Books by Centro de Estudios Asiáticos UC
Yukio Mishima y el Todai Zenkyōtō: Elementos para comprender el debate histórico filosófico entre los estudiantes radicales asectarios y el último samurái, 2024
Danza del león en Santiago de Chile: linaje, tradición y enseñanza Resumen: La danza del león enc... more Danza del león en Santiago de Chile: linaje, tradición y enseñanza Resumen: La danza del león encuentra su origen en la cultura china, con dos principales propósitos: espantar los malos espíritus y atraer la buena fortuna. En Chile, esta danza se practica inicialmente en el marco de escuelas de artes marciales, a lo largo de todo el país. El presente artículo explora la práctica y narrativas históricas en cuanto a linaje, tradición y enseñanza de la danza del león en las agrupaciones que la ejecutan en la ciudad de Santiago. Aquí se propone que esta ejecución corresponde a una expresión performativa que evoca un chineseness fuera de la diáspora china, a través de un marco de sensibilidad oriental que incluye sonidos, movimientos y estéticas asociadas a un imaginario de China en Chile, en un diálogo dinámico con la modernidad global.
The Philippines and Latin America. Similar challenges in the context of global crisis, 2010
Despite geographical distance, the Philippines and Latin America share similar economic
histori... more Despite geographical distance, the Philippines and Latin America share similar economic
histories in the last 50 years. In the context of what appears to be the most severe
financial crisis in almost a century, they face parallel challenges both in terms of
weathering short-run difficulties and fostering long-run development.
La relación comercial de América Latina con la RP China – alianza Sur-Sur o división territorial laboral , 2010
Desde hace unos 20 años, junto con la época de globalización y el final de la guerra fría, China ... more Desde hace unos 20 años, junto con la época de globalización y el final de la guerra fría, China recibe sucesivamente mayor atención como uno de los mayores actores en la economía mundial, estando siempre presente cuando se discuten los mercados emergentes o futuras potencias globales o simplemente futuros mercados para explorar. En el centro de esta discusión se presentan los siguientes aspectos (1) el destacado tamaño del mercado chino, (2) los pasos incrementales de liberalización y (3) el alto crecimiento económico logrado.
La apertura económica como desafío al régimen de Corea del Norte: El caso del Complejo Industrial de Kaesong, 2010
El trabajo expuesto a continuación tiene como objetivo identificar los posibles elementos de ries... more El trabajo expuesto a continuación tiene como objetivo identificar los posibles elementos de riesgo que asume el régimen comunista y ermitaño de Corea del Norte al adoptar una política de apertura económica al estilo chino a través de Zonas Económicas Especiales (ZEE). El caso de estudio es el Complejo Industrial de Kaesong (KIC), la única ZEE norcoreana que parece haber tenido un cierto grado de éxito en su primera fase de crecimiento, con más de 100 fábricas funcionando, y aproximadamente 42.000 trabajadores norcoreanos empleados en las mismas. El KIC es una iniciativa desarrollada de manera conjunta por Corea del Sur y Corea del Norte en territorio norcoreano, uniendo los principales potenciales de cada economía. La presencia de esta ZEE dentro de las fronteras norcoreanas obliga a un cierto grado de apertura de un país completamente cerrado a la influencia extranjera que ha sido capaz de crear un sistema paralelo al sistema económico mundial.
A través de tres capítulos se analizarán los principales riesgos a los que se expone el régimen norcoreano en (1) el ámbito económico, (2) en su sistema de control social que ha sido capaz de crear una realidad paralela y (3) en las incongruencias de su ideología con respecto de este proceso de apertura. Finalmente se analizará la perspectiva actual del complejo tomando como base para el análisis el patrón de conducta del régimen de Corea del Norte.
Este proyecto de investigación fue llevado a cabo como parte de la asignatura
“Trabajo de Fin de Master”, requisito para poder obtener el título de Master en Estudios de Asia Oriental por la Universidad de Salamanca. El trabajo fue dirigido por el docente David Doncel, profesor de la misma universidad. Agradezco al profesor Doncel, al profesor Saavedra, por su ayuda en el desarrollo del capítulo V, y la Universidad de Salamanca por el apoyo prestado durante la realización del proyecto.
Rhetoric or substance: The attitude of East Asian states towards human rights treaties, and the possible development of a regional human rights mechanism, 2010
The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds that “all human
beings are... more The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds that “all human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”(UNDHR 1948). However, the
concept of human rights, as envisaged by this document and subsequent United Nations human rights treaties, continues to evolve from its origins in a relatively modern movement which developed after the Second World War in Europe. What might be described as the human rights movement still struggles to gain acceptance beyond the borders of its origins, as there is no universal consensus on what constitutes human rights. The final frontier in the campaign for universal human rights is the Asian region, the only region without a human rights mechanism. This region is the subject of this study.
