Island) and Samuel Brown
Este dossier reúne artículos sobre la historia social y cultural de los afrodescendientes en el C... more Este dossier reúne artículos sobre la historia social y cultural de los afrodescendientes en el Cono Sur americano, sin dejar de lado perspectivas sobre la economía y la política, que pudieran incluir temas como la esclavitud y la abolición, el género, la participación militar y política; el asociacionismo y el movimiento afrodescendiente, la historia intelectual, la cultura popular y la cultura impresa.
From the late eighteenth century through most of the nineteenth, Buenos Aires and Montevideo were... more From the late eighteenth century through most of the nineteenth, Buenos Aires and Montevideo were hosts to a joint theatrical circuit characterized by the regular comings and goings of impresarios, artisans, musicians, and actors between the two cities. The military conflicts that shaped this period actually encouraged these connections, as they stimulated both exile and repatriation between one locale and the other. Africans, and particularly their Rioplatense descendants, were an integral part of popular entertainment circuits in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Some of the first Argentinean historians of theater and music, among them Vicente Gesualdo and Teodoro Klein, were aware of this connection and included in their initial scholarship links that connect the history of free and enslaved Afro-descendants to the early theater of Río de la Plata. 1 People of African ancestry participated in the European-style performance arts in Buenos Aires and Montevideo during the viceregal period (1776–1810), and they continued to do so during the revolutionary nineteenth century. While this article centers on theater, it also provides glimpses into the dance academies and pulperías (combined bars and grocery stores) that were centers of community expression. Africans and Afro-descendants also played guitars and other instruments at bonfires (fogones) and street parties, owned pulperías and dance academies, and more broadly, engaged in popular culture other than
Rethinking the African Diaspora in the Americas urges scholars to look beyond where Africans came... more Rethinking the African Diaspora in the Americas urges scholars to look beyond where Africans came from and where they first disembarked in order to integrate the transimperial dimension. Social networks connecting black communities throughout the Americas constituted an additional feature of the black experience that shaped the political, social, economic, and cultural features of African diasporic communities and the larger societies in which these groups found themselves. Evidence regarding the slaves and freedmen that traveled across the Portuguese and Spanish colonies in South America best illustrates the significance of transimperial networks for local black communities. This article reveals that these transimperial social ties proved essential for black communities in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This contributes to discussions of “entangled empires” by showing how free and enslaved Africans and their descendants were immersed in transimperial social networks, which to a certain extent they shaped with their actions. This article emphasizes how military actions surrounding the fall of Portuguese Colonia in 1777 shaped the continuous and substantial black social networks across these borderlands and influenced black communities in Buenos Aires and Montevideo.
Este artículo examina los resultados preliminares del proyecto “Esclavizamiento, circuitos de la ... more Este artículo examina los resultados preliminares del proyecto “Esclavizamiento, circuitos de la plata e imperios Atlánticos: El tráfico de esclavos a la América del Sur española, 1660–1810”. Este avance se limita al contexto rioplatense y a ciertos temas, lo cual no agota otras líneas de investigación. Entre otras cosas, este artículo examina la operativa de la trata, sus conexiones trans-imperiales, los métodos para estimar el volumen del tráfi co y el uso de las ideologías esclavistas por las elites rioplatenses
Between 1808 and 1862, officers primarily from the British navy liberated approximately 175,000 e... more Between 1808 and 1862, officers primarily from the British navy liberated approximately 175,000 enslaved Africans from transatlantic slavers. Information on more than half of this group has survived in bound ledger books. Based on the assessment of extant data for more than 92,000 Liberated Africans whose information was copied in at times duplicate and triplicate form in both London- and Freetown-based registers, this essay explores the pitfalls and possibilities associated with using the Registers for Liberated Africans as sources for historical analysis of the slave trade. The article explains the relationship of multiple copies of the registers to each other, demonstrates the link between the African names they contain and ethnolinguistic identities, argues for crowd-sourcing – drawing on the knowledge of the diasporic public and not just scholars – and, finally, shows the importance of such an approach for pre-colonial African history.Entre 1808 et 1862, les officiers de la Marine Britannique libérèrent environ 175,000 esclaves africains des négriers transatlantiques. Ils furent amenés par la suite à Freetown, à la Havane, et à d’autres ports où leurs noms et des informations personnelles furent inscrits dans les régistres relies. En se servant des données sur plus de 92,000 de ces Africains libérés, cet article s’interroge sur la possibilité d’utiliser les Registers for Liberated Africans comme sources d’analyse historique de la traite des esclaves. La relation entre les régistres différents mentionnant les mêmes individus est examinée, ainsi que les liens possibles entre noms africains et identités ethnolinguistiques. En proposant comme méthode d’analyse le “crowd-sourcing,” à savoir, l’appel aux connaissances des publiques diasporiques au lieu de se limiter au savoir des experts, l’étude montre le besoin d’une telle approche dans l’étude de l’histoire de l’Afrique précoloniale.
