
Farshad Zahedi
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En los últimos años se ha producido un claro aumento de la cooperación universitaria entre centros españoles e iraníes, que han dado como resultado el intercambio de profesores, investigadores y estudiantes en ambas direcciones, favoreciendo el conocimiento mutuo y abriendo nuevas posibilidades de colaboración.
En esta obra se ofrece un amplio espectro de la diversidad temática en la que trabajan los distintos especialistas en iranología, españoles e iraníes, que son parte de las relaciones de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid con las universidades de Irán. A través de las contribuciones aportadas por los distintos autores, se analizan aspectos históricos, religiosos, literarios y cinematográficos que ayudan a comprender con mayor claridad el Irán de ayer y de hoy.
Papers by Farshad Zahedi
Resumen: Este estudio analiza el personaje principal de la película Una chica vuelve a casa sola de noche (A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night, 2014), la ópera prima de Ana Lily Amirpour. Monstrua o heroína, este
personaje es una construcción híbrida de entre varias referencias culturales y literarias. Vampira vestida con el velo largo islámico chador, vigilante de una ciudad imaginaria, el personaje es una monstrua a la vista
de los hombres que ejercen la cultura de dominación masculina y una heroína protectora para las mujeres y los más vulnerables. Para el análisis del personaje han sido consideradas las teorías feministas desde la
dimensión de psicoanálisis, así como estudios sobre el espacio generizado y cuerpos abyectos en el cine.
Abstract: This study analyses the main character in the film A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night (2014), Ana Lily Amirpour’s first feature film. A monster or a heroine, this character is a hybrid construction of various cultural and literary references. A vampire dressed in the long Islamic veil chador, a vigilante of an imaginary city, the character is both a monster in the sight of men, who exercise the culture of male domination and a protective heroine for women and other vulnerable people. Feminist theories from a psychoanalysis perspective, as well as studies on gendered space and abject bodies in film, have been considered for the analysis of the character.
son de world cinema, y que alrededor de un tercio de estas películas exhibidas en los festivales se exhiben también en salas de cine.
ABSTRACT: In this study, we analyze the films in the world cinema category that have been screened at the two most important international film festivals in Spain: The San Sebastian International Film Festival, and the Valladolid International Film Week in the period of 2016-2021. It also studied the output of these festivals in terms of screenings in the Spanish cinemas during the same period. The results show that nearly a third of the films at these two festivals belong to world cinema, and about a third of these films screened at the festivals have been shown in cinemas.
Resumen: La obra de Neshat, desde varias perspectivas teóricas, merece un estudio pormenorizado. Mi intención en este estudio es, a propósito de dos de sus videoinstalaciones, Zarin (2005) y Munis (2008) de la serie Mujeres sin hombres (Zanan bedun-e mardan, 2004-2009), examinar la visión de la artista al orientalismo y a las geometrías del poder. Forma parte del marco teórico de este estudio una relectura al contexto histórico del orientalismo, además de las teorías de los espacios generizados en una intersección con los estudios de la representación en las artes visuales. La pregunta principal de esta investigación es cómo la estética elegida por Neshat responde al potente imaginario orientalista, a la vez que a las coordenadas espaciales y arquitectónicas de la cultura de segregación. Se ha observado que la estética de los casos de estudio contiene un método latente de arqueología de medios, implicando desaterrar memorias y nociones del imaginario, a fin de provocar una nueva lectura y posición para el sujeto femenino que representa.
Abstract: Neshat’s work, from several theoretical perspectives, deserves a detailed study. My intention in this study is, as for two of her video installations, Zarin (2005) and Munis (2008) from the Women Without Men
series (Zanan bedun-e mardan, 2004-2009), to examine the artist’s vision of Orientalism and power geometries. A re-reading of the historical context
of Orientalism is part of the theoretical framework of this study, in addition to the theories of the spaces generated at an intersection with the studies of representation in the visual arts. The main question of this research is how Neshat’s chosen aesthetic responds to the powerful Orientalist imaginary, while also responding to the spatial and architectural
coordinates of the culture of segregation. It has been observed that the aesthetics of the case studies contain a latent method of media archaeology involving the earthing of memories and notions of the imaginary, in order to provoke a new reading and position for the female subject it represents.