An exploration of “attitudes of Asian states”1 towards human rights treaties requires
some examination of the values and socio-political environments likely to inform those attitudes. While public comments by the leaders of those states on the relevance and potential application of international and/or regional human rights mechanisms to their states are reasonably clear (and often direct), the sustainability of these evident attitudes is less clear, especially as East Asian states continue to grow economically, enhance their engagements with globalised economies and information networks and increasingly have to navigate Western concepts – including the formal and informal rights frameworks which are intermingled with terms and processes for transnational trade and finance.
I have focused particularly on China as the central State in the Asian region, with
peripheral focus on other states in North and South-East Asia. As the major geo-political power in the region, China exerts considerable, and growing, economic and political influence regionally and internationally; and in terms of human rights issues, China has an enduring and high international profile. Moreover, many of the other adjacent states such as the Koreas, Vietnam, Mongolia and Singapore, have related cultural backgrounds. However, it is important not to over-simplify culture and history in the Asian region, which exhibits considerable diversity in cultural, historical, linguistic and religious traditions both between and frequently within states.
There will also be a strong focus on the states in South-East Asia, in particular the members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN),2 as this organisation shows the greatest promise of developing a human rights mechanism.
In this essay I will explore the ratification and implementation of human rights treaties in the Asian region, and develop the proposition that there remain significant barriers to the development of a regional body for human rights in this region. In Part I, I will outline the cultural relativist debate. Part II contains an analysis of the application of human rights treaties in the Asian region. Part III will consider the possibility of a human rights mechanism in the Asian region.
Ciudades Metropolitanas en China ¿en camino hacia un desarrollo sustentable?, 2011
Frecuentemente la cobertura mediática sobre la Republica Popular China se enfoca en el destacado ... more Frecuentemente la cobertura mediática sobre la Republica Popular China se enfoca en el destacado crecimiento económico de la mayor economía asiática. Sin embargo este crecimiento e indudable éxito económico de la china va asociado con efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente. Ellos se manifiestan en términos de uso de recursos no renovables, degradación de recursos renovables como el suelo agrícola y la biodiversidad, contaminación ambiental y efectos negativos sobre la salud. Adicionalmente el notable aumento de bienestar de la población lograda durante las últimas tres décadas ha tenido rasgos desiguales en las dimensiones espaciales y sociales. Esta característica de polarización socio-espacial y los crecientes conflictos ambientales desafían la cohesión en la sociedad china y generan mayor presión sobre los procesos de migración y sus consecuencias socio-espaciales. En la última década estos aspectos han ganado presencia y prominencia en los discursos públicos, oficiales en la RP China representando también la búsqueda gubernamental de una institucionalidad apta para manejar los nuevos desafíos.
Estos aspectos desafiantes y las posibles estrategias para enfrentarlas se manifiestan en diferentes escalas desde lo nacional hasta lo local. La escala metropolitana tiene varias particularidades siendo un foco espacial de la presión sobre el medio ambiente y un punto de cristalización de potenciales conflictos y desafíos sociales. Simultáneamente las metrópolis presentan también posibles soluciones, ofreciendo la posibilidad de mayor eficiencia energética, mejor control de emisión y tratamiento de residuos y para los hogares ofrece mejor cobertura con servicios y en suma mayores ingresos.
El presente trabajo presenta y discute aspectos de sustentabilidad a escala metropolitana para tres de los mayores ciudades de la RP China (Beijing, Tianjin y Shanghai), contextualizándolas con la situación de las metrópolis latinoamericanas, con el propósito de facilitar una lectura de los indicadores y tendencias presentadas. Las tres ciudades mencionadas están localizadas en la zona oriente del país, el que concentra la mayor cantidad de población, actividad económica, crecimiento e integración en los mercados globales. Esto, sin lugar a duda, está marcando el modelo de crecimiento de las tres ciudades mencionadas. Sin embargo tienen características económicas y hasta cierta medida también políticas muy diferentes. Como un primera y extremamente reducida aproximación personal podemos mencionar que Beijing, siendo la capital es también representación tanto de la apertura gradual como del poder político concentrado, presentando además mayor referencia a la tradición y al legado cultural milenario. En cambio la ciudad Shanghai se pone en escena como el foco principal de la modernización, crecimiento y apertura económica, también adelantándose en los pasos de liberalización.