for sharing with me their research. My gratitude goes to George Reid Andrews, Alejandro de la Fue... more for sharing with me their research. My gratitude goes to George Reid Andrews, Alejandro de la Fuente, and the two anonymous readers for HAHR. I would also like to thank Mónica Sarachu, the archivist of the Archive of the Archbishopric of Montevideo.
Atlantic European empires faced reform and centralization in the second half of the eighteenth ce... more Atlantic European empires faced reform and centralization in the second half of the eighteenth century at a time when Spanish American dominions were challenged by British and Portuguese interests. The Seven Years War (1756Á1763) left an important part of Spanish America confronting the British possessions of North America and the West Indies and the Portuguese in the Río de la Plata. The periphery of the Spanish Empire*Cuba, Venezuela, and the Río de la Plata*experienced both Atlantic warfare and economic growth as Spain turned to a more commercial and maritime model of Atlantic empire (Elliot 2006, 292Á324). This era of imperial redefinition coincided with the zenith of the transatlantic slave trade. From a total of twelve and a half million enslaved Africans who crossed the Atlantic between 1500 and 1867, almost six million made this passage between 1750 and 1825 (Behrendt et al.). Sharp imperial competition developed in the Atlantic over the production of staples, shipping, and the acquisition of slave labor. However, as this study will show, instead of rivalry it was actually trading cooperation between the Spanish and the Portuguese in the South Atlantic that led to the introduction of the greatest number of enslaved Africans in the history of the Río de la Plata. This study provides a revised quantification of the slaves entering in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. By studying the slave trading connections of this region with both Brazil and Africa, this article shows how Luso-Spanish networks shaped the slave routes ending in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The trans-imperial networks which drove this southernmost branch of the slave trade might seem inimical to the mercantilist policies held by the Spanish and Portuguese metropolis, but they continued as this traffic benefited specific aspects of imperial trade and expansion. While illegal for the Portuguese Crown, the slave trade from both Brazil and Mozambique to the Río de la Plata provided a continuous inflow of silver*the blood of Portuguese commerce in Asia and a source of specie for the empire.
The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion of knowledge about the transatlant... more The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion of knowledge about the transatlantic slave trade, both through research on specific sections of this traffic and through the consolidation of datasets into a single online resource: Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database (hereafter Voyages Database). This collective project has elucidated in great detail the slave trading routes across the Atlantic and the broad African origins of captives, at least from their ports of embarkation. However, this multi-source database tells us little about the slave trading routes within the Americas, as slaves were shipped through various ports of disembarkation, sometimes by crossing imperial borders in the New World. This gap complicates our understanding of the slave trade to Spanish America, which depended on foreign slavers to acquire captives through a rigid system of contracts (asientos and licencias) overseen by the Crown up to 1789. 1 These foreign merchants often shipped captives from their own American territories such as Jamaica, Curaçao, and Brazil. Thus, the slave trade connected the Spanish colonies with interlopers from England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal (within the Spanish domain from 1580 to 1640), and eventually the United States. The importance of the intra-American slave trade is particularly evident in Venezuela: while the Voyages Database shows only 11,500 enslaved Africans arriving in Venezuela directly from Africa, I estimate that 101,000 captives were disembarked there, mostly from other colonies. This article illuminates the volume of this traffic, the slave trading routes, and the origins of slaves arriving in Venezuela by exploring the connections of this Spanish colony with the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French Atlantics. Imperial conflicts and commercial networks shaped the number and sources of slaves arriving in Venezuela. As supplies of captives passed from Portuguese to Dutch, and then to English hands, the colony absorbed captives from different African regions of embarkation.
