The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the de... more The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the degeneration of its paleoenvironment. The primary aim of the current study is to demonstrate a comparative evaluation of three distinct statistical models which include frequency ratio (FR), information value (Inv), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), for developing landslide susceptible map (LSM) in and around Gool area of Ramban district in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, India. With total of 365 spotted landslides, 11 causative factors were evaluated for generating LSM which include slope, aspect, curvature, drainage density, relative relief, distance to fault, distance to road, stream power index, land use land cover, topo- graphic wetness index, and lithology. Four of the eleven analyzed factors-slope, relative relief, drainage density, and distance to road play an influential role in landslide distribution. The sensitivity analysis of the receiver operator curve (ROC) is used to estimate the accuracy of the models. The ROC results revealed an accuracy of 0.80, 0.80, and 0.74 for Inv, FR, and AHP respectively. The accuracy and efficiency findings suggest that all models can provide a credible landslide susceptibility zonation for the region; however, the FR and Inv models are somewhat more accurate than AHP model.
ds uke es a mi;Z q ä la [;k vkS j rkjh[k es a dj fy;k x;k gS A Certified that the design of which... more ds uke es a mi;Z q ä la [;k vkS j rkjh[k es a dj fy;k x;k gS A Certified that the design of which a copy is annexed hereto has been registered as of the number and date given above in class 25-03 in respect of the application of such design to ROOFTOP WIND TURBINE INTEGRATED WITH CONICAL FRUSTUM in the name of 1.Tarun
The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the de... more The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the degeneration of its paleoenvironment. The primary aim of the current study is to demonstrate a comparative evaluation of three distinct statistical models which include frequency ratio (FR), information value (Inv), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), for developing landslide susceptible map (LSM) in and around Gool area of Ramban district in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, India. With total of 365 spotted landslides, 11 causative factors were evaluated for generating LSM which include slope, aspect, curvature, drainage density, relative relief, distance to fault, distance to road, stream power index, land use land cover, topo- graphic wetness index, and lithology. Four of the eleven analyzed factors-slope, relative relief, drainage density, and distance to road play an influential role in landslide distribution. The sensitivity analysis of the receiver operator curve (ROC) is used to estimate the accuracy of the models. The ROC results revealed an accuracy of 0.80, 0.80, and 0.74 for Inv, FR, and AHP respectively. The accuracy and efficiency findings suggest that all models can provide a credible landslide susceptibility zonation for the region; however, the FR and Inv models are somewhat more accurate than AHP model.
Nanomaterials, having one or more dimensions in the size range of 1–100nm, have novel properties ... more Nanomaterials, having one or more dimensions in the size range of 1–100nm, have novel properties due to the nanoscale assembling and formed by the compaction or structuring of nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, found in humans and the environment, are classified into dendrimers, metal-based nanomaterials, composites and carbon-based nanomaterials, and they are utilized for food packaging, cosmetics, biomedical applications and others. However, the nanomaterials, released in nature through toxico-kinetics, enter the human body through different potential routes of exposure, such as respiratory system, dermal and oral, and reach targeted tissues by metabolic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism and others. Because of their small size and greater reactivity, nanomaterials may remain in the human body for a longer duration and show carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and immuno- and dermal toxicity effects. Although nanoparticles are beneficial for the environment as they are widely used in the remediation of contaminated air, sediments and soil and the treatment of wastewater, water or gaseous process streams through activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, nano-zero-valent iron such as zeolites, and foam filters of silver nanoparticles coated polyurethane, among others, anthropogenic nanoscale particles present in effluent coming from manufacturing, cosmetics or personal care industries, filters and others are entering the environmental system and inducing toxicity to it. Three key strategies of screening are recommended to measure the toxicity potential of nanomaterials for humans and the environment: physicochemical characteristics, in vitro (cellular or noncellular) assays and in vivo assays. The extraordinary physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials are determined by their shape and size, particle distribution and particle high dispersion, crystal structure, chemical composition, porosity, surface charge and surface chemistry, among others, and these unique characteristics create ambiguity in detecting their destination and impact over the living beings. In vitro screening assays are a cost-effective technique used to evaluate the cytotoxicity in human body cells. A cellular assessment is mainly utilized to predict the toxicity of nanomaterials by understanding their potential entry into human cells through the lungs, skin, macrophages, epithelial and endothelial cells (fibroblasts, immune system, co-cultures, lung slice), mucosa, blood, spleen, liver, nervous system (central nervous system, heart, kidney) and more. A noncellular assessment is done by measuring the particle free-radical production, their protein adsorptive properties and their durability. Computational toxicology is another advanced method designed to increase the capacity of prioritizing, screening and evaluating nanomaterials. In vivo assays are generally utilized in the study of pulmonary exposures, injection and dermal and oral exposure to nanomaterials. Due to a lack of information or unavailability of any standard method regarding the process and preparation of nanomaterial products, no standard explanation can be given about the exposure and release of nanoparticles from used products. Therefore, further research in developing standardized assays to differentiate nanoparticles’ properties, assessing bioactivities with benchmark particles and developing specific standards for nanomaterials hazard classifications should be carried out, and until then, safe and responsible uses of nanomaterials are the only way for a proper understanding of the healthiness of nanomaterials.
IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2022
The increased frequency of landslides in Jammu and
Kashmir region of India not only cause ravage... more The increased frequency of landslides in Jammu and
Kashmir region of India not only cause ravage to
infrastructure but are also a major threat to geo-environment
and socio-economic life of humans. This research work
constructs two susceptibility maps in static and dynamic
mode where the causative factors were considered in
previous while adding the multi-temporal land surface
temperature (LST) to the later. Six causative factors were
considered to prepare a susceptibility map in static mode. A
bivariate statistical model, information value model was
used to prepare the susceptibility maps for the area. Both the
susceptibility maps were classified into three susceptibility
zones of low, moderate and high risk. All the susceptibility
maps were further validated using actual distribution of
landslides in the area and success rate curve. It was observed
that the addition of LST to the static susceptibility model
increased the accuracy to predict the landslide sites.
The prevalent landslides in the Kashmir Himalaya are the result of a combination of several geo-e... more The prevalent landslides in the Kashmir Himalaya are the result of a combination of several geo-environmental parameters in a precarious terrain and extensive developmental activities. The Ramban-Gool road network is one of the landslide prone regions in the valley which has witnessed a constant increase in the landslides, damaging the public property apart from creating major threat to human life and geo-environment. Keeping in view the peril of slope failures, stability assessment of a few vulnerable slopes was carried out along with geological and geotechnical investigation. The stability analysis was carried out using twodimensional numerical simulation tool limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM) in both dry and saturated conditions. The results obtained from the study have very clearly demarcated the stability of the slopes in terms of factor of safety. The factor of safety obtained revealed that except for two slopes having factor of safety marginally greater than 1, the other four slopes have factor of safety less than 1 under dry condition indicating unstable condition. The factor of safety further decreases for all the slopes under saturated condition. Furthermore, results obtained from both LEM and FEM show a close approximation with values varying from 1.33 to 0.75 in case of LEM analysis while FEM values vary from 1.31 to 0.76. From FEM analysis, total displacement was also determined for each slope to assess the extent of potential damage.
The global urban population has intensified from 30% in 1950 to 55% by today while the urban stret... more The global urban population has intensified from 30% in 1950 to 55% by today while the urban stretches just 0.4–0.9% of world’s terrestrial surfaces and with this current rate of urbanization, it is projected to increase 70% by 2050 (Marvuglia et al. 2020). Figure 1.1 shows region-wise increasing trend of urban population distribu- tion (in millions) from statistical data of United Nations, 2012. It is assessed that urban population is the cause for the use of three-quarters of the world’s (direct) final energy utilization and carbon dioxide emissions. For instance, in EU, the urban water and final energy consumption are 30% and 40%, respectively, while the urban CO2 emission is 30% and 30% of waste production. As per Global Energy Assess- ment, the urban sustainability and energy utilization policies should concentrate on urban built environment, its density, design, energy, and transport systems, which has significant environmental impacts. It is assumed that if the present and future city area spread is continued with consumption of resources with the similar rate, there would be critical environmental, social, and economic effects around the globe (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA 2003). The key priorities to meet the global goals for sustainable development, it is essential to modify cities in such a manner that they should be more inexpensive, resource-efficient, inclusive, resil- ient, mitigated and adaptive to climate change (Marvuglia et al. 2020). International organizations such as European Commission, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Bank, and UN Habitat are making appreciable efforts for encouraging the sustainable urbanization practices (Shen et al. 2011). For integration of social well-being, economic equity, and environmental protection to urban development plans, it is necessary to develop, implement, and monitor policies and promote incentives to achieve the desired state of sustainable urbanization (Choguill 1993; Marcotullio 2001; Holden et al. 2008).
Water of good quality and quantity has become a gradually vital subject,
facing shortages in num... more Water of good quality and quantity has become a gradually vital subject,
facing shortages in numerous urban areas around the globe. Population explosion,
hasty urbanization, economic and industrial developments, and climate change led
to growing pressure on water resources. Urban citizens around the globe are dealing
with water shortages, which is projected to upsurge from 933 million in 2016 to
2.373 billion by the year 2050. In India, the water-scarce urban population of
153 million in 2016 is projected to increase up to 422 million in 2050. Urban water
consumption is exceeding the water supply capacity, creating prominent water
shortages in numerous cities of underdeveloped, developed, and developing coun-
tries. Several cities, especially in the semiarid and arid areas, have already exceeded
their local water supply capacities. The entire groundwater sources are being tapped
and exploited in an unsustainable way. The number of large cities exposed to water
scarcity is projected to increase from 193 (in 2016) to 284 (in 2050), including
10–20 megacities by 2050. Moreover, an increased number of cities will be relied
on remote water resources, inter-basin water transfers, domestic virtual water trade,
seawater desalination, etc., to cope with the rising demands for water. Presently
many urban areas share a similar aim to deal with valuable water resources in a
sustainable manner. Resilient building, nature-based solutions, including green
infrastructures, aquifer recharge, stormwater management, reducing nonrevenue
water, gray water usage, planning of smart cities, etc., should be implemented for
sustainable urban water management.