Las estructuras de Tianjin en cambio – como principal puerto del norte de China se relacionan directamente con la actividad portuaria, su complementariedad con la capital en cuya cercanía está localizada y la localización de las industrias.
La performática del Taiji Quan: expresión de una caligrafía corporal , 2011
“El fenómeno denominado “drama”, “teatro”, y/o “performance”, sucede en todos
los pueblos del m... more “El fenómeno denominado “drama”, “teatro”, y/o “performance”, sucede en todos
los pueblos del mundo y desde fechas tan antiguas como los historiadores, antropólogos y arqueólogos han podido precisar. Las evidencias indican que el
bailar, cantar, llevar máscaras y/o trajes, personificar a otros humanos, animales
o entes sobrenaturales, interpretar historias, actualizar el tiempo 1 en el tiempo 2,
acotar y disponer lugares y/o tiempos extraordinarios para estas presentaciones
o ensayos, son coexistentes a la condición del ser humano.”
(Richard SCHECHNER, 1988:68)
Este artículo corresponde a una versión condensada de lo trabajado en la investigación homónima realizada durante el año 2010, para el Programa de Estudios Asiáticos de la Facultad de Historia, Geografía y Ciencia Política. Hemos mantenido parte de las definiciones, teniendo en cuenta lo poco habitual de los temas tratados, agregando planteamientos esenciales y fragmentos de la información recabada, así como nuestras conclusiones. Advertimos sin embargo, que no hemos podido incorporar por razones de formato, pasajes que explican antecedentes históricos, propiedades y sobre todo la descripción y análisis de las configuraciones del Taiji Quan (movimientos y secuencias), que en la investigación complementan nuestros planteamientos; aún así, esperamos que este texto aporte a la comprensión del escenario contemporáneo de la práctica de esta disciplina.
Vulnerabilidad sanitaria y contaminación del agua en Manila / Filipinas, 2011
En el contexto de una situación ambiental deplorable en términos de contaminación, se inserta una... more En el contexto de una situación ambiental deplorable en términos de contaminación, se inserta una problemática aguda referente a la vulnerabilidad de los habitantes de la
ciudad de Manila: los altos niveles de contaminación del principal Río de Manila, el Río
Pasig, se funden con una precaria red sanitaria y de distribución de agua potable. El
presente trabajo busca analizar las diferentes variables que influyen en términos de
vulnerabilidad en la población de Manila, con énfasis principal en la situación en el
entorno del Río Pasig. El análisis toma en cuenta el contexto ambiental, es decir las
condiciones de contaminación que presenta el Río. Por otro lado, se consideran diferentes características socio-económicas en la construcción de un índice de vulnerabilidad a escala de Barangay (una unidad espacial de baja escala) para analizar la localización de población especialmente susceptible al efecto negativo de la contaminación del agua debido a la deficiencia del acceso al sistema de suministro de agua potable. Finalmente la información obtenida se profundizará mediante el análisis y evaluación de las políticas de planificación adoptadas en Manila, con énfasis inicial en las normas e instrumentos de planificación ligados a la cobertura de la red sanitaria, la ocupación informal y políticas entorno al uso del suelo en la ciudad.
“Distancia cultural” entre América Latina y Asia – reflexiones sobre el uso y utilidad de dimensiones culturales , 2012
El propósito del presente documento de trabajo es discutir propuestas de hacer “medible”
cultur... more El propósito del presente documento de trabajo es discutir propuestas de hacer “medible”
cultura como un fenómeno colectivo que oriente el comportamiento de los miembros de una sociedad, aplicando estas propuestas a una comparación entre Chile y algunos países asiáticos. Esto pretende aportar a la discusión de los alcances de dicha propuesta en cuanto a su utilidad como herramienta para la interacción intercultural específicamente en el contexto latinoamericano. Se presentan por ende reflexiones sobre propuestas existentes y no resultados de un propio trabajo de investigación.
MIRROR, MIRROR ON THE WALL, WHO IN THE LAND IS MOST DEMOCRATIC OF ALL? Should the Village Elections in China Be Called Democratic?, 2012
At the end of the 1980s, under the newly implemented Organic Law of the Village
Committees, sel... more At the end of the 1980s, under the newly implemented Organic Law of the Village
Committees, selected villages in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, PRC or China) had their first elections.