New archival evidence from Montevideo reveals a twofold operation that brought enslaved Africans ... more New archival evidence from Montevideo reveals a twofold operation that brought enslaved Africans to Rio de Janeiro in the era of the illegal slave trade. This pattern emerged after the negotiation of the only -and largely unsuccessful -Anglo-Brazilian treaty against this traffic (1826) and the independence of Uruguay from Brazil (1825), which led to the foundation of the Uruguayan state in 1830. This operation also disguised the shipment of African slaves, mainly children, to Montevideo as 'colonists' in order to avoid both the constitutional ban on the slave trade as well as the British cruisers patrolling the Atlantic.
Las denominaciones empleadas en esta publicación y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos... more Las denominaciones empleadas en esta publicación y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos, no implican de parte de la UNESCO juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica de países, territorios, ciudades o zonas, o de sus autoridades, ni sobre la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. Los autores se hacen responsables por la elección y presentación de los hechos que figuran en la presente publicación y por las opiniones que aquí expresan, las cuales no reflejan necesariamente las de la UNESCO, y no comprometen a la Organización.
Recuerda diferentes sitios sufridos por Montevideo y otros eventos .. Conducta de Jacinto y alter... more Recuerda diferentes sitios sufridos por Montevideo y otros eventos .. Conducta de Jacinto y altercado con Tomás García de Zúñiga ............ Narra su experiencia militar en un memorial a la corona portuguesa .... Molina defi ende su honor en una carta a Manuel Oribe .
WITHIN HALF A CENTURY OF COLUMBIAN CONTACT, the most powerful state in Europe had taken over the ... more WITHIN HALF A CENTURY OF COLUMBIAN CONTACT, the most powerful state in Europe had taken over the two most powerful polities in the Americas: the Aztec and Inca empires. From that point until at least 1810, Spanish America was the largest and most populated European imperial domain in the New World, stretching eventually from California to Buenos Aires. Both the first and the last slave voyages to cross the Atlantic disembarked not very far from each other, in the Spanish colonies of Hispaniola (1505) and Cuba (1867). 1 This continent-sized group of colonies developed the first and, until the late eighteenth century, the largest free black population in the Americas. 2 Spanish America was therefore the part of the Americas with the most enduring links to Africa. Yet while the French, the British, and even the Portuguese empires have reasonably precise data on the origins, composition, and de-1 The first African slaves probably arrived in 1501 from Seville, Spain, but not on a slave voyage in the usual sense. António de Almeida Mendes, "The Foundations of the System: A Reassessment of the Slave Trade to the Spanish Americas in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," in David Eltis and David Richardson, eds., Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database (New Haven, Conn., 2008), 63-94. 2 Spain's American possessions, the size and complexity of which should not be underestimated, were the linchpin of an empire that was genuinely global in scope during the eras of Hapsburg and Bourbon rule. In Europe, it stretched from the Spanish Netherlands to Sicily, and from Oran in North Africa to the Canary Islands. It included the Philippines in Asia, and the Mariana Islands and Guam in Oceania. During the Iberian Union, which lasted from 1580 to 1640, the Spanish crown also ruled over Portugal and the entire Portuguese empire, including Brazil and Angola, and territories in North Africa, India, and the Moluccas, among many other sites. Until the Constitution of 1812, Spanish territories in the Americas were considered kingdoms or provinces under the rule of the Spanish crown (much like the kingdoms of Aragon and Naples), and were typically grouped into larger administrative units known as audiencias. The audiencias, in turn, nominally fell under the jurisdiction of viceroyalties, though some retained a considerable degree of autonomy. The main center of Spanish power in North America was the Viceroyalty of New Spain, which encompassed all of modern Mexico plus the provinces of Upper California, New Mexico, and Texas. Stretching across the circum-Caribbean, the Audiencia of Santo Domingo included the islands of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba, as well as Florida. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it also included most of present-day Venezuela and its neighboring islands, and it would add the Floridas (again) and Louisiana during the eighteenth century. The neighboring Audiencia of Guatemala encompassed most of Central America, including territories that correspond to the modern nations of Guatemala,
The slave trade within the Americas, after the initial disembarkation of African captives in the ... more The slave trade within the Americas, after the initial disembarkation of African captives in the New World, has received scant attention from historians, especially before the abolition of the transatlantic traffic. This article examines such intra-American trafficking as an introduction to the digital project Final Passages: The Intra-American Slave Trade Database, which aims to document evidence of slave voyages throughout the New World. This article does not provide statistics on this internal slave trade, as ongoing research will deliver new data. Instead, we consolidate qualitative knowledge about these intercolonial slave routes. As the article focuses on the era prior to British and U.S. abolition of the transatlantic trade (1807-1808), we leave out the nineteenth-century domestic slave trades in the United States and Brazil to focus on survivors of the Atlantic crossing who endured subsequent forced movement within the Americas.
