Books by Mario A. Laborda
Se presentan contribuciones y reconstrucciones parciales de las historias de la psicología. Así, ... more Se presentan contribuciones y reconstrucciones parciales de las historias de la psicología. Así, en plural, porque tanto cada autor y autora de los trece capítulos que componen este libro como sus editores, problematizan la noción de Historia de la Psicología como una gran narrativa del pasado disciplinar que se escribe en mayúsculas. Es, en ese sentido, una obra que pretende tributar a una interpretación histórica de la psicología, sus conceptos, sus personajes y aportes a la disciplina, así como a los usos que ha tenido (y tiene) en el campo político y social.
En 2007 la psicología en Chile festejó su sexagésimo aniversario, celebrando la fundación del pri... more En 2007 la psicología en Chile festejó su sexagésimo aniversario, celebrando la fundación del primer programa de psicología en la Universidad de Chile. Fue en el marco de estas celebraciones en que este volumen fue pensado y editado. Notas históricas de la psicología en Chile compila diversas aproximaciones a la historia de la disciplina psicológica en Chile. Cada uno de sus capítulos fueron escritos por psicólogos, que como actores de la disciplina, relatan la historia desde su personal perspectiva.
Notablemente la obra presenta en su conjunto una historia coherente con las raíces diversas de nuestra disciplina en el país. Ardila contextualiza el desarrollo de la psicología en Chile como parte de un proceso mayor a nivel latinoamericano. Ligüeño, Parra, Moncada y Laborda describen el rol fundador que ha tenido la Universidad de Chile, mientras Villegas discute su rol formador en nuestra historia, y Kusanovic presenta una historia del centro de atención de la unidad académica más antigua del país. Otras historias son también cubiertas. Miguez, Betancourt, y Vera-Villarroel presentan una historia de los laboratorios de psicología en Chile. Bravo relata los orígenes del colegio de psicólogos de Chile, y Winkler y Reyes sitúan el rol femenino en nuestra historia. Fernández y Dufey muestran como el estudio de las emociones ha sido importante en nuestra historia. Los orígenes de la psicología educacional son presentados por Barrera, y una mirada histórica a la salud mental es presentada por Magaña y Loubat. Finalmente, la historia de algunos de los más importantes aproximaciones en psicología son abordadas. Gomberoff relata la historia del psicoanálisis, Celis la historia del modelo humanista-transpersonal, Opazo y Bagladi la historia del modelo integrativo, y Vera-Villarroel, Montesinos, y Prieto cierran el presente volumen con la historia del análisis y modificación del comportamiento en Chile.
In 2007 the field of psychology in Chile celebrated the sixtieth birthday of the first program that taught the discipline in the country at the University of Chile. It was during these celebrations when “Notas históricas…” was planned and the project was launched. The final work is a fifteen-chapter book in which the history of different aspects of the discipline are presented by twenty-five respected scholars in the area. Importantly, merging diverse approaches creates a coherent history when evaluating the book as a whole. Ardila contextualized the development of psychology in Chile as part of a larger Latin-American endeavor. Ligüeño and colleagues and Villegas reviewed the foundational role that the University of Chile played in the development of the discipline, while Kusanovic presented the history of the University of Chile’s psychological clinic. Other specific topics are also reviewed. Miguez and colleagues presented the history of the experimental laboratories, Bravo related the origins of the Chilean Association of Psychologists, and Winkler and Reyes documented the role of female psychologists in our history. Fernández and Dufey showed how the study of emotions has been important in our history. Barrera described the genesis of the educational psychology, and Magaña and Loubat offered a historical view of the mental health in Chile. Gomberoff narrated the history of psychoanalysis, Celis the history of the humanistic-transpersonal psychology, Opazo and Bagladi the history of the integrative approach, and Vera-Villarroel and colleagues closed the volume with the history of the behavioral perspective in Chilean psychology.