El objetivo de este estudio es explorar el retrato del espacio urbano en la película Princesas (Fernando León de Aranoa, 2005). En una intersección entre los estudios del espacio fílmico y la geografía y las fronteras urbanas, el marco teórico de este artículo aborda una nueva visión a una de las películas que fue considerada un síntoma de cambios estéticos del cine español al inicio del nuevo milenio. La película procede a una lectura crítica de Madrid en pleno cambio sustancial hacia la globalización, poniendo de relieve los espacios urbanos invisibilizados y marginados. El rasgo importante de la película es su aproximación a los personajes fronterizos que atraviesan las fronteras invisibles de la ciudad en su negociación cotidiana con la interpelación espacial. De ahí que el enfoque principal de este estudio sea examinar la relación entre este retrato fílmico con las diferentes islas urbanas y sus correspondientes fronteras.
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the portrait of Madrid in Princesses (Princesas, Fernando Leon de Aranoa, 2005). At an intersection between studies of film space, urban geography, and the recent border studies, the theoretical framework of this paper is applied to a film that was considered a symptom of aesthetic changes in Spanish cinema at the beginning of the new millennium. The film offers a critical reading of Madrid in the midst of substantial changes toward globalisation by focusing on its invisibilised and marginalised urban spaces and their inhabitants. An important feature of the film is its exploration of subaltern characters who cross the city’s invisible borders in their day-to-day negotiation with the spatial interpellation. The main focus of this paper is therefore on examining the relationship of this film portrait with different urban islands and their corresponding borders.
edificio. Dirigido por Dariush Mehryui, un destacado miembro del nuevo cine iraní, la película establece una relación alegórica con el contexto social de Irán en los 80. En clave de humor, un tanto satírico y a veces burlesco, pero en todo momento una comedia absurda, el filme caricaturiza relaciones entre vecinos que disputan sin cesar para mantener sus intereses propios. Son inquilinos de un edificio decadente y estructuralmente dañado, que necesita reformas urgentes, lo que no ocurre por falta de concordancia y colaboración entre el colectivo, que a su vez recurre a las competiciones, conspiraciones, peleas y perseguimientos. La lucha absurda entre el vecindario daña todavía más el edificio. Una polémica imagen social del Irán posrevolucionario que en el estreno de la película levanta reacciones políticas que curiosamente son de la
misma naturaleza que la narrativa de la película. Más de tres décadas después del estreno, Los inquilinos sigue siendo un referente alegórico que pervive en el tiempo.
ABSTRACT: The Tenants (Eyareh neshinha, 1987) tells the story of a building. Directed by Dariush Mehryui, a leading member of the new Iranian cinema, the film establishes an allegorical relationship with the social context of Iran in the 1980s. In a humorous treatment, somewhat satirical and sometimes burlesque, but at all times as an absurdist comedy, the film caricatures relationships between neighbours who quarrel incessantly to maintain their self-interest. They are tenants of a decaying and structurally damaged building in need of urgent renovation. But this does not happen in the lack of agreement and collaboration between the collective, which in turn resorts to competition, conspiracies, fights, and persecution. The absurd fighting in the neighbourhood further damages the building. The film was a controversial social image of post-revolutionary Iran that at its release raises political reactions, which are curiously of the same nature as the film's narrative. More than three decades later, The Tenants remains to be as an allegorical reference that lives on in time.
depictions of objects that are markers of certain temporal densities. By
exploring three films the essay offers a view to the petrified objects as the
symptoms of the filmmaker’s obsessions with time. In the films cited here,
time is a matter of concern as a historical process, as construction within
the physical laws, and ultimately, as a psychological perception.
En los últimos años se ha producido un claro aumento de la cooperación universitaria entre centros españoles e iraníes, que han dado como resultado el intercambio de profesores, investigadores y estudiantes en ambas direcciones, favoreciendo el conocimiento mutuo y abriendo nuevas posibilidades de colaboración.
En esta obra se ofrece un amplio espectro de la diversidad temática en la que trabajan los distintos especialistas en iranología, españoles e iraníes, que son parte de las relaciones de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid con las universidades de Irán. A través de las contribuciones aportadas por los distintos autores, se analizan aspectos históricos, religiosos, literarios y cinematográficos que ayudan a comprender con mayor claridad el Irán de ayer y de hoy.
Resumen: Este estudio analiza el personaje principal de la película Una chica vuelve a casa sola de noche (A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night, 2014), la ópera prima de Ana Lily Amirpour. Monstrua o heroína, este
personaje es una construcción híbrida de entre varias referencias culturales y literarias. Vampira vestida con el velo largo islámico chador, vigilante de una ciudad imaginaria, el personaje es una monstrua a la vista
de los hombres que ejercen la cultura de dominación masculina y una heroína protectora para las mujeres y los más vulnerables. Para el análisis del personaje han sido consideradas las teorías feministas desde la
dimensión de psicoanálisis, así como estudios sobre el espacio generizado y cuerpos abyectos en el cine.