Kashmir Himalaya have witnessed numerous mass wasting events in the last few decades leading to t... more Kashmir Himalaya have witnessed numerous mass wasting events in the last few decades leading to the degeneration of its paleoenvironment. The frequency of these events has increased manifold due its intricate geology and the ongoing developmental work and other anthropogenic activities taking toll on the geo-environment of the valley. This work presents comparative performance of three statistical models in geographic information system (GIS) environment for developing landslide susceptible map (LSM) in and around the Gool area of Ramban district in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, India. The total of 365 landslides were spotted in designated area masking 0.909 km 2 of study area. 11 causative factors were evaluated for generating LSM which include slope, aspect, curvature, drainage density, relative relief, distance to fault, distance to road, stream power index, land use land cover, topographic wetness index and lithology. Both the remote sensing data and ancillary datasets has been utilized to compile spatial database. Statistical models like frequency ratio (FR), information value (Inv) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) are utilized to develop LSM for the area. The sensitivity analysis of the receiver operator curve (ROC) are used to estimate the accuracy of the models. The ROC validated results revealed an accuracy of 0.80, 0.80 and 0.74 for Inv, FR and AHP respectively. The accuracy and efficiency findings suggest that all models can provide a credible map of landslide susceptibility for the study region; however, the FR and Inv models are somewhat more accurate than the AHP model.
Central Gujarat is a suburban and industrialized region. Here, groundwater has been chiefly emplo... more Central Gujarat is a suburban and industrialized region. Here, groundwater has been chiefly employed for industrial utilities. Hence, there has been a strong requirement to evaluate the groundwater quality in terms of corrosivity as well as scaling. Seven indices, namely, corrosivity ratio (CR), Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scal- ing index (PSI), Larson-Skold index (LS), Revelle index (RI) and chloride sulfate mass ratio (CSMR), have been applied to estimate the groundwater suitability for industrial purpose. The CR and RSI values indicate that the groundwater in 98.58% and 51%, respectively, of the total area is unsuitable for industrial purposes. The LSI and PSI values reveal that the ground- water in 97.87% and 56.2%, respectively, of the total area can cause scaling in plumbing equipment. According to LS, highly corrosive groundwater is found in 82.76% of the total area. Again, RI values display that groundwater of 97.67% of the total area has been marginally affected by salinity. All the groundwaters with CSMR values > 0.5 indicate promotion of galvanic corrosion in the water distribution network. Nevertheless, majority of the manifestations disclose that the groundwater of the Viswamitri River Basin region is unsuitable for industrial applications. Maintenance of pipelines in the water distribu- tion network, corrosion and scaling prevention techniques, and regular groundwater quality assessment should be carried out for the management of groundwater quality. However, this study is necessary for decision makers and policy makers to strengthen the sustainable management of groundwater resources. A similar kind of assessment can be simulated everywhere on earth to assess groundwater qualitatively for industrial utilization.
In the present study, the geochemical origin of groundwater of Viswamitri River Basin (VRB), Guja... more In the present study, the geochemical origin of groundwater of Viswamitri River Basin (VRB), Gujarat, is established by integrating the different types of hydrogeochemical investigations and multivariate statistical techniques. Here, both natural and anthropogenic activities induce the hydrogeo-chemical origin of groundwater. Geochemistry of groundwater is primar- ily regulated by the evaporation process as confirmed by Gibbs diagram. X–Y scatter plots indicate that the source of major cations in groundwater is the weathering of rock and/or soil. The SI values of hematite, dolomite, and goethite depict an oversaturated state, and therefore, the groundwater of VRB is incapable of dissolving any additional amount of that min- eral. The plots of Piper trilinear diagram, expanded Durov diagram, Langelier and Ludwig diagram, box-whisker plots, and R-mode HCA reveal that the dominant facies, covering 648 sq. km of the study area, is saline water facies. The high concentration of these major ions is primarily associated with the processes like cation exchange, mineral dissolution in the aquifer system as proved by the saturation indices and Giggenbach triangle. The stable isotopic signature of the groundwater of VRB point towards evaporation as the primary process accompanied simultaneously by precipitation during the forma- tion of groundwater. Climate change, alteration in land use, anthropogenic activities, surface water infiltration, and social evolution all have an impact on groundwater resources.