Elections at the grassroots level excited observers of Chinese politics because they thought that China’s authoritarian regime had opened a democratic pathway in the country. After analyzing survey data from various sources and appealing to some of the most advanced research studies on village elections published in the last years, I will contest that grassroots democracy in the PRC has no real depth. Furthermore, I would like to go beyond and ask what can be considered proper criteria when evaluating whether a village system is democratic. In addition, how and under which conditions could the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) really allow openly contested elections at village level? Is the CCP facing the same selfdelusion of the Queen in Snow White, when after asking her mirror whom the fairest in the
kingdom was, the mirror said: you are… until Snow White arrived?
In assessing these issues, I will first outline what the literature defines for democratic
elections. I will narrow the scope of democratic elections, highlighting that contested elections do not guarantee democracy. Then, I will describe how villages in China have held elections, for which I will thoroughly analyze the results of different surveys that have collected the most accurate data.
Third, I will outline how authorities in China exercise power, and to what extent
the electoral system accomplishes the objective of self-governance. Finally, even though having elections does not mean that the PRC is paving a route for democratization, I will conclude with some suggestions on ways for freer and fairer elections at the village level to succeed.
Reflexiones para una discusión estratégica de la relación futura de Chile con la República Popular China, 2013
Inserto en relaciones globales, y en una posición privilegiada como parte de la Cuenca del Pacífi... more Inserto en relaciones globales, y en una posición privilegiada como parte de la Cuenca del Pacífico, Chile ha podido observar - y vivir - la importancia creciente de Asia, y especialmente de la República Popular China, en términos de poderío económico, influencia política y aumento de las relaciones culturales. A raíz de documentos como "Política China hacia América Latina y el Caribe" publicado por el Gobierno de la República Popular China (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 2008) y “Australia in the Asian Century White Paper” publicado por el Gobierno de Australia (2012), se reconoce la necesidad de la discusión en torno a una agenda estratégica para la relación de los países latinoamericanas con la RP China.
La relación de Chile con China ha sido marcada por la destacada predominancia de la
exportación de recursos minerales lo que genera preguntas urgentes sobre la viabilidad de este camino a largo plazo. Consideramos de máxima importancia reflexionar en torno a los desafíos estratégicos, buscando así una visión clara de los principales objetivos y posibles medidas y mecanismos que permitan una mejor perspectiva de desarrollo así como un mejor entendimiento entre ambas regiones. A partir de la actual situación y en base a cuatro escenarios exploratorios sobre la perspectiva de la relación económica de Chile con RP China se proponen líneas argumentativas para esta discusión estratégica. Desde una mirada multidisciplinaria, se presentará un insumo preliminar para la participación académica en la propuesta de un documento de este tipo, el cual finalmente tendría que definir objetivos y medidas concretas, así como posibles mecanismos de desarrollo.
Economic Growth and Employment in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2014
The economic development of Eastern Europa & Central Asia (ECA) countries in the last two decades... more The economic development of Eastern Europa & Central Asia (ECA) countries in the last two decades is marked by the transition from a planned economy to a market economy and their progressive re-insertion in the world economic community. The path has not been easy for most countries as the physical and social cost of the massive restructuring of their economies have been dire. In the early 1990s all countries suffered from collapsing economic activity, industrial and financial disarray, and soaring unemployment. Some economies suffered also from high inflation.
The 2000s, on the contrary, have been years of recovery in all economies and outright bonanza in a few of them. Countries benefited from the discipline brought upon firms by increasing market competition as a result of foreign trade opening, market de-regulation, and privatization while the retrenching of the government from productive activities gave way to individual initiative and creativity. Some countries also benefited from ample external funds in the form of foreign direct investment.
In this generally positive outlook ECA economies have transformed and benefited from rejuvenation in varying degrees depending on their initial backwardness, the wisdom of the policies implemented and, to a lesser degree, their good fortune in terms of natural resources, location, institutional fabric and other determinants of their insertion in global markets. Massive economic restructuring is a costly, lengthy and risky process: resources have to be relocated, non-profitable businesses have to be terminated, and emerging opportunities seized. Institutions have to be adjusted or created altogether to meet new, more challenging demands in efficient, non-corrupt manners. Political capacity is also needed to maneuver promptly and swiftly to ameliorate the social costs of restructuring for some groups in society and secure the benefits for the majority of the population.