Abstract: This study analyses the main character in the film A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night (2014), Ana Lily Amirpour’s first feature film. A monster or a heroine, this character is a hybrid construction of various cultural and literary references. A vampire dressed in the long Islamic veil chador, a vigilante of an imaginary city, the character is both a monster in the sight of men, who exercise the culture of male domination and a protective heroine for women and other vulnerable people. Feminist theories from a psychoanalysis perspective, as well as studies on gendered space and abject bodies in film, have been considered for the analysis of the character.
son de world cinema, y que alrededor de un tercio de estas películas exhibidas en los festivales se exhiben también en salas de cine.
ABSTRACT: In this study, we analyze the films in the world cinema category that have been screened at the two most important international film festivals in Spain: The San Sebastian International Film Festival, and the Valladolid International Film Week in the period of 2016-2021. It also studied the output of these festivals in terms of screenings in the Spanish cinemas during the same period. The results show that nearly a third of the films at these two festivals belong to world cinema, and about a third of these films screened at the festivals have been shown in cinemas.
Resumen: La obra de Neshat, desde varias perspectivas teóricas, merece un estudio pormenorizado. Mi intención en este estudio es, a propósito de dos de sus videoinstalaciones, Zarin (2005) y Munis (2008) de la serie Mujeres sin hombres (Zanan bedun-e mardan, 2004-2009), examinar la visión de la artista al orientalismo y a las geometrías del poder. Forma parte del marco teórico de este estudio una relectura al contexto histórico del orientalismo, además de las teorías de los espacios generizados en una intersección con los estudios de la representación en las artes visuales. La pregunta principal de esta investigación es cómo la estética elegida por Neshat responde al potente imaginario orientalista, a la vez que a las coordenadas espaciales y arquitectónicas de la cultura de segregación. Se ha observado que la estética de los casos de estudio contiene un método latente de arqueología de medios, implicando desaterrar memorias y nociones del imaginario, a fin de provocar una nueva lectura y posición para el sujeto femenino que representa.
Abstract: Neshat’s work, from several theoretical perspectives, deserves a detailed study. My intention in this study is, as for two of her video installations, Zarin (2005) and Munis (2008) from the Women Without Men
series (Zanan bedun-e mardan, 2004-2009), to examine the artist’s vision of Orientalism and power geometries. A re-reading of the historical context
of Orientalism is part of the theoretical framework of this study, in addition to the theories of the spaces generated at an intersection with the studies of representation in the visual arts. The main question of this research is how Neshat’s chosen aesthetic responds to the powerful Orientalist imaginary, while also responding to the spatial and architectural
coordinates of the culture of segregation. It has been observed that the aesthetics of the case studies contain a latent method of media archaeology involving the earthing of memories and notions of the imaginary, in order to provoke a new reading and position for the female subject it represents.
El objetivo de este estudio es explorar el retrato del espacio urbano en la película Princesas (Fernando León de Aranoa, 2005). En una intersección entre los estudios del espacio fílmico y la geografía y las fronteras urbanas, el marco teórico de este artículo aborda una nueva visión a una de las películas que fue considerada un síntoma de cambios estéticos del cine español al inicio del nuevo milenio. La película procede a una lectura crítica de Madrid en pleno cambio sustancial hacia la globalización, poniendo de relieve los espacios urbanos invisibilizados y marginados. El rasgo importante de la película es su aproximación a los personajes fronterizos que atraviesan las fronteras invisibles de la ciudad en su negociación cotidiana con la interpelación espacial. De ahí que el enfoque principal de este estudio sea examinar la relación entre este retrato fílmico con las diferentes islas urbanas y sus correspondientes fronteras.