The explosive population growth and urbanization lead to increase in pollution of the groundwater... more The explosive population growth and urbanization lead to increase in pollution of the groundwater resource. Water harvest- ing structures (WHSs) are the finest probable technique to ease off the magnitude of climate change, flood and drought by lessening the runoff from diverse catchment zones which in a straight way replenishes the aquifers. In this study, a novel approach has been applied in GIS platform to select the suitable sites for delineating the WHSs, where geospatial technol- ogy has been used to prepare the seven thematic layers, namely, thickness of sand layer, land use/land cover, thickness of clay layer, geomorphology, slope, water level and water quality index. Multicriteria evaluation technique has been applied to prepare the final map of suitability for delineation WHSs. Furthermore, the final suitability map was categorized into two classes, such as ‘suitable’ and ‘unsuitable’ for WHSs. The study reveals that the probable locations suitable for delineation of WHSs covers only 18.36% of the total area of Central Gujarat. According to the locations, probable water harvesting struc- tures are also recommended like for hard rock terrain: percolation tank, recharge pits, sub-surface dykes can be constructed for recharge of the declined aquifers of this region. Again, for alluvial plain, different spreading methods such as infiltration ponds can be structured. In the view of maintenance and management of these structures, various clogging management methods have been recommended. Nevertheless, the traditional water conservation and management methods integrated with modern technology will promote the water resource development of any region. Similar kind of study can be simulated anywhere across the globe to select suitable sites for establishing WHSs.
The pace of urbanisation in Ranchi is increasing since the Jharkhand state has been formed, hence... more The pace of urbanisation in Ranchi is increasing since the Jharkhand state has been formed, hence a study was carried to find the status of groundwater quality in peri-urban agglomeration of Ranchi city. Samples were collected from 44 sites in monsoon season from rural, periurban, urban, industrial and commercial zones of the city. Along with the physico-chemical parameters they were also analysed for 10 heavy metals namely As, Mn, Ni, Se, Fe, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in which except As, Mn, Ni and Se rest of the elements were below detection level. The concentrations (ppb) of highly toxic metals viz., As, Ni, Mn and Se ranged from 0.0-200, 0.0-80, 0.0-4200 and 30-140 respectively which are above the acceptable limits as per BIS/WHO standards for drinking purpose. ANOVA showed that pH, TDS, EC, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, Cl-, SO42-, F-, Na2+ and Se showed significant variation at 0.05 significance level. Hydrochemistry was dominated by calcium, bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate in the study area. These facts are also supported by PCA and correlation. The order of relative abundance of the anions was Cl-> SO42->NO3->F->PO43-and for cations was Ca2+~Na+>Mg2+>K+. Zonal variation revealed that as compared to rural, peri-urban and urban zones, industrial and commercial zones had degraded water quality. As depicted from Water Quality Index (WQI) 80% of sampling locations have poor water quality, 7% very poor water quality, 4% unfit for drinking and only 9% out of the 44 sampling locations have good water quality. Health risk assessment signifies the probability of the noncarcinogenic effect due to the presence of arsenic and selenium as compared to carcinogenic effect is more for the residents of the study area.
The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the de... more The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the degeneration of its paleoenvironment. The primary aim of the current study is to demonstrate a comparative evaluation of three distinct statistical models which include frequency ratio (FR), information value (Inv), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), for developing landslide susceptible map (LSM) in and around Gool area of Ramban district in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, India. With total of 365 spotted landslides, 11 causative factors were evaluated for generating LSM which include slope, aspect, curvature, drainage density, relative relief, distance to fault, distance to road, stream power index, land use land cover, topo- graphic wetness index, and lithology. Four of the eleven analyzed factors-slope, relative relief, drainage density, and distance to road play an influential role in landslide distribution. The sensitivity analysis of the receiver operator curve (ROC) is used to estimate the accuracy of the models. The ROC results revealed an accuracy of 0.80, 0.80, and 0.74 for Inv, FR, and AHP respectively. The accuracy and efficiency findings suggest that all models can provide a credible landslide susceptibility zonation for the region; however, the FR and Inv models are somewhat more accurate than AHP model.
ds uke es a mi;Z q ä la [;k vkS j rkjh[k es a dj fy;k x;k gS A Certified that the design of which... more ds uke es a mi;Z q ä la [;k vkS j rkjh[k es a dj fy;k x;k gS A Certified that the design of which a copy is annexed hereto has been registered as of the number and date given above in class 25-03 in respect of the application of such design to ROOFTOP WIND TURBINE INTEGRATED WITH CONICAL FRUSTUM in the name of 1.Tarun
The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the de... more The frequency of mass wasting events in Kashmir Himalaya has increased manifold leading to the degeneration of its paleoenvironment. The primary aim of the current study is to demonstrate a comparative evaluation of three distinct statistical models which include frequency ratio (FR), information value (Inv), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), for developing landslide susceptible map (LSM) in and around Gool area of Ramban district in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, India. With total of 365 spotted landslides, 11 causative factors were evaluated for generating LSM which include slope, aspect, curvature, drainage density, relative relief, distance to fault, distance to road, stream power index, land use land cover, topo- graphic wetness index, and lithology. Four of the eleven analyzed factors-slope, relative relief, drainage density, and distance to road play an influential role in landslide distribution. The sensitivity analysis of the receiver operator curve (ROC) is used to estimate the accuracy of the models. The ROC results revealed an accuracy of 0.80, 0.80, and 0.74 for Inv, FR, and AHP respectively. The accuracy and efficiency findings suggest that all models can provide a credible landslide susceptibility zonation for the region; however, the FR and Inv models are somewhat more accurate than AHP model.