The policy responses to the challenges of modernization in ECA has been mixed and their fate also heterogeneous. Some economies embraced economy wide, far reaching reforms and transformations, while others advanced rather timidly. Some ECA economies have been quite successful in this process while others have struggled for a long time to return to shape. Shocks and transformations elsewhere in the world have also affected this process. High commodity prices have played a significant role in fostering growth in the last decade, in particular the windfall received by resource-rich ECA countries exporting oil, gold or diamonds. The emergence of East Asia and China as leading trade partners of the developed economies increased external competition for ECA countries in semi-manufactured consumer and investment goods, although they also opened the door to substantially large markets. Finally, a buoyant international financial market provided ample access to resources to ECA for both investment and market development.
Foreign Trade in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Adjustment and Risk Diversification, 2014
One of the most remarkable turnarounds in economic history is that of the economies of Eastern Eu... more One of the most remarkable turnarounds in economic history is that of the economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia (herafter, ECA) after the demise of the socialist economic system.
The transition from a planned economy to a market economy and their progressive reinsertion in the world economic community provides a myriad of lessons for both academics and policy-makers. The route has not been easy as the physical and social cost of the massive restructuring of their economies have been quite expensive.
The initial shock brought upon by the collapse of political and economic systems in ECA economies and the ricocheting effects of the failure of neighboring countries, led in the early 1990s to industrial and financial disarray and soaring unemployment in all economies in the region. Reforms –implemented at different pace in the different counties—aimed mainly at allowing for a swift restructuring of domestic economy, the deregulation of markets traditionally intervened by the state, a realignment of relative prices to reflect scarcity, and the retrenchment of the public sector from the historically mismanaged production of goods and services by state firms and collective units.
A key element in this strategy was the opening of the economies to global markets.
Countries benefited from the discipline brought upon firms by increasing internal market competition as well as a result of initially timid and subsequently more aggressive participation in global markets. Market de-regulation, privatization and the abovementioned retrenchment of the government from productive activities gave way to individual initiative and creativity. Some countries also benefited from ample external funds in the form of foreign direct investment. It is not surprising that the 2000s have been years of recovery in all economies and outright bonanza in a
few of them. Policy responses to the challenges of modernization in ECA have been quite heterogeneous. While some countries embraced economy wide, far reaching reforms and transformations, others have advanced more timidly. External shocks have also affected this process. High commodity prices have played a significant role in fostering growth in the last decade, in particular the windfall received by resource-rich ECA countries exporting oil, gold or diamonds. The emergence of East Asia and China as leading trade partners of the developed economies has had opposite effects: on one hand, it has increased external competition for ECA countries in semimanufactured consumer and investment goods while on the other it has opened the door to substantially large markets.
Bridging the gap: Japanese overseas migration and Japan´s national history, 2015
This Working Paper analyses Japanese outmigration from the point of
view of the sending state. ... more This Working Paper analyses Japanese outmigration from the point of
view of the sending state. It starts from the case of post-war Japanese
migration to Bolivia and in doing so, this paper joins the recent
scholarship that challenges the disciplinary separation found in the post-
war history of Japan: between the Japanese overseas migration and
Japan’s national history. The question that this working paper examines is
to what extent the post-war Japanese migrants in Bolivia reveal mainland
Japan’s historical contingencies? This article advances some key elements
of the concept “political migration history”—a framework for the study of
state-led emigration policies—in order to argue that the outmigration’s
policy making process reveals the deep transformations that the Japanese
society was experiencing as a whole and thus, the Japanese national
history benefits from a political history reading of this migratory process.
Rhetoric or substance: The attitude of East Asian states towards human rights treaties, and the possible development of a regional human rights mechanism, 2010
Introduction
The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds that “all huma... more Introduction
The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds that “all human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”(UNDHR 1948). However, the
concept of human rights, as envisaged by this document and subsequent United Nations
human rights treaties, continues to evolve from its origins in a relatively modern
movement which developed after the Second World War in Europe. What might be
described as the human rights movement still struggles to gain acceptance beyond the
borders of its origins, as there is no universal consensus on what constitutes human
rights. The final frontier in the campaign for universal human rights is the Asian region,
the only region without a human rights mechanism. This region is the subject of this
study.
An exploration of “attitudes of Asian states”1
towards human rights treaties requires
some examination of the values and socio-political environments likely to inform those
attitudes. While public comments by the leaders of those states on the relevance and
potential application of international and/or regional human rights mechanisms to their
states are reasonably clear (and often direct), the sustainability of these evident attitudes
is less clear, especially as East Asian states continue to grow economically, enhance
their engagements with globalised economies and information networks and increasingly
have to navigate Western concepts – including the formal and informal rights
frameworks which are intermingled with terms and processes for transnational trade and
finance.