O tráfico interno de escravos nas Américas, depois do desembarque inicial de africanos cativos no Novo Mundo, tem recebido pouca atenção dos historia-dores, especialmente antes da abolição do tráfico transa-tlântico. Este artigo examina o tráfico interno nas Améri-cas como uma introdução ao projeto digital Final Passages: The intra-American Slave Trade database, que pretende registrar evidências de viagens de escravos pelo Novo Mundo. Como a pesquisa em curso trará novos dados, este artigo não fornece estatísticas sobre o tráfico interno. Por sua vez, consolidamos um conhecimento qualitativo sobre essas rotas intercoloniais de escravos. Como o artigo se concentra no período anterior à abolição britânica e nor-te-americana do tráfico transatlântico (1807-1808), não abordamos o tráfico doméstico de escravos nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil para focarmos nos sobreviventes da travessia atlântica, forçados a deslocamentos no interior das Américas.
WITHIN HALF A CENTURY OF COLUMBIAN CONTACT, the most powerful state in Europe had taken over the ... more WITHIN HALF A CENTURY OF COLUMBIAN CONTACT, the most powerful state in Europe had taken over the two most powerful polities in the Americas: the Aztec and Inca empires. From that point until at least 1810, Spanish America was the largest and most populated European imperial domain in the New World, stretching eventually from California to Buenos Aires. Both the first and the last slave voyages to cross the Atlantic disembarked not very far from each other, in the Spanish colonies of Hispaniola (1505) and Cuba (1867). 1 This continent-sized group of colonies developed the first and, until the late eighteenth century, the largest free black population in the Americas. 2 Spanish America was therefore the part of the Americas with the most enduring links to Africa. Yet while the French, the British, and even the Portuguese empires have reasonably precise data on the origins, composition, and de-1 The first African slaves probably arrived in 1501 from Seville, Spain, but not on a slave voyage in the usual sense. António de Almeida Mendes, "The Foundations of the System: A Reassessment of the Slave Trade to the Spanish Americas in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," in David Eltis and David Richardson, eds., Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database (New Haven, Conn., 2008), 63-94. 2 Spain's American possessions, the size and complexity of which should not be underestimated, were the linchpin of an empire that was genuinely global in scope during the eras of Hapsburg and Bourbon rule. In Europe, it stretched from the Spanish Netherlands to Sicily, and from Oran in North Africa to the Canary Islands. It included the Philippines in Asia, and the Mariana Islands and Guam in Oceania. During the Iberian Union, which lasted from 1580 to 1640, the Spanish crown also ruled over Portugal and the entire Portuguese empire, including Brazil and Angola, and territories in North Africa, India, and the Moluccas, among many other sites. Until the Constitution of 1812, Spanish territories in the Americas were considered kingdoms or provinces under the rule of the Spanish crown (much like the kingdoms of Aragon and Naples), and were typically grouped into larger administrative units known as audiencias. The audiencias, in turn, nominally fell under the jurisdiction of viceroyalties, though some retained a considerable degree of autonomy. The main center of Spanish power in North America was the Viceroyalty of New Spain, which encompassed all of modern Mexico plus the provinces of Upper California, New Mexico, and Texas. Stretching across the circum-Caribbean, the Audiencia of Santo Domingo included the islands of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba, as well as Florida. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it also included most of present-day Venezuela and its neighboring islands, and it would add the Floridas (again) and Louisiana during the eighteenth century. The neighboring Audiencia of Guatemala encompassed most of Central America, including territories that correspond to the modern nations of Guatemala,
Los estudios sobre siglo XIX uruguayo tradicionalmente se han estructurado como si pertenecieran ... more Los estudios sobre siglo XIX uruguayo tradicionalmente se han estructurado como si pertenecieran a dos comunidades diferentes. Por una parte, quienes estudian la revolución artiguista y las independencias comúnmente trazan su investigación desde el final del período colonial hasta la independencia. Por otra parte, quienes investigan la llamada "modernización" uruguaya, analizan el final de siglo XIX para entender el Uruguay del siglo XX. Desde los años 1950s hasta los 1980s, los estudios sobre período colonial desde Pivel Devoto hasta Barrán y Nahum, pasando por el grupo liderado por Lucía Sala, intentaron explicar el artiguismo no sólo a nivel local sino rioplatense. Tanto la dupla Barrán-Nahum así como el grupo de Sala tenían un anclaje estructuralista, y para los últimos marxista, en pos de entender el artiguismo a partir de investigar el régimen colonial. En el otro extremo del siglo XIX, Los estudios fundacionales sobre la "modernización" (1880-1910), como la obra de Barrán y Nahum sobre la época de José Batlle y Ordóñez, pocas veces se aventuraron a vincular el final del siglo XIX con sus inicios. 1 Como consecuencia de esta periodización, el período menos estudiado del siglo XIX uruguayo es 1830-1870. Temas bien interesantes como la fundación del estado uruguayo, los vaivenes entre la Confederación Argentina, Brasil, y los intereses anglo-franceses durante las guerras civiles uruguayas de la época de Juan Manuel de Rosas, y la revisión sobre la Guerra de la Triple Alianza, entre otros problemas, han sido poco estudiados por la historiografía uruguaya reciente. No hay en Uruguay estudios dedicados a este período como en el caso argentino, en donde existe un núcleo de investigadores sobre la era de Rosas. Este vacío es aún más profundo cuando consideramos a las clases populares. El abismo que separa lo que sabemos sobre las elites y los sectores subalternos es mucho más profundo en este período que en otros.