Nanomaterials, having one or more dimensions in the size range of 1–100nm, have novel properties ... more Nanomaterials, having one or more dimensions in the size range of 1–100nm, have novel properties due to the nanoscale assembling and formed by the compaction or structuring of nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, found in humans and the environment, are classified into dendrimers, metal-based nanomaterials, composites and carbon-based nanomaterials, and they are utilized for food packaging, cosmetics, biomedical applications and others. However, the nanomaterials, released in nature through toxico-kinetics, enter the human body through different potential routes of exposure, such as respiratory system, dermal and oral, and reach targeted tissues by metabolic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism and others. Because of their small size and greater reactivity, nanomaterials may remain in the human body for a longer duration and show carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and immuno- and dermal toxicity effects. Although nanoparticles are beneficial for the environment as they are widely used in the remediation of contaminated air, sediments and soil and the treatment of wastewater, water or gaseous process streams through activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, nano-zero-valent iron such as zeolites, and foam filters of silver nanoparticles coated polyurethane, among others, anthropogenic nanoscale particles present in effluent coming from manufacturing, cosmetics or personal care industries, filters and others are entering the environmental system and inducing toxicity to it. Three key strategies of screening are recommended to measure the toxicity potential of nanomaterials for humans and the environment: physicochemical characteristics, in vitro (cellular or noncellular) assays and in vivo assays. The extraordinary physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials are determined by their shape and size, particle distribution and particle high dispersion, crystal structure, chemical composition, porosity, surface charge and surface chemistry, among others, and these unique characteristics create ambiguity in detecting their destination and impact over the living beings. In vitro screening assays are a cost-effective technique used to evaluate the cytotoxicity in human body cells. A cellular assessment is mainly utilized to predict the toxicity of nanomaterials by understanding their potential entry into human cells through the lungs, skin, macrophages, epithelial and endothelial cells (fibroblasts, immune system, co-cultures, lung slice), mucosa, blood, spleen, liver, nervous system (central nervous system, heart, kidney) and more. A noncellular assessment is done by measuring the particle free-radical production, their protein adsorptive properties and their durability. Computational toxicology is another advanced method designed to increase the capacity of prioritizing, screening and evaluating nanomaterials. In vivo assays are generally utilized in the study of pulmonary exposures, injection and dermal and oral exposure to nanomaterials. Due to a lack of information or unavailability of any standard method regarding the process and preparation of nanomaterial products, no standard explanation can be given about the exposure and release of nanoparticles from used products. Therefore, further research in developing standardized assays to differentiate nanoparticles’ properties, assessing bioactivities with benchmark particles and developing specific standards for nanomaterials hazard classifications should be carried out, and until then, safe and responsible uses of nanomaterials are the only way for a proper understanding of the healthiness of nanomaterials.
IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2022
The increased frequency of landslides in Jammu and
Kashmir region of India not only cause ravage... more The increased frequency of landslides in Jammu and
Kashmir region of India not only cause ravage to
infrastructure but are also a major threat to geo-environment
and socio-economic life of humans. This research work
constructs two susceptibility maps in static and dynamic
mode where the causative factors were considered in
previous while adding the multi-temporal land surface
temperature (LST) to the later. Six causative factors were
considered to prepare a susceptibility map in static mode. A
bivariate statistical model, information value model was
used to prepare the susceptibility maps for the area. Both the
susceptibility maps were classified into three susceptibility
zones of low, moderate and high risk. All the susceptibility
maps were further validated using actual distribution of
landslides in the area and success rate curve. It was observed
that the addition of LST to the static susceptibility model
increased the accuracy to predict the landslide sites.
The prevalent landslides in the Kashmir Himalaya are the result of a combination of several geo-e... more The prevalent landslides in the Kashmir Himalaya are the result of a combination of several geo-environmental parameters in a precarious terrain and extensive developmental activities. The Ramban-Gool road network is one of the landslide prone regions in the valley which has witnessed a constant increase in the landslides, damaging the public property apart from creating major threat to human life and geo-environment. Keeping in view the peril of slope failures, stability assessment of a few vulnerable slopes was carried out along with geological and geotechnical investigation. The stability analysis was carried out using twodimensional numerical simulation tool limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM) in both dry and saturated conditions. The results obtained from the study have very clearly demarcated the stability of the slopes in terms of factor of safety. The factor of safety obtained revealed that except for two slopes having factor of safety marginally greater than 1, the other four slopes have factor of safety less than 1 under dry condition indicating unstable condition. The factor of safety further decreases for all the slopes under saturated condition. Furthermore, results obtained from both LEM and FEM show a close approximation with values varying from 1.33 to 0.75 in case of LEM analysis while FEM values vary from 1.31 to 0.76. From FEM analysis, total displacement was also determined for each slope to assess the extent of potential damage.