Pavlovian phenomena have long served as models for the etiology, treatment, and relapse from trea... more Pavlovian phenomena have long served as models for the etiology, treatment, and relapse from treatment of diverse disorders (e.g., phobias, addictions). Here we briefly review Pavlovian conditioning models of anxiety disorders, experimental extinction models of exposure therapy, and recovery from extinction models of relapse following exposure therapy. We then focus on how research on experimental extinction has led to the development of specific behavioral techniques to reduce recovery from extinction and hence relapse from exposure therapy. These techniques include conducting extinction treatment in multiple contexts, giving a massive amount of extinction, increasing the time between extinction trials and between extinction sessions, administering extinction in the presence of a second excitor, and testing in the presence of a retrieval cue from extinction. It is concluded that these behavioral techniques, all ofwhich were discovered in the experimental laboratory, are potent and important tools to be considered by psychotherapists trying to make their patients less susceptible to relapse.
Papers by Mario A. Laborda
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 2014
Studies of extinction in Pavlovian preparations can identify conditions that make extinction more... more Studies of extinction in Pavlovian preparations can identify conditions that make extinction more enduring and increase the benefits of exposure-based behavior therapy. One such potential condition is the use of spaced extinction trials. Nevertheless, contradictory results of spacing extinction trials are found in the existing literature. Here we examine the strength of the association between the extinction context and the unconditioned stimulus as a variable that reconciles the seemingly contradictory prior reports. To assess the role of this variable, we evaluated the effects of extinction trial spacing as a function of the associative status of the extinction context in three lick suppression experiments with rats. In Experiment 1, the associative status of the extinction context was manipulated by giving extinction treatment in either the same context as acquisition or a different context. In Experiment 2, the associative status of the extinction context was initially high as a result of the acquisition context being used for extinction and then it was manipulated through postacquisition context exposure. In Experiment 3, extinction was administered in a context different from that of acquisition and the associative status of the extinction context was manipulated by delivering unsignaled footshock (i.e., the unconditioned stimuli) in the extinction context between acquisition and extinction. In all three experiments, consistently less conditioned suppression was observed with spaced extinction trials relative to massed extinction trials when the associative value of the extinction context was relatively low. In contrast, massed extinction trials produced less conditioned suppression when the associative status of the extinction context was high. Thus, stimulus control after extinction is influenced by an interaction between the intertrial interval during extinction and the associative status of the extinction context.
Studies of extinction in Pavlovian preparations can identify conditions that make extinction more... more Studies of extinction in Pavlovian preparations can identify conditions that make extinction more enduring and increase the benefits of exposure-based behavior therapy. One such potential condition is the use of spaced extinction trials. Nevertheless, contradictory results of spacing extinction trials are found in the existing literature. Here we examine the strength of the association between the extinction context and the unconditioned stimulus as a variable that reconciles the seemingly contradictory prior reports. To assess the role of this variable, we evaluated the effects of extinction trial spacing as a function of the associative status of the extinction context in three lick suppression experiments with rats. In Experiment 1, the associative status of the extinction context was manipulated by giving extinction treatment in either the same context as acquisition or a different context. In Experiment 2, the associative status of the extinction context was initially high due to the acquisition context being used for extinction and then it was manipulated through post-acquisition context exposure. In Experiment 3, extinction was administered in a context different from that of acquisition and the associative status of the extinction context was manipulated by delivering unsignaled footshock (i.e., the unconditioned stimuli) in the extinction context between acquisition and extinction. In all three experiments, consistently less conditioned suppression was observed with spaced extinction trials relative to massed extinction trials when the associative value of the extinction context was relatively low. In contrast, massed extinction trials produced less conditioned suppression when the associative status of the extinction context was high. Thus, stimulus control following extinction is influenced by an interaction between the intertrial interval during extinction and the associative status of the extinction context.