This book contributes to historizing the social, intellectual, political, and technical process o... more This book contributes to historizing the social, intellectual, political, and technical process of fixing land property in what became Uruguay from 1754, when the Spanish Crown liberalized the land market, to 1912, when the country created its first national cadaster. The author introduces debates that were once central to understanding most Latin American countries' economic and political history but from an original perspective. Duffau bases his survey on the venerable historiography of agrarian capitalism, where previous generations of scholars considered the fixation of land property rights as central to creating agrarian capitalist rent in the nineteenth century and leading to the transition to capitalism. Bringing another intellectual tradition, the author examines case studies about social conflict, nineteenth-century state-building, and the material construction of state power. The result is the intertwined, and many would say dialectic, history of fixing land property and constructing the national state.
Adriana Chira’s Patchwork Freedoms is a refreshening contribution to the historiography of the Af... more Adriana Chira’s Patchwork Freedoms is a refreshening contribution to the historiography of the African Diaspora in Latin America offering both genuinely new data and new interpretations. This book becomes even more important in recent years, when U.S.-based audiences, narratives and media have increasingly hegemonic effects on histories of the slave trade, slavery, and abolition told elsewhere.
recurrence and evolving character, have reflected shifting ideologies and realities, ones that, l... more recurrence and evolving character, have reflected shifting ideologies and realities, ones that, like the mulata herself, resist containment (p. 216).
Norah L. A. Gharala, Review of Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, eds., From the Galleon... more Norah L. A. Gharala, Review of Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, eds., From the Galleons to the Highlands: Slave Trade Routes in the Spanish Americas
6 brings in the English East India Company and consumption in northern Europe as a way of seeing ... more 6 brings in the English East India Company and consumption in northern Europe as a way of seeing how the administrative value of pearls diminished with increasing global trade, although they retained their symbolism. The conclusion summarizes the argument embodied in the book's title: that pearls elucidate human relationships with the natural world, which in turn bring us to a new and better understanding of the rise and fall of empires.
peoples often liberated themselves by running away, forming maroon communities, negotiating and p... more peoples often liberated themselves by running away, forming maroon communities, negotiating and purchasing legal manumission, or exchanging military service for freedom. As Helg reveals, the success rate of these strategies varied over time and in response to local and regional realities. The changing geographies and political organization of empires and later independent nations, for instance, at times allowed runaways to carve spaces of freedom and at others made flight too risky. Changes to legislation and to the political relationship between slave owners and governing authorities also affected enslaved people's ability to successfully secure their legal release from captivity. Nevertheless, flight, marronage, and manumission remained common strategies of self-liberation over the centuries, leading to the formation of a free black population that challenged the slave order by cultivating the possibility of black freedom.