I have focused particularly on China as the central State in the Asian region, with
peripheral focus on other states in North and South-East Asia. As the major geo-political
power in the region, China exerts considerable, and growing, economic and political
influence regionally and internationally; and in terms of human rights issues, China has
an enduring and high international profile. Moreover, many of the other adjacent states
such as the Koreas, Vietnam, Mongolia and Singapore, have related cultural
backgrounds. However, it is important not to over-simplify culture and history in the
Asian region, which exhibits considerable diversity in cultural, historical, linguistic and
religious traditions both between and frequently within states.
There will also be a strong focus on the states in South-East Asia, in particular the
members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN),2
as this organisation
shows the greatest promise of developing a human rights mechanism.
In this essay I will explore the ratification and implementation of human rights treaties in
the Asian region, and develop the proposition that there remain significant barriers to the
development of a regional body for human rights in this region. In Part I, I will outline the
cultural relativist debate. Part II contains an analysis of the application of human rights
treaties in the Asian region. Part III will consider the possibility of a human rights
mechanism in the Asian region.
Fiscal Institutions in a Rentier State - the case of the United Arab Emirates, 2015
For most countries, natural resource abundance has not been a blessing but
rather a curse. Clas... more For most countries, natural resource abundance has not been a blessing but
rather a curse. Classical symptoms of the curse are very low growth in labor
productivity, government policies unable to counteract economic cycles
induced by oil-price volatility, and massive overemployment in the public
sector. In some economies, resource rents have also been instrumental in
creating a “rentier-state”, that is, a society that lives out of the resource rent
and is unable to develop a strong productive domestic sector, where only few
are engaged in the generation of this wealth and where the government plays
a central role in distributing this wealth to the population. The oil-rich
economies of the Gulf of Arabia are the epitome of the rentier state. This
paper reviews the case of the United Arab Emirates and provides evidence
that the inability of the government to deal with oil-price cycles and global
business instability is not the result of inability but a key policy in the
political agreement between rulers and the general population (along tribal
lines) to share the oil rent.
Keywords: natural resource rents, renter state, fiscal institutions
El manejo de disputas territoriales en el sudeste asiático: Propuesta en contra algunas percepciones comunes, 2016
Resumen
Desde su independencia, los estados del sudeste asiático se han enfrentado a numerosas
... more Resumen
Desde su independencia, los estados del sudeste asiático se han enfrentado a numerosas
disputas territoriales tanto en tierra como en zonas marítimas. Generalmente estos
conflictos no se solían abordar durante largos períodos o bien se manejaron
silenciosamente. Sin embargo, varias crisis y algunos incidentes violentos llamaron la
atención de la comunidad internacional. En los últimos años, los conflictos en el Mar del Sur
de China se volvieron el asunto más debatido en cuanto a la seguridad de la región. Lo que
este caso muestra no es necesariamente la forma ejemplar por la cual los países del sudeste
asiático solían gestionar sus querellas territoriales. El documento de trabajo recoge tres
percepciones comunes sobre el manejo de conflictos ofreciendo una lectura crítica. La
contribución aborda el quién, por qué y el cómo de la gestión de conflictos territoriales y
ofrece algunas pautas sobre qué se puede esperar en el futuro.
Palabras clave: ASEAN; Conflictos limítrofes, disputas territoriales; sudeste asiático.
Planificación urbana en India – enfrentando segregación, vulnerabilidad y los slums en Navi Mumbai, 2016
Resumen
Las ciudades de la India han crecido muy rápidamente y presentan serias dificultades
e... more Resumen
Las ciudades de la India han crecido muy rápidamente y presentan serias dificultades
en cubrir las necesidades de vivienda, reducir la precariedad y limitar las externalidades
negativas. Lograr integración social y acceso a los beneficios de la economía urbana para
todos los habitantes sigue siendo una expectativa difícil de cumplir. En algunas ocasiones la
planificación urbana, en su afán de lograr ciudades más inclusivas y funcionales, ha elegido
el camino de diseñar y construir ciudades completamente nuevas. Uno de los ejemplos
emblemáticos es Navi Mumbai, urbe planificada a partir de los años setenta como ciudad
gemela de Mumbai la cual se ha transformado en un polo de atracción, por lo que se le
podría considerar exitoso en el sentido de absorber parte de la presión poblacional. Sin
embargo también han crecido los barrios precarios y la parte formal de la ciudad concentra
grupos socio-económicos de ingresos altos y medio-altos de manera segregada, lo que
contrasta con el criterio de inclusión social.