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the portrait of Madrid in Princesses (Princesas, Fernando Leon de Aranoa, 2005). At an intersection between studies of film space, urban geography, and the recent border studies, the theoretical framework of this paper is applied to a film that was considered a symptom of aesthetic changes in Spanish cinema at the beginning of the new millennium. The film offers a critical reading of Madrid in the midst of substantial changes toward globalisation by focusing on its invisibilised and marginalised urban spaces and their inhabitants. An important feature of the film is its exploration of subaltern characters who cross the city’s invisible borders in their day-to-day negotiation with the spatial interpellation. The main focus of this paper is therefore on examining the relationship of this film portrait with different urban islands and their corresponding borders.
edificio. Dirigido por Dariush Mehryui, un destacado miembro del nuevo cine iraní, la película establece una relación alegórica con el contexto social de Irán en los 80. En clave de humor, un tanto satírico y a veces burlesco, pero en todo momento una comedia absurda, el filme caricaturiza relaciones entre vecinos que disputan sin cesar para mantener sus intereses propios. Son inquilinos de un edificio decadente y estructuralmente dañado, que necesita reformas urgentes, lo que no ocurre por falta de concordancia y colaboración entre el colectivo, que a su vez recurre a las competiciones, conspiraciones, peleas y perseguimientos. La lucha absurda entre el vecindario daña todavía más el edificio. Una polémica imagen social del Irán posrevolucionario que en el estreno de la película levanta reacciones políticas que curiosamente son de la
misma naturaleza que la narrativa de la película. Más de tres décadas después del estreno, Los inquilinos sigue siendo un referente alegórico que pervive en el tiempo.
ABSTRACT: The Tenants (Eyareh neshinha, 1987) tells the story of a building. Directed by Dariush Mehryui, a leading member of the new Iranian cinema, the film establishes an allegorical relationship with the social context of Iran in the 1980s. In a humorous treatment, somewhat satirical and sometimes burlesque, but at all times as an absurdist comedy, the film caricatures relationships between neighbours who quarrel incessantly to maintain their self-interest. They are tenants of a decaying and structurally damaged building in need of urgent renovation. But this does not happen in the lack of agreement and collaboration between the collective, which in turn resorts to competition, conspiracies, fights, and persecution. The absurd fighting in the neighbourhood further damages the building. The film was a controversial social image of post-revolutionary Iran that at its release raises political reactions, which are curiously of the same nature as the film's narrative. More than three decades later, The Tenants remains to be as an allegorical reference that lives on in time.
depictions of objects that are markers of certain temporal densities. By
exploring three films the essay offers a view to the petrified objects as the
symptoms of the filmmaker’s obsessions with time. In the films cited here,
time is a matter of concern as a historical process, as construction within
the physical laws, and ultimately, as a psychological perception.
En el contexto del cine español del tardofranquismo, a finales de los años sesenta, surge un particular círculo de cinefilia conocido como la Escuela de Argüelles (EA). Los miembros de la EA encuentran serios obstáculos para incorporarse a la industria
del cine español, por los cambios fundamentales que sufre el sector en el umbral de la transición a la democracia. En busca de una alternativa, algunos miembros del círculo encuentran a la televisión como un laboratorio idóneo para experimentar sus ambiciones estéticas. Este artículo es el estudio de caso de Emilio Martínez Lázaro, cuya colaboración con TVE hasta la llegada de la Ley Miró a principios de los ochenta, aporta importantes datos para analizar nuestra propuesta: la TVE durante la Transición se convierte en un laboratorio estético alternativo al cine, y en un espacio transitorio que paradójicamente posibilita la carrera cinematográfica de una generación de cinefilia española.
[ENGLISH]
La Escuela de Argüelles in Spanish Television. The Case of Emilio Martínez Lázaro
Abstract.
Escuela de Argüelles (EA) was a cinephilia circle that emerged in Madrid in the late ’60s. The young EA’s members encountered serious obstacles for initiating their career in the Spanish film industry since some fundamental political changes of late Francoism had made difficulties for new filmmaker’s accessibilities. Some EA members found opportunities for filmmaking, paradoxically in Spanish TV (TVE). This study analyses the historical circumstances that transform TVE as a perfect laboratory for experiencing the aesthetical ambitions of these mentioned members of EA. By focusing on the case of Emilio Martínez Lázaro, an outstanding member of EA, this paper will explore the result of this mentioned collaboration. As the hypothesis, this study proposes considering TVE during the Spanish Transition as an alternative educational space for experiencing film aesthetics. In this regard, the TV series, literary adaptations made in film format, gave an opportunity for and contributed to the emergence of a new generation of Spanish filmmakers.