The global urban population has intensified from 30% in 1950 to 55% by today while the urban stret... more The global urban population has intensified from 30% in 1950 to 55% by today while the urban stretches just 0.4–0.9% of world’s terrestrial surfaces and with this current rate of urbanization, it is projected to increase 70% by 2050 (Marvuglia et al. 2020). Figure 1.1 shows region-wise increasing trend of urban population distribu- tion (in millions) from statistical data of United Nations, 2012. It is assessed that urban population is the cause for the use of three-quarters of the world’s (direct) final energy utilization and carbon dioxide emissions. For instance, in EU, the urban water and final energy consumption are 30% and 40%, respectively, while the urban CO2 emission is 30% and 30% of waste production. As per Global Energy Assess- ment, the urban sustainability and energy utilization policies should concentrate on urban built environment, its density, design, energy, and transport systems, which has significant environmental impacts. It is assumed that if the present and future city area spread is continued with consumption of resources with the similar rate, there would be critical environmental, social, and economic effects around the globe (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MA 2003). The key priorities to meet the global goals for sustainable development, it is essential to modify cities in such a manner that they should be more inexpensive, resource-efficient, inclusive, resil- ient, mitigated and adaptive to climate change (Marvuglia et al. 2020). International organizations such as European Commission, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Bank, and UN Habitat are making appreciable efforts for encouraging the sustainable urbanization practices (Shen et al. 2011). For integration of social well-being, economic equity, and environmental protection to urban development plans, it is necessary to develop, implement, and monitor policies and promote incentives to achieve the desired state of sustainable urbanization (Choguill 1993; Marcotullio 2001; Holden et al. 2008).
Water of good quality and quantity has become a gradually vital subject,
facing shortages in num... more Water of good quality and quantity has become a gradually vital subject,
facing shortages in numerous urban areas around the globe. Population explosion,
hasty urbanization, economic and industrial developments, and climate change led
to growing pressure on water resources. Urban citizens around the globe are dealing
with water shortages, which is projected to upsurge from 933 million in 2016 to
2.373 billion by the year 2050. In India, the water-scarce urban population of
153 million in 2016 is projected to increase up to 422 million in 2050. Urban water
consumption is exceeding the water supply capacity, creating prominent water
shortages in numerous cities of underdeveloped, developed, and developing coun-
tries. Several cities, especially in the semiarid and arid areas, have already exceeded
their local water supply capacities. The entire groundwater sources are being tapped
and exploited in an unsustainable way. The number of large cities exposed to water
scarcity is projected to increase from 193 (in 2016) to 284 (in 2050), including
10–20 megacities by 2050. Moreover, an increased number of cities will be relied
on remote water resources, inter-basin water transfers, domestic virtual water trade,
seawater desalination, etc., to cope with the rising demands for water. Presently
many urban areas share a similar aim to deal with valuable water resources in a
sustainable manner. Resilient building, nature-based solutions, including green
infrastructures, aquifer recharge, stormwater management, reducing nonrevenue
water, gray water usage, planning of smart cities, etc., should be implemented for
sustainable urban water management.
Kashmir Himalaya have witnessed numerous mass wasting events in the last few decades leading to t... more Kashmir Himalaya have witnessed numerous mass wasting events in the last few decades leading to the degeneration of its paleoenvironment. The frequency of these events has increased manifold due its intricate geology and the ongoing developmental work and other anthropogenic activities taking toll on the geo-environment of the valley. This work presents comparative performance of three statistical models in geographic information system (GIS) environment for developing landslide susceptible map (LSM) in and around the Gool area of Ramban district in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, India. The total of 365 landslides were spotted in designated area masking 0.909 km 2 of study area. 11 causative factors were evaluated for generating LSM which include slope, aspect, curvature, drainage density, relative relief, distance to fault, distance to road, stream power index, land use land cover, topographic wetness index and lithology. Both the remote sensing data and ancillary datasets has been utilized to compile spatial database. Statistical models like frequency ratio (FR), information value (Inv) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) are utilized to develop LSM for the area. The sensitivity analysis of the receiver operator curve (ROC) are used to estimate the accuracy of the models. The ROC validated results revealed an accuracy of 0.80, 0.80 and 0.74 for Inv, FR and AHP respectively. The accuracy and efficiency findings suggest that all models can provide a credible map of landslide susceptibility for the study region; however, the FR and Inv models are somewhat more accurate than the AHP model.