El presente estudio analiza la pauta espacial de las zonas precarias y deprimidas de
la ciudad de Navi Mumbai con el objetivo de determinar los niveles de segregación
residencial, la vulnerabilidad y su relación con el problema de accesibilidad a ciertos
servicios para el periodo 1991-2010. Se determina el índice de segregación espacial y la
vulnerabilidad de los habitantes (2001) para finalmente establecer la relación existente
entre estos índices y la superficie ocupada por los slums(barrios precarios) en Navi Mumbai.
Si bien la nueva ciudad ha ofrecido una respuesta a la creciente necesidad de vivienda no
ha podido contener el crecimiento de los barrios precarios y los sectores donde éstos son
más recurrentes hay mayor vulnerabilidad social. Sin embargo la distribución de los slums
es relativamente dispersa y, además, una serie de servicios públicos fueron instalados en
forma similar por lo cual, en términos generales, los barrios precarios tienen una reducida
distancia a los principales servicios. También se puede constatar que los sectores más
antiguos y consolidados de la ciudad presentan menores niveles de vulnerabilidad y mejor
acceso. En suma, se constata que si bien el éxito de la nueva ciudad es solamente parcial
muestra algunas opciones para responder a desafíos a través de la planificación urbana.
Palabras clave: Ciudad planificada, barrios precarios, vulnerabilidad Navi Mumbai
Abstract
The cities of India have grown very rapidly and face serious difficulties in meeting housing
needs, reducing extreme poverty and limiting negative externalities of urbanization. Social
integration and general access to the benefits of the urban economy remains an important
challenge. Urban planning, in its quest to achieve more inclusive and functional cities,
sometimes has chosen the option of designing and building completely new cities. One of
the emblematic of such newly planned cities examples is Navi Mumbai, designed as a twin
city of Mumbai which has been absorbing a part of the population pressure from this Indian
metropolis. However, slums have also grown and the formal part of the city concentrates
high- and middle-income socio-economic groups in spatially segregated patterns, which
contrasts with the criterion of social inclusion.
This study discusses the spatial patterns of precarious and depressed areas of the city of Navi Mumbai with the objective of determining the levels of residential segregation,
vulnerability and its relationship with accessibility to certain services for the period 1991-
2010. A spatial segregation index and a vulnerability index (for the year 2001) are
determined to establish the relationship between these indices and the area occupied by
slums in Navi Mumbai. Although the new city has offered a response to the growing need
for housing it has not been able to contain the growth of slums and those sectors where
these are more recurrent there is greater social vulnerability. However, the distribution of
the slums is relatively disperse and a series of public services were installed in a similar way.
Thus the precarious neighborhoods have a relative low distance to the main services. It can
also be verified that the oldest sectors of the city present lower levels of vulnerability and
better access. In sum, it is noted that while the success of the new city is only partial it shows
some options to respond to challenges through urban planning.
Key Words: Planned city, slums, vulnerability, Navi Mumbai
Shifu, el arte tradicional del tejido en papel del Japón, 2017
Resumen
El Shifu es un arte milenario del Japón que consiste en una tela tejida a partir del hil... more Resumen
El Shifu es un arte milenario del Japón que consiste en una tela tejida a partir del hilo de
papel proveniente del papel tradicional hecho a mano, washi. Este hilo en sus comienzos
fue de fabricación tosca utilizado para hacer cuerdas firmes que poco a poco se fue
afinando para convertirse en un material textil, utilizado principalmente para
confeccionar elegantes kimonos y accesorios del vestuario más fino.
En esta investigación proponemos a partir de este arte tradicional japonés, tomarla
técnica desde la manufactura del papel para su transformación en hilo y posterior tejido, y
desplazarlo al territorio del arte como espacio de creación, donde el material mismo se
combina con otros elementos propios de la gráfica contemporánea. El trabajo en sí mismo
propone además un ejercicio de meditación activa y el conocimiento de la naturaleza del
material que poco a poco se va transformando en nuestras manos y que centra su
atención en el proceso como camino de autoconocimiento. A través del trabajo gradual en
el arte del Shifu, se abre una reflexión en torno al tejido como significado, tradición y
medio de expresión.
Palabras clave: Shifu, soporte artístico, arte/artesanía, washi, papel hecho a mano, práctica
del arte, tejido telar.
Abstract
Shifu is an ancient art of Japan consisting of a woven cloth from paper yarn, made by the
traditional handmade paper, washi. This thread in its beginnings was of rough
manufacture used to make firm ropes that little by little was tuning to become a textile
material, used mainly to make elegant kimonos and accessories of the finest costumes.