"Fear conditioning and experimental extinction have been presented as models of anxiety disorder... more "Fear conditioning and experimental extinction have been presented as models of anxiety disorders and exposure therapy, respectively. Moreover, the return of fear serves as a model of relapse after exposure therapy. Here we present two experiments, with rats as subjects in a lick suppression preparation, in which we assessed the additive effects of two different treatments to attenuate the return of fear. First, we evaluated whether two phenomena known to generate return of fear (i.e., spontaneous recovery and renewal) summate to produce a stronger reappearance of extinguished fear. At test, rats evaluated outside the extinction context following a long delay after extinction (i.e., a
delayed context shift) exhibited greater return of extinguished fear than rats evaluated outside the extinction context alone, but return of extinguished fear following a delayed context shift did not significantly differ from the return of fear elicited in rats tested following a long delay after extinction alone. Additionally, extinction in multiple contexts and a massive extinction treatment each attenuated the strong return of fear produced by a delayed context shift. Moreover, the conjoint action of these treatments was significantly more successful in preventing the reappearance
of extinguished fear, suggesting that extensive cue exposure administered in several different therapeutic settings has the potential to reduce relapse after therapy for anxiety disorders, more than either manipulation alone.
We view the response decrement resulting from extinction treatment as an interference effect, in ... more We view the response decrement resulting from extinction treatment as an interference effect, in which the reactivated memory from acquisition competes with the reactivated memory from extinction for behavioral expression. For each of these memories, reactivation is proportional to both the strength of the stimulus-outcome association and the quality of the facilitatory cues for that association which are present at test. Here we review basic extinction and recovery-from-extinction phenomena, showing how these effects are explicable in this associative interference framework. Moreover, this orientation has and continues to dictate efficient manipulations for minimizing recovery from extinction. This in turn suggests procedures that might reduce relapse from exposure therapy for a number of psychological disorders. Some of these manipulations enhance the facilitatory cues from extinction that are present at test, others strengthen the extinction association (i.e., CS-no outcome), and yet others seem to work by a combination of these two processes.
Research using non-human animals as experimental subjects to understand human behavior have been ... more Research using non-human animals as experimental subjects to understand human behavior have been based on the Darwinian notion of continuity between species. In this framework, we find analogous models to understand human biology and behavior in nonhuman species. In the scientific study of psychology, animal models have proven to be an effective tool for understanding both normal and abnormal human behaviors.
In the present review, we discuss how animal models have been used in investigating psychopathology. After reviewing three historical animal models of specific psychopathologies, we discuss how phenomena discovered while studying Pavlovian conditioning have contributed to our understanding of the etiology and maintenance of human psychopathology, how the Pavlovian tradition has contributed to the development of
better ways to treat these behavioral disorders, and more generally, how Pavlovian phenomena are implicated in almost all interactions between an organism and its environment.
Two lick suppression experiments using rats were conducted to determine whether extinction of a p... more Two lick suppression experiments using rats were conducted to determine whether extinction of a punctate excitor in a particular context would result in that context becoming a conditioned inhibitor, as defined by passing both summation and retardation tests. The role of extinction trial spacing was investigated as a possible determinant of whether the extinction context would become inhibitory. Experiment 1 demonstrated that, although inhibition was evident using either massed or spaced extinction trials, spaced trials reduced measurable inhibition as assessed by the summation test, but trial spacing had no influence on retardation test performance. Experiment 2 confirmed Experiment 1’s conclusions while controlling for the influence of latent inhibition on the retardation test. In Experiment 2, the context proved inhibitory only following massed extinction trials. These data suggest that, at least with select parameters, an extinction context can become inhibitory.
When a cue (X) and an outcome are paired, X comes to elicit responding similar to that elicited b... more When a cue (X) and an outcome are paired, X comes to elicit responding similar to that elicited by the outcome. This potential
is lessened if X is later presented by itself (i.e., experimental extinction). Extinction is interesting both for theoretical reasons
and because it is a model for exposure therapy, which is used to treat numerous psychological disorders. Conventionally,
extinction has been viewed as an isolated phenomenon unrelated to other response-attenuating treatments, whereas it is
actually but one of several instances of associative interference that reduce conditioned responding. Although much has been
learned about extinction from direct study, the larger associative-interference literature provides additional insight. Here we view extinction as new learning that is inconsistent with previously acquired knowledge (i.e., retroactive outcome interference). We provide an account of whether the acquisition or extinction memory will be expressed depending on the relative strengths of these two memories and the relative efficacies of their respective retrieval cues.