Este bienvenido libro sobre Cádiz, el último gran puerto esclavista europeo del siglo xix, nace d... more Este bienvenido libro sobre Cádiz, el último gran puerto esclavista europeo del siglo xix, nace de una investigación colectiva denominada «La participación española en el tráfico de esclavos y los legados de la esclavitud en España, 1765-1886.» Este volumen presenta diez intervenciones sobre la historia comercial, política, económica, diplomática, social y de desarrollo de los saberes vinculados a la trata gaditana. Salvo por el capítulo de Arturo Morgado García y el de José Piqueras y Emma Vidal, el resto de las intervenciones está centrada en el siglo xix y en particular en las dinámicas impuestas por la clandestinidad de este tráfico luego de 1817. No está demás mencionar que se podría hacer un volumen colectivo similar sobre la trata inicial a través de Cádiz durante los siglos xvi y xvii, te-niendo en cuenta la historia de este puerto y su relación con Portugal, las islas Atlánticas africanas (Canarias y Cabo Verde, entre otras), así como con América. Este tema, por supuesto, está más allá de la investigación de los editores y autores de este libro colectivo, por lo que aquí no se critica su falta, sino que se alienta a su futura inclusión en otros volúmenes. La introducción señala que Cádiz fue el más importante puerto esclavista europeo luego de 1817, cuando ya los grandes puertos esclavistas ingleses y franceses habían deja-do casi completamente de participar en esta actividad. Cádiz surgió como uno de los pocos puertos del Viejo Mundo en donde todavía se organizaban viajes esclavistas hacia las Américas en tiempos de la clandestinidad impuesta por el tratado anglo-español contra la trata. Esta es una historia atlántica en su mejor perfil en tanto interroga, desde va-rias perspectivas, las relaciones de Cádiz con el resto de la España peninsular, con Cuba y Santo Domingo, y con los puertos africanos vinculados a estas redes comerciales.
This beautifully written book is a model of how to weave the social and political histories of C... more This beautifully written book is a model of how to weave the social and political histories of Catholic priests and the communities in which they lived during the last two centuries in Argentina. María Elena Barral, also author of De sotanas por la Pampa. Religión y sociedad en el Buenos Aires tardocolonial, is a leading representative of the renovation of the scholarship on the Catholic Church in Argentina. Curas con los pies en la tierra focuses on how local communities forged bonds with their priests, the Catholic Church, and Catholicism, according to the political context of each era. Even though the book examines historical ways to be a “cura” (priest) by providing biographies of ten priests from the eighteenth century to the present, the core thread of this work shows how parishioners mobilized, politically and socially, their priests. Rather than Catholic priests predominantly marshaling people into political developments, the vignettes that populate this book shed light on how leaders (the priests) were led or followed predominant (among their parishioners) feelings and demands. This story from below does not “turn” social history into politics or vice versa, but as the “feligreses” (parishioners) are the subject of this book, their own categories blend both aspects according to how they culturally understood their relationships with priests.
Este bienvenido libro sobre Cádiz, el último gran puerto esclavista europeo del siglo xix, nace d... more Este bienvenido libro sobre Cádiz, el último gran puerto esclavista europeo del siglo xix, nace de una investigación colectiva denominada «La participación española en el tráfico de esclavos y los legados de la esclavitud en España, 1765-1886.» Este volumen presenta diez intervenciones sobre la historia comercial, política, económica, diplomática, social y de desarrollo de los saberes vinculados a la trata gaditana.
His reassessment of the role of slavery in the early Spanish Empire portrays this institution bey... more His reassessment of the role of slavery in the early Spanish Empire portrays this institution beyond reductionist economic understandings, as "slavery was a means of reinforcing Spanish expansion and strengthening territorial claims overseas" (255). Of course, most enslaved and free African men and women were not consciously collaborating with Spanish colonization. Instead, as they sought freedom, family life, and stability for themselves in the Spanish Caribbean, they secured and extended Spanish rule in this region by becoming their "surrogate colonists" (260). Free and enslaved Africans and their descendants held the region for the Spanish crown by feeding the cities of Cartagena.
Edward B. Rugemer substantially repositions the significance of the actions of the enslaved, by e... more Edward B. Rugemer substantially repositions the significance of the actions of the enslaved, by examining how slave rebellions (and more broadly, the behavior of enslaved people) shaped certain contours of slave law in Barbados, Jamaica, and South Carolina. He surveys how the political significance of slave resistance was reflected into the deliberation and writing of slave laws in the British Atlantic.