Central Gujarat is a suburban and industrialized region. Here, groundwater has been chiefly emplo... more Central Gujarat is a suburban and industrialized region. Here, groundwater has been chiefly employed for industrial utilities. Hence, there has been a strong requirement to evaluate the groundwater quality in terms of corrosivity as well as scaling. Seven indices, namely, corrosivity ratio (CR), Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scal- ing index (PSI), Larson-Skold index (LS), Revelle index (RI) and chloride sulfate mass ratio (CSMR), have been applied to estimate the groundwater suitability for industrial purpose. The CR and RSI values indicate that the groundwater in 98.58% and 51%, respectively, of the total area is unsuitable for industrial purposes. The LSI and PSI values reveal that the ground- water in 97.87% and 56.2%, respectively, of the total area can cause scaling in plumbing equipment. According to LS, highly corrosive groundwater is found in 82.76% of the total area. Again, RI values display that groundwater of 97.67% of the total area has been marginally affected by salinity. All the groundwaters with CSMR values > 0.5 indicate promotion of galvanic corrosion in the water distribution network. Nevertheless, majority of the manifestations disclose that the groundwater of the Viswamitri River Basin region is unsuitable for industrial applications. Maintenance of pipelines in the water distribu- tion network, corrosion and scaling prevention techniques, and regular groundwater quality assessment should be carried out for the management of groundwater quality. However, this study is necessary for decision makers and policy makers to strengthen the sustainable management of groundwater resources. A similar kind of assessment can be simulated everywhere on earth to assess groundwater qualitatively for industrial utilization.
In the present study, the geochemical origin of groundwater of Viswamitri River Basin (VRB), Guja... more In the present study, the geochemical origin of groundwater of Viswamitri River Basin (VRB), Gujarat, is established by integrating the different types of hydrogeochemical investigations and multivariate statistical techniques. Here, both natural and anthropogenic activities induce the hydrogeo-chemical origin of groundwater. Geochemistry of groundwater is primar- ily regulated by the evaporation process as confirmed by Gibbs diagram. X–Y scatter plots indicate that the source of major cations in groundwater is the weathering of rock and/or soil. The SI values of hematite, dolomite, and goethite depict an oversaturated state, and therefore, the groundwater of VRB is incapable of dissolving any additional amount of that min- eral. The plots of Piper trilinear diagram, expanded Durov diagram, Langelier and Ludwig diagram, box-whisker plots, and R-mode HCA reveal that the dominant facies, covering 648 sq. km of the study area, is saline water facies. The high concentration of these major ions is primarily associated with the processes like cation exchange, mineral dissolution in the aquifer system as proved by the saturation indices and Giggenbach triangle. The stable isotopic signature of the groundwater of VRB point towards evaporation as the primary process accompanied simultaneously by precipitation during the forma- tion of groundwater. Climate change, alteration in land use, anthropogenic activities, surface water infiltration, and social evolution all have an impact on groundwater resources.
The explosive population growth and urbanization lead to increase in pollution of the groundwater... more The explosive population growth and urbanization lead to increase in pollution of the groundwater resource. Water harvest- ing structures (WHSs) are the finest probable technique to ease off the magnitude of climate change, flood and drought by lessening the runoff from diverse catchment zones which in a straight way replenishes the aquifers. In this study, a novel approach has been applied in GIS platform to select the suitable sites for delineating the WHSs, where geospatial technol- ogy has been used to prepare the seven thematic layers, namely, thickness of sand layer, land use/land cover, thickness of clay layer, geomorphology, slope, water level and water quality index. Multicriteria evaluation technique has been applied to prepare the final map of suitability for delineation WHSs. Furthermore, the final suitability map was categorized into two classes, such as ‘suitable’ and ‘unsuitable’ for WHSs. The study reveals that the probable locations suitable for delineation of WHSs covers only 18.36% of the total area of Central Gujarat. According to the locations, probable water harvesting struc- tures are also recommended like for hard rock terrain: percolation tank, recharge pits, sub-surface dykes can be constructed for recharge of the declined aquifers of this region. Again, for alluvial plain, different spreading methods such as infiltration ponds can be structured. In the view of maintenance and management of these structures, various clogging management methods have been recommended. Nevertheless, the traditional water conservation and management methods integrated with modern technology will promote the water resource development of any region. Similar kind of study can be simulated anywhere across the globe to select suitable sites for establishing WHSs.