Rats were used in a lick suppression preparation to assess the contribution of conditioned-stimul... more Rats were used in a lick suppression preparation to assess the contribution of conditioned-stimulus (CS)–context and context–unconditioned-stimulus (US) associations to experimental extinction. Experiment 1 investigated whether strengthening the CS–acquisition context association enhances extinction by determining whether stronger extinction is observed when CS-alone trials (i.e., extinction treatment) are administered in the acquisition context (AAC renewal), relative to a context that is neutral with respect to the US (ABC renewal). Less recovery of responding to the CS was observed in the former than in the latter case, extending the finding that AAC renewal is weaker than ABC renewal to our lick suppression preparation. Experiment 2 assessed the contribution of the acquisition context–US association to extinction of a CS by examining the effect of postextinction exposure to the acquisition context on responding to the extinguished CS. This manipulation enhanced responding to the extinguished CS in AAC, but not ABC, renewal. Experiment 3 addressed the contribution of the CS–acquisition context association by examining the potential of a neutral stimulus, presented in compound with the target CS during extinction treatment, to overshadow the CS–acquisition context association. This manipulation enhanced responding to the extinguished CS in AAC, but not ABC, renewal. The results stress the important role of contextual association in extinction and renewal.
El análisis pavloviano de tolerancia a las drogas describe cómo los contextos de administración d... more El análisis pavloviano de tolerancia a las drogas describe cómo los contextos de administración de la droga participan en la elicitación de respuestas condicionadas compensatorias que causan, en parte, tolerancia. Hallazgos indican que si una asociación es adquirida en un contexto y extinguida en otro, al exponer a los sujetos al contexto de adquisición se producirá renovación de la respuesta condicionada. Existe evidencia ambigua acerca de si este efecto disminuye o no al extinguir la asociación en múltiples contextos. Esta investigación evalúa la existencia del fenómeno de Renovación en la tolerancia al etanol, y si éste disminuye por la extinción en múltiples contextos. Se aporta evidencia de Renovación en la tolerancia al etanol en ratas, sin embargo, no se observó disminución de ésta al extinguir en múltiples contextos.
Effects of extinction in multiple contexts on the renewal of associative tolerance to ethanol. The Pavlovian analysis of drug tolerance describes how the contexts of drug administration participate in the elicitation of compensatory conditioned responses that are, at least partly, responsible for tolerance. Findings indicate that if an association is acquired in one context and extinguished in another one, when exposing the subjects to the acquisition context, renewal of the conditioned response will take place. Ambiguous evidence exists about whether or not this effect diminishes when extinguishing the association in multiple contexts. This investigation evaluates the existence of the phenomenon of renewal of tolerance to ethanol, and whether it diminishes by the extinction in multiple contexts. Evidence of renewal of tolerance to ethanol in rats was found, but no diminution was observed when extinguishing
in multiple contexts.
La noción darwiniana de continuidad de las especies ha justi!cado la investigación con animales n... more La noción darwiniana de continuidad de las especies ha justi!cado la investigación con animales no-humanos para entender al hombre. Si el hombre está evolutivamente conectado con el resto de los animales, entonces podemos encontrar en ellos modelos análogos para estudiar nuestra biología y comportamiento. En psicología, los modelos animales han demostrado ser una efectiva herramienta para entender tanto el comportamiento normal como el anormal. En el presente artículo se presentan algunos ejemplos de modelos animales en psicopatología experimental, y se reportan dos estudios ilustrativos de cómo este tipo de investigación puede ser informativa tanto de la etiología y mantenimiento, como del tratamiento de los desórdenes del comportamiento.