Alex Borucki offers a stunningly textured and comprehensive account of the lives and shifting soc... more Alex Borucki offers a stunningly textured and comprehensive account of the lives and shifting social identities of African slaves and their descendants in the late colonial and early national Río de la Plata. The book focuses primarily on areas of what is present-day Uruguay, especially the city of Montevideo, but demonstrates that the histories of slavery and freedom, and of black mobility and mobilization, were inseparable from those of neighboring Buenos Aires and, in turn, from the broader Atlantic itineraries linking those cities to Brazil and to Africa. This book lends hefty support to a broader movement underway among academics and activists to place the Río de la Plata on the map of the African Diaspora, and, conversely, to re-Africanize the histories of Montevideo and Buenos Aires. Among the book's principal contributions is its reassessment of the place of the Río de la Plata in Atlantic slave trading networks, which brings to light the region's " long but neglected history of slave trading and slavery " (1). This neglect is owed partly to Uruguay and Argentina's self-portrayal as white nations unburdened by histories of slavery and racism, but it also reflects a tendency by scholars of the diaspora to focus principally on plantation societies where slavery was at its most extensive. Borucki begins his reassessment quantitatively, using databases and archival data. The result is an upward revision of the previous estimates of the slave trade to the Río de la Plata that includes not just the direct trade routes from Africa but also the significant, yet shadowy, inter-American trade through Brazil. To flesh out a range of African trajectories to the Río de la Plata, Borucki then takes a qualitative approach, using marriage files in which witnesses explain when, where, and how they met an enslaved groom. These documents confirm the importance of the route through Brazil, especially Salvador da Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, and they set the stage for Borucki's examination of the regional and trans-imperial and trans-local networks of mobility and cultural exchange. These networks shaped the emerging social identities of enslaved and free Africans who resided in and often moved among Rioplatense cities like Montevideo, Colonia, and Buenos Aires. A second major contribution of this book, then, is to bridge the stubborn historiographical frontier between the Spanish and Lusophone Americas—one buttressed not only by linguistic and national boundaries, but also by imaginary racial geographies that map blackness almost exclusively onto the latter. Borucki's archival and historiographical references reflect the history of the Banda Oriental history at the intersection of the two Iberian Americas. The documentary base Borucki has developed allows him to make an innovative argument about the importance of shipmate ties in shaping social networks, and emergent ethnic and meta-ethnic identifications, in the Río de la Plata. Bonds created
Uruguayans living in the country and abroad have written most of the books listed here. Thus, mos... more Uruguayans living in the country and abroad have written most of the books listed here. Thus, most of these works are written in Spanish. Current Uruguayan historiography concentrates on four periods: (i) Independence with a focus on José Artigas and the regional anti-colonial fight that involved the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, (ii) the early-20th-century "Batllista" movement that shaped modern Uruguay with its radical reforms, (iii) the crisis (1960s) and dictatorship (1973-1985), including the post-1985 legacies, and (iv) the progressive Frente Amplio's government (2005-2020), which has drawn regional and international attention to the study of the country's past. The history of Uruguay before 1904 may be divided into three broad subperiods: the colonial era (1580-1810), revolution and independence (1810-1860), and modernization (1860-1904). While this chronology does not correspond strictly to how Uruguayan historians divide pre-1904 Uruguayan history, the post-1904 periodization presented here matches the perspectives of Uruguayan scholarship. The division in 1904 marks the end of the 19th-century civil wars and the beginning of modern Uruguay under the political, economic, social, and cultural reforms encouraged by the presidencies of José Batlle y Ordóñez. The 1904 landmark is also a proper but approximate transition to chart the usage of terms referring to the people of this country: Orientales and Uruguayans. The term Banda Oriental, or Eastern Bank, referred to the territory east of the Uruguay River, currently Uruguay. The predominant term for people born in the territory of modern-day Uruguay was Orientales, given that this land was called Banda Oriental, Provincia Oriental, and, after independence, Estado Oriental del Uruguay and its current name República Oriental del Uruguay. The descendants of the Spaniards, the criollos of Montevideo and its countryside, called themselves Orientales in the late colonial period and during the nineteenth century. The Constitutional Assembly named the new country Estado Oriental del Uruguay in May 1829, drawing on the prevalent term Oriental. Usage in the early twentieth century, when massive European immigration changed the demographics of Uruguay, increasingly made the terms "Uruguay" and "Uruguayan" prevalent, but without eliminating the expression Orientales that still is employed by Uruguayans. Overviews and Longue-Durée Perspectives This section gathers three types of publications: i) overviews of Uruguayan history (Caetano and Rilla 2004, Caetano 2019), ii) edited volumes on the whole or parts of the country's history (Caetano 2016, Cameselle-Pesce and Sharnak 2023) and on Uruguay within the Rio de la Plata region (Prado, et al. 2021), and iii) longe-durée (long-term) perspectives of specific historical issues such as mentalities (Barrán 1989-1992), secularization (Barrán 1998), the economic history of the countryside (Moraes 2008), and the process of securing land property rights (Duffau 2022).