On an intersection between film phenomenology and psychogeography, many authors—among them, Giuliana Bruno, Anne Friedberg, Tom Gunning and Juhani Pallasmaa—created new theoretical approaches to cinema as a spatial experience. They considered film viewing as a sensorial experience of not only perceiving the cinematic space, but also inhabiting it. As Giuliana Bruno argues, in a similar way to the architectonic spatial mobilities, the film’s framing and editing techniques make the spectator’s body virtually adapt to the film’s anatomical space. This process necessarily creates emotional—and undoubtedly conscious—approaches to the film diegesis.
Drawing upon these mentioned theoretical frameworks, in our audiovisual essay, we explore some filmic geometric compositions to examine how by mediation of framing and editing techniques, the spectator virtually moves into/and by the film space. This (e)motional quality of film is also architectonic: the geometric perimeters of architecture make the viewer adapt and perceive the anatomy of space. According to some neuroscience findings, the human brain reacts in a similar way when it receives corporeal or virtual mobilities’ signals. This process of perception ends into the emergence of emotions, and emotions are behind our decisions. Hence the video essay’s first topic: similarly to architecture, geometric compositions generate emotions by mediation of (filmic) motions.
Our case studies consist of three films with remarkable topographical aesthetics. We will analyze a selection of scenes generated by different compositional strategies and geo-historical grounds. The spectator virtually floats into the scene to perceive the spatio-corporeal landscapes from different angles and distances. According to cognitive theory, this accessibility is far distant from our day-to-day experience contacting spaces, places, and bodies. However, its emotional effect—as if it were a psychogeographic cartography—is quite similar to our everyday experience. Therefore, the compositional access to the film space arguably offers the spectator a no-human ubiquitous ability that paradoxically drives her/him to human emotional perceptions. That turns film into an art of entertainment but, at the same time, it also becomes a dispositive of staging the uncanny.
While two of our case studies compose the space in horizontal geometries, our last example adds an outstanding verticality to this composition. Read sometimes as a simulacrum of the viewpoint of an absolute power, this verticality connects to our posthuman fears of being under severe control of a pervert entity—of Big Data—that possesses overwhelming notions of knowledge/power. This point drives us to our last conclusion: film maps out space geometrically as well. The filmic cognitive and emotional map would also be—as conventional maps are—a source of knowledge, power, exploration, expansion and control, but, at the same time, it is a symptom of what Derek Gregory called elsewhere “the cartographic anxieties” about the unmappable limits of representability.
This study is an attempt to approach the Point of View (POV) shot—which gives an identity to the characters and whom we identify as the spectators—in selected movies of Iranian cinema. How do the main characters of Beyzaie and Kiarostami’s films look at the world? What do they see? How do they react to what they look at? The selection of these two directors was made because they are widely known by local and international filmgoers alike, and because of their own creative way of filming and editing POV shots as well. Both directors belong to an earlier generation of filmmakers; however, a new generation of directors, who have grown up in the digital era, continue to explore this narrative style in a new way.
But why are the POV shots especially important in Iranian cinema? As Hamid Naficy pointed out, Iranian cinema owes its popularity partly to the Iranian government’s unpopularity. The central question about Iranian cinema then is how directors could have confronted government restrictions. There are, nevertheless some controversial positions –such as that of Abbas Kiarostami’s—who considers censorship as a shadowy power which gets involved indirectly in shaping the visual aesthetic of films. Perhaps we can contemplate this in a different way with the background of the Soviet cinema experience: whereas the scripts—and accordingly, the dialogues and voiceovers—have been under rigorous systematic control, the POV shots found a very particular function to convey the ideology—say the cosmovision—of the filmmakers.
For Jonathon Rosenbaum the attraction of Iranian cinema during the nineties in International festivals was brought about by an unspoken need to look at the Iranian socio-political context. Additionally, one also can find this mentioned need in an important part of critics’ and academics’ works on Iranian cinema: to observe the reality from a cinematic distance. In this regard, sometimes the very gap between reality and realism—a space in which normally POV shot takes place—has been ignored. The most important question which this study seeks to answer is the primordial one: How does Iranian cinema deal with reality? Here, we need to go back to a Lacanian framework: if you want to find a reality more real than reality itself, then see the fiction. In other words, if every narrative is a distortion of reality, and consequently, a fundamental failure to depict the ultimate dimension of reality structures the cinematic realism, then how can we find realities in realistic films? This paradox can be resolved with the well-known Levi Strauss theory: even if every realism falsifies the reality in a certain way, a universal truth will be found when an observer compares the different realist narratives, let us say the different falsified version of the same reality. Hence, we have the objective of this study: how Iranian cinema reconstructs reality by the creative use of narrative style.