The Darwinian idea of continuity of the species has justified the research with non-human animals to understand humans. If humans are evolutionarily connected with the rest of the animals, then we can find on them analogous models to study our biology and behavior. In psychology, animal models have demonstrated to be an effective tool for understanding normal and abnormal behaviors. In the present article some examples of animal models in experimental psychopathology are presented, and two illustrative studies of how this type of research can be informative about the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of behavioral disorders are reported.
Existe evidencia que señala que las claves pareadas con drogas no sólo son asociadas con los efec... more Existe evidencia que señala que las claves pareadas con drogas no sólo son asociadas con los efectos de éstas, sino que también adquieren propiedades modulatorias de la asociación entre otras claves y los efectos de la droga, contribuyendo así al desarrollo de la tolerancia asociativa (Ramos, Siegel & Bueno, 2002). Utilizando un procedimiento de discriminación de rasgo positivo, en la presente investigación evaluamos la contribución de los contextos como moduladores del efecto atáxico del etanol en ratas. Los resultados sugieren que el contexto adquiere propiedades modulatorias de la tolerancia a las drogas y que estas propiedades pueden ser extinguidas.
There is evidence that drug-paired cues not only become associated with the drug effects but also become occasion setters that modulate the association of other cues with the drug effects, contributing to the development of associative tolerance (Ramos, Siegel, & Bueno, 2002). Using a feature-positive discrimination training, we evaluated the contribution of contexts as occasion setters of the ataxic effect of ethanol in rats. The results suggest that the context acquire occasion setter properties of the drug tolerance, and that these properties can be extinguished.
Associative accounts of the etiology of phobias have been criticized because of numerous cases of... more Associative accounts of the etiology of phobias have been criticized because of numerous cases of phobias in which the client does not remember a relevant traumatic event (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning trial), instructions, or vicarious experience with the phobic object. In three lick suppression experiments with rats as subjects, we modeled an associative account of such fears. Experiment 1 assessed stimulus-response (S-R) associations in first-order fear conditioning. After behaviorally complete devaluation of the unconditioned stimulus, the target stimulus still produced strong conditioned responses, suggesting that an S-R association had been formed and that this association was not significantly affected when the outcome was devalued through unsignaled presentations of the unconditioned stimulus. Experiments 2 and 3 examined extinction and recovery of S-R associations.
Experiment 2 showed that extinguished S-R associations returned when testing occurred outside of the extinction context (i.e., renewal) and Experiment 3 found that a long delay between extinction and testing also produced a return of the extinguished S-R associations (i.e., spontaneous recovery). These experiments suggest that fears for which people cannot recall a cause are explicable in an associative framework, and indicate that those fears are susceptible to relapse after extinction treatment just like stimulus outcome (S-O) associations.
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Books by Mario A. Laborda
Notablemente la obra presenta en su conjunto una historia coherente con las raíces diversas de nuestra disciplina en el país. Ardila contextualiza el desarrollo de la psicología en Chile como parte de un proceso mayor a nivel latinoamericano. Ligüeño, Parra, Moncada y Laborda describen el rol fundador que ha tenido la Universidad de Chile, mientras Villegas discute su rol formador en nuestra historia, y Kusanovic presenta una historia del centro de atención de la unidad académica más antigua del país. Otras historias son también cubiertas. Miguez, Betancourt, y Vera-Villarroel presentan una historia de los laboratorios de psicología en Chile. Bravo relata los orígenes del colegio de psicólogos de Chile, y Winkler y Reyes sitúan el rol femenino en nuestra historia. Fernández y Dufey muestran como el estudio de las emociones ha sido importante en nuestra historia. Los orígenes de la psicología educacional son presentados por Barrera, y una mirada histórica a la salud mental es presentada por Magaña y Loubat. Finalmente, la historia de algunos de los más importantes aproximaciones en psicología son abordadas. Gomberoff relata la historia del psicoanálisis, Celis la historia del modelo humanista-transpersonal, Opazo y Bagladi la historia del modelo integrativo, y Vera-Villarroel, Montesinos, y Prieto cierran el presente volumen con la historia del análisis y modificación del comportamiento en Chile.