Afrodescendencia, cultura y sociedad en el Cono Sur, 1760-1960" Este dossier invita a contribuir ... more Afrodescendencia, cultura y sociedad en el Cono Sur, 1760-1960" Este dossier invita a contribuir artículos inéditos sobre la historia social y cultural de los afrodescendientes en el Cono Sur americano (Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, y Rio Grande do Sul en Brasil), sin dejar completamente de lado perspectivas sobre la economía y la política, que pueden incluir, por ejemplo: esclavitud y abolición, género, participación militar y política; asociacionismo y movimiento afrodescendiente, historia intelectual, cultura popular y cultura impresa. Se valorarán artículos que superen las fronteras nacionales y contribuyan a un diálogo regional en el Cono Sur americano, aunque sin perder de vista las particularidades locales. El marco temporal del dossier incluye las últimas cinco décadas del período colonial rioplatense, el siglo XIX, y la primera mitad del siglo XX. El recorte en 1960 es aproximado y tiene por cometido subrayar la primera mitad del siglo pasado, dado que las investigaciones recientes se han centrado en la esclavitud y post-abolición (hasta fines del XIX), por una parte, y en el presente más inmediato, por otra.
Uploads
Books by Alex Borucki
23
l texto que aquí se presenta es un aporte más en
los sostenidos y simultáneos esfuerzos que buscan
dar cuenta del proceso de formación histórica de la
colectividad afrodescendiente en Uruguay. Resultado del
convenio entre la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias
de la Educación (fhce) de la Universidad de la República
y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (mides), a través de
la Dirección Nacional de Promoción Sociocultural, el
libro apunta a transversalizar las perspectivas de derechos humanos, igualdad y no discriminación desde las
dimensiones de género, generaciones y etnia-raza en las
políticas sociales, así como la promoción y protección del
derecho a la educación de calidad.
The author shows how the enslaved Africans created social identities based on their common experiences, ranging from surviving together the Atlantic and coastal forced passages on slave vessels to serving as soldiers in the independence-era black battalions. In addition to the slave trade and the military, their participation in black lay brotherhoods, African “nations,” and the lettered culture shaped their social identities.
Linking specific regions of Africa to the Río de la Plata region, the author also explores the ties of the free black and enslaved populations to the larger society in which they
found themselves.
Articles by Alex Borucki
23
l texto que aquí se presenta es un aporte más en
los sostenidos y simultáneos esfuerzos que buscan
dar cuenta del proceso de formación histórica de la
colectividad afrodescendiente en Uruguay. Resultado del
convenio entre la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias
de la Educación (fhce) de la Universidad de la República
y el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (mides), a través de
la Dirección Nacional de Promoción Sociocultural, el
libro apunta a transversalizar las perspectivas de derechos humanos, igualdad y no discriminación desde las
dimensiones de género, generaciones y etnia-raza en las
políticas sociales, así como la promoción y protección del
derecho a la educación de calidad.
The author shows how the enslaved Africans created social identities based on their common experiences, ranging from surviving together the Atlantic and coastal forced passages on slave vessels to serving as soldiers in the independence-era black battalions. In addition to the slave trade and the military, their participation in black lay brotherhoods, African “nations,” and the lettered culture shaped their social identities.
Linking specific regions of Africa to the Río de la Plata region, the author also explores the ties of the free black and enslaved populations to the larger society in which they
found themselves.
O tráfico interno de escravos nas Américas, depois do desembarque inicial de africanos cativos no Novo Mundo, tem recebido pouca atenção dos historia-dores, especialmente antes da abolição do tráfico transa-tlântico. Este artigo examina o tráfico interno nas Améri-cas como uma introdução ao projeto digital Final Passages: The intra-American Slave Trade database, que pretende registrar evidências de viagens de escravos pelo Novo Mundo. Como a pesquisa em curso trará novos dados, este artigo não fornece estatísticas sobre o tráfico interno. Por sua vez, consolidamos um conhecimento qualitativo sobre essas rotas intercoloniais de escravos. Como o artigo se concentra no período anterior à abolição britânica e nor-te-americana do tráfico transatlântico (1807-1808), não abordamos o tráfico doméstico de escravos nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil para focarmos nos sobreviventes da travessia atlântica, forçados a deslocamentos no interior das Américas.