The pace of urbanisation in Ranchi is increasing since the Jharkhand state has been formed, hence... more The pace of urbanisation in Ranchi is increasing since the Jharkhand state has been formed, hence a study was carried to find the status of groundwater quality in peri-urban agglomeration of Ranchi city. Samples were collected from 44 sites in monsoon season from rural, periurban, urban, industrial and commercial zones of the city. Along with the physico-chemical parameters they were also analysed for 10 heavy metals namely As, Mn, Ni, Se, Fe, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in which except As, Mn, Ni and Se rest of the elements were below detection level. The concentrations (ppb) of highly toxic metals viz., As, Ni, Mn and Se ranged from 0.0-200, 0.0-80, 0.0-4200 and 30-140 respectively which are above the acceptable limits as per BIS/WHO standards for drinking purpose. ANOVA showed that pH, TDS, EC, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, Cl-, SO42-, F-, Na2+ and Se showed significant variation at 0.05 significance level. Hydrochemistry was dominated by calcium, bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate in the study area. These facts are also supported by PCA and correlation. The order of relative abundance of the anions was Cl-> SO42->NO3->F->PO43-and for cations was Ca2+~Na+>Mg2+>K+. Zonal variation revealed that as compared to rural, peri-urban and urban zones, industrial and commercial zones had degraded water quality. As depicted from Water Quality Index (WQI) 80% of sampling locations have poor water quality, 7% very poor water quality, 4% unfit for drinking and only 9% out of the 44 sampling locations have good water quality. Health risk assessment signifies the probability of the noncarcinogenic effect due to the presence of arsenic and selenium as compared to carcinogenic effect is more for the residents of the study area.
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Papers by Paulami Sahu
Kashmir region of India not only cause ravage to
infrastructure but are also a major threat to geo-environment
and socio-economic life of humans. This research work
constructs two susceptibility maps in static and dynamic
mode where the causative factors were considered in
previous while adding the multi-temporal land surface
temperature (LST) to the later. Six causative factors were
considered to prepare a susceptibility map in static mode. A
bivariate statistical model, information value model was
used to prepare the susceptibility maps for the area. Both the
susceptibility maps were classified into three susceptibility
zones of low, moderate and high risk. All the susceptibility
maps were further validated using actual distribution of
landslides in the area and success rate curve. It was observed
that the addition of LST to the static susceptibility model
increased the accuracy to predict the landslide sites.
facing shortages in numerous urban areas around the globe. Population explosion,
hasty urbanization, economic and industrial developments, and climate change led
to growing pressure on water resources. Urban citizens around the globe are dealing
with water shortages, which is projected to upsurge from 933 million in 2016 to
2.373 billion by the year 2050. In India, the water-scarce urban population of
153 million in 2016 is projected to increase up to 422 million in 2050. Urban water
consumption is exceeding the water supply capacity, creating prominent water
shortages in numerous cities of underdeveloped, developed, and developing coun-
tries. Several cities, especially in the semiarid and arid areas, have already exceeded
their local water supply capacities. The entire groundwater sources are being tapped
and exploited in an unsustainable way. The number of large cities exposed to water
scarcity is projected to increase from 193 (in 2016) to 284 (in 2050), including
10–20 megacities by 2050. Moreover, an increased number of cities will be relied
on remote water resources, inter-basin water transfers, domestic virtual water trade,
seawater desalination, etc., to cope with the rising demands for water. Presently
many urban areas share a similar aim to deal with valuable water resources in a
sustainable manner. Resilient building, nature-based solutions, including green
infrastructures, aquifer recharge, stormwater management, reducing nonrevenue
water, gray water usage, planning of smart cities, etc., should be implemented for
sustainable urban water management.
Kashmir region of India not only cause ravage to
infrastructure but are also a major threat to geo-environment
and socio-economic life of humans. This research work
constructs two susceptibility maps in static and dynamic
mode where the causative factors were considered in
previous while adding the multi-temporal land surface
temperature (LST) to the later. Six causative factors were
considered to prepare a susceptibility map in static mode. A
bivariate statistical model, information value model was
used to prepare the susceptibility maps for the area. Both the
susceptibility maps were classified into three susceptibility
zones of low, moderate and high risk. All the susceptibility
maps were further validated using actual distribution of
landslides in the area and success rate curve. It was observed
that the addition of LST to the static susceptibility model
increased the accuracy to predict the landslide sites.
facing shortages in numerous urban areas around the globe. Population explosion,
hasty urbanization, economic and industrial developments, and climate change led
to growing pressure on water resources. Urban citizens around the globe are dealing
with water shortages, which is projected to upsurge from 933 million in 2016 to
2.373 billion by the year 2050. In India, the water-scarce urban population of
153 million in 2016 is projected to increase up to 422 million in 2050. Urban water
consumption is exceeding the water supply capacity, creating prominent water
shortages in numerous cities of underdeveloped, developed, and developing coun-
tries. Several cities, especially in the semiarid and arid areas, have already exceeded
their local water supply capacities. The entire groundwater sources are being tapped
and exploited in an unsustainable way. The number of large cities exposed to water
scarcity is projected to increase from 193 (in 2016) to 284 (in 2050), including
10–20 megacities by 2050. Moreover, an increased number of cities will be relied
on remote water resources, inter-basin water transfers, domestic virtual water trade,
seawater desalination, etc., to cope with the rising demands for water. Presently
many urban areas share a similar aim to deal with valuable water resources in a
sustainable manner. Resilient building, nature-based solutions, including green
infrastructures, aquifer recharge, stormwater management, reducing nonrevenue
water, gray water usage, planning of smart cities, etc., should be implemented for
sustainable urban water management.