In 2007 the field of psychology in Chile celebrated the sixtieth birthday of the first program that taught the discipline in the country at the University of Chile. It was during these celebrations when “Notas históricas…” was planned and the project was launched. The final work is a fifteen-chapter book in which the history of different aspects of the discipline are presented by twenty-five respected scholars in the area. Importantly, merging diverse approaches creates a coherent history when evaluating the book as a whole. Ardila contextualized the development of psychology in Chile as part of a larger Latin-American endeavor. Ligüeño and colleagues and Villegas reviewed the foundational role that the University of Chile played in the development of the discipline, while Kusanovic presented the history of the University of Chile’s psychological clinic. Other specific topics are also reviewed. Miguez and colleagues presented the history of the experimental laboratories, Bravo related the origins of the Chilean Association of Psychologists, and Winkler and Reyes documented the role of female psychologists in our history. Fernández and Dufey showed how the study of emotions has been important in our history. Barrera described the genesis of the educational psychology, and Magaña and Loubat offered a historical view of the mental health in Chile. Gomberoff narrated the history of psychoanalysis, Celis the history of the humanistic-transpersonal psychology, Opazo and Bagladi the history of the integrative approach, and Vera-Villarroel and colleagues closed the volume with the history of the behavioral perspective in Chilean psychology.
Papers by Mario A. Laborda
delayed context shift) exhibited greater return of extinguished fear than rats evaluated outside the extinction context alone, but return of extinguished fear following a delayed context shift did not significantly differ from the return of fear elicited in rats tested following a long delay after extinction alone. Additionally, extinction in multiple contexts and a massive extinction treatment each attenuated the strong return of fear produced by a delayed context shift. Moreover, the conjoint action of these treatments was significantly more successful in preventing the reappearance
of extinguished fear, suggesting that extensive cue exposure administered in several different therapeutic settings has the potential to reduce relapse after therapy for anxiety disorders, more than either manipulation alone.
In the present review, we discuss how animal models have been used in investigating psychopathology. After reviewing three historical animal models of specific psychopathologies, we discuss how phenomena discovered while studying Pavlovian conditioning have contributed to our understanding of the etiology and maintenance of human psychopathology, how the Pavlovian tradition has contributed to the development of
better ways to treat these behavioral disorders, and more generally, how Pavlovian phenomena are implicated in almost all interactions between an organism and its environment.
is lessened if X is later presented by itself (i.e., experimental extinction). Extinction is interesting both for theoretical reasons
and because it is a model for exposure therapy, which is used to treat numerous psychological disorders. Conventionally,
extinction has been viewed as an isolated phenomenon unrelated to other response-attenuating treatments, whereas it is
actually but one of several instances of associative interference that reduce conditioned responding. Although much has been
learned about extinction from direct study, the larger associative-interference literature provides additional insight. Here we view extinction as new learning that is inconsistent with previously acquired knowledge (i.e., retroactive outcome interference). We provide an account of whether the acquisition or extinction memory will be expressed depending on the relative strengths of these two memories and the relative efficacies of their respective retrieval cues.
Effects of extinction in multiple contexts on the renewal of associative tolerance to ethanol. The Pavlovian analysis of drug tolerance describes how the contexts of drug administration participate in the elicitation of compensatory conditioned responses that are, at least partly, responsible for tolerance. Findings indicate that if an association is acquired in one context and extinguished in another one, when exposing the subjects to the acquisition context, renewal of the conditioned response will take place. Ambiguous evidence exists about whether or not this effect diminishes when extinguishing the association in multiple contexts. This investigation evaluates the existence of the phenomenon of renewal of tolerance to ethanol, and whether it diminishes by the extinction in multiple contexts. Evidence of renewal of tolerance to ethanol in rats was found, but no diminution was observed when extinguishing
in multiple contexts.
The Darwinian idea of continuity of the species has justified the research with non-human animals to understand humans. If humans are evolutionarily connected with the rest of the animals, then we can find on them analogous models to study our biology and behavior. In psychology, animal models have demonstrated to be an effective tool for understanding normal and abnormal behaviors. In the present article some examples of animal models in experimental psychopathology are presented, and two illustrative studies of how this type of research can be informative about the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of behavioral disorders are reported.
There is evidence that drug-paired cues not only become associated with the drug effects but also become occasion setters that modulate the association of other cues with the drug effects, contributing to the development of associative tolerance (Ramos, Siegel, & Bueno, 2002). Using a feature-positive discrimination training, we evaluated the contribution of contexts as occasion setters of the ataxic effect of ethanol in rats. The results suggest that the context acquire occasion setter properties of the drug tolerance, and that these properties can be extinguished.
Experiment 2 showed that extinguished S-R associations returned when testing occurred outside of the extinction context (i.e., renewal) and Experiment 3 found that a long delay between extinction and testing also produced a return of the extinguished S-R associations (i.e., spontaneous recovery). These experiments suggest that fears for which people cannot recall a cause are explicable in an associative framework, and indicate that those fears are susceptible to relapse after extinction treatment just like stimulus outcome (S-O) associations.
Notablemente la obra presenta en su conjunto una historia coherente con las raíces diversas de nuestra disciplina en el país. Ardila contextualiza el desarrollo de la psicología en Chile como parte de un proceso mayor a nivel latinoamericano. Ligüeño, Parra, Moncada y Laborda describen el rol fundador que ha tenido la Universidad de Chile, mientras Villegas discute su rol formador en nuestra historia, y Kusanovic presenta una historia del centro de atención de la unidad académica más antigua del país. Otras historias son también cubiertas. Miguez, Betancourt, y Vera-Villarroel presentan una historia de los laboratorios de psicología en Chile. Bravo relata los orígenes del colegio de psicólogos de Chile, y Winkler y Reyes sitúan el rol femenino en nuestra historia. Fernández y Dufey muestran como el estudio de las emociones ha sido importante en nuestra historia. Los orígenes de la psicología educacional son presentados por Barrera, y una mirada histórica a la salud mental es presentada por Magaña y Loubat. Finalmente, la historia de algunos de los más importantes aproximaciones en psicología son abordadas. Gomberoff relata la historia del psicoanálisis, Celis la historia del modelo humanista-transpersonal, Opazo y Bagladi la historia del modelo integrativo, y Vera-Villarroel, Montesinos, y Prieto cierran el presente volumen con la historia del análisis y modificación del comportamiento en Chile.
In 2007 the field of psychology in Chile celebrated the sixtieth birthday of the first program that taught the discipline in the country at the University of Chile. It was during these celebrations when “Notas históricas…” was planned and the project was launched. The final work is a fifteen-chapter book in which the history of different aspects of the discipline are presented by twenty-five respected scholars in the area. Importantly, merging diverse approaches creates a coherent history when evaluating the book as a whole. Ardila contextualized the development of psychology in Chile as part of a larger Latin-American endeavor. Ligüeño and colleagues and Villegas reviewed the foundational role that the University of Chile played in the development of the discipline, while Kusanovic presented the history of the University of Chile’s psychological clinic. Other specific topics are also reviewed. Miguez and colleagues presented the history of the experimental laboratories, Bravo related the origins of the Chilean Association of Psychologists, and Winkler and Reyes documented the role of female psychologists in our history. Fernández and Dufey showed how the study of emotions has been important in our history. Barrera described the genesis of the educational psychology, and Magaña and Loubat offered a historical view of the mental health in Chile. Gomberoff narrated the history of psychoanalysis, Celis the history of the humanistic-transpersonal psychology, Opazo and Bagladi the history of the integrative approach, and Vera-Villarroel and colleagues closed the volume with the history of the behavioral perspective in Chilean psychology.
delayed context shift) exhibited greater return of extinguished fear than rats evaluated outside the extinction context alone, but return of extinguished fear following a delayed context shift did not significantly differ from the return of fear elicited in rats tested following a long delay after extinction alone. Additionally, extinction in multiple contexts and a massive extinction treatment each attenuated the strong return of fear produced by a delayed context shift. Moreover, the conjoint action of these treatments was significantly more successful in preventing the reappearance
of extinguished fear, suggesting that extensive cue exposure administered in several different therapeutic settings has the potential to reduce relapse after therapy for anxiety disorders, more than either manipulation alone.
In the present review, we discuss how animal models have been used in investigating psychopathology. After reviewing three historical animal models of specific psychopathologies, we discuss how phenomena discovered while studying Pavlovian conditioning have contributed to our understanding of the etiology and maintenance of human psychopathology, how the Pavlovian tradition has contributed to the development of
better ways to treat these behavioral disorders, and more generally, how Pavlovian phenomena are implicated in almost all interactions between an organism and its environment.
is lessened if X is later presented by itself (i.e., experimental extinction). Extinction is interesting both for theoretical reasons
and because it is a model for exposure therapy, which is used to treat numerous psychological disorders. Conventionally,
extinction has been viewed as an isolated phenomenon unrelated to other response-attenuating treatments, whereas it is
actually but one of several instances of associative interference that reduce conditioned responding. Although much has been
learned about extinction from direct study, the larger associative-interference literature provides additional insight. Here we view extinction as new learning that is inconsistent with previously acquired knowledge (i.e., retroactive outcome interference). We provide an account of whether the acquisition or extinction memory will be expressed depending on the relative strengths of these two memories and the relative efficacies of their respective retrieval cues.
Effects of extinction in multiple contexts on the renewal of associative tolerance to ethanol. The Pavlovian analysis of drug tolerance describes how the contexts of drug administration participate in the elicitation of compensatory conditioned responses that are, at least partly, responsible for tolerance. Findings indicate that if an association is acquired in one context and extinguished in another one, when exposing the subjects to the acquisition context, renewal of the conditioned response will take place. Ambiguous evidence exists about whether or not this effect diminishes when extinguishing the association in multiple contexts. This investigation evaluates the existence of the phenomenon of renewal of tolerance to ethanol, and whether it diminishes by the extinction in multiple contexts. Evidence of renewal of tolerance to ethanol in rats was found, but no diminution was observed when extinguishing
in multiple contexts.
The Darwinian idea of continuity of the species has justified the research with non-human animals to understand humans. If humans are evolutionarily connected with the rest of the animals, then we can find on them analogous models to study our biology and behavior. In psychology, animal models have demonstrated to be an effective tool for understanding normal and abnormal behaviors. In the present article some examples of animal models in experimental psychopathology are presented, and two illustrative studies of how this type of research can be informative about the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of behavioral disorders are reported.
There is evidence that drug-paired cues not only become associated with the drug effects but also become occasion setters that modulate the association of other cues with the drug effects, contributing to the development of associative tolerance (Ramos, Siegel, & Bueno, 2002). Using a feature-positive discrimination training, we evaluated the contribution of contexts as occasion setters of the ataxic effect of ethanol in rats. The results suggest that the context acquire occasion setter properties of the drug tolerance, and that these properties can be extinguished.
Experiment 2 showed that extinguished S-R associations returned when testing occurred outside of the extinction context (i.e., renewal) and Experiment 3 found that a long delay between extinction and testing also produced a return of the extinguished S-R associations (i.e., spontaneous recovery). These experiments suggest that fears for which people cannot recall a cause are explicable in an associative framework, and indicate that those fears are susceptible to relapse after extinction treatment just like stimulus outcome (S-O) associations.