In this investigation we propose from this traditional Japanese art, to take it from the
manufacture of the paper for its transformation into thread and later a textile material,
and to move it to the territory of art as a space of creation, where the material itself is
combined with other elements of contemporary graphic. The work itself also provides an
exercise of active meditation and knowledge of the nature of the material, which step by
step transforms into our hands and that focuses on the process as a way of self-
knowledge. Through gradual work in the art of shifu, it opens a reflection about the weave
as meaning, tradition and means of expression.
Key Words: Shifu, artistic substrate, art/craft, washi, papermaking, art practice, weaving
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histories in the last 50 years. In the context of what appears to be the most severe
financial crisis in almost a century, they face parallel challenges both in terms of
weathering short-run difficulties and fostering long-run development.
A través de tres capítulos se analizarán los principales riesgos a los que se expone el régimen norcoreano en (1) el ámbito económico, (2) en su sistema de control social que ha sido capaz de crear una realidad paralela y (3) en las incongruencias de su ideología con respecto de este proceso de apertura. Finalmente se analizará la perspectiva actual del complejo tomando como base para el análisis el patrón de conducta del régimen de Corea del Norte.
Este proyecto de investigación fue llevado a cabo como parte de la asignatura
“Trabajo de Fin de Master”, requisito para poder obtener el título de Master en Estudios de Asia Oriental por la Universidad de Salamanca. El trabajo fue dirigido por el docente David Doncel, profesor de la misma universidad. Agradezco al profesor Doncel, al profesor Saavedra, por su ayuda en el desarrollo del capítulo V, y la Universidad de Salamanca por el apoyo prestado durante la realización del proyecto.
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”(UNDHR 1948). However, the
concept of human rights, as envisaged by this document and subsequent United Nations human rights treaties, continues to evolve from its origins in a relatively modern movement which developed after the Second World War in Europe. What might be described as the human rights movement still struggles to gain acceptance beyond the borders of its origins, as there is no universal consensus on what constitutes human rights. The final frontier in the campaign for universal human rights is the Asian region, the only region without a human rights mechanism. This region is the subject of this study.
An exploration of “attitudes of Asian states”1 towards human rights treaties requires
some examination of the values and socio-political environments likely to inform those attitudes. While public comments by the leaders of those states on the relevance and potential application of international and/or regional human rights mechanisms to their states are reasonably clear (and often direct), the sustainability of these evident attitudes is less clear, especially as East Asian states continue to grow economically, enhance their engagements with globalised economies and information networks and increasingly have to navigate Western concepts – including the formal and informal rights frameworks which are intermingled with terms and processes for transnational trade and finance.
I have focused particularly on China as the central State in the Asian region, with
peripheral focus on other states in North and South-East Asia. As the major geo-political power in the region, China exerts considerable, and growing, economic and political influence regionally and internationally; and in terms of human rights issues, China has an enduring and high international profile. Moreover, many of the other adjacent states such as the Koreas, Vietnam, Mongolia and Singapore, have related cultural backgrounds. However, it is important not to over-simplify culture and history in the Asian region, which exhibits considerable diversity in cultural, historical, linguistic and religious traditions both between and frequently within states.
There will also be a strong focus on the states in South-East Asia, in particular the members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN),2 as this organisation shows the greatest promise of developing a human rights mechanism.
In this essay I will explore the ratification and implementation of human rights treaties in the Asian region, and develop the proposition that there remain significant barriers to the development of a regional body for human rights in this region. In Part I, I will outline the cultural relativist debate. Part II contains an analysis of the application of human rights treaties in the Asian region. Part III will consider the possibility of a human rights mechanism in the Asian region.
Estos aspectos desafiantes y las posibles estrategias para enfrentarlas se manifiestan en diferentes escalas desde lo nacional hasta lo local. La escala metropolitana tiene varias particularidades siendo un foco espacial de la presión sobre el medio ambiente y un punto de cristalización de potenciales conflictos y desafíos sociales. Simultáneamente las metrópolis presentan también posibles soluciones, ofreciendo la posibilidad de mayor eficiencia energética, mejor control de emisión y tratamiento de residuos y para los hogares ofrece mejor cobertura con servicios y en suma mayores ingresos.
El presente trabajo presenta y discute aspectos de sustentabilidad a escala metropolitana para tres de los mayores ciudades de la RP China (Beijing, Tianjin y Shanghai), contextualizándolas con la situación de las metrópolis latinoamericanas, con el propósito de facilitar una lectura de los indicadores y tendencias presentadas. Las tres ciudades mencionadas están localizadas en la zona oriente del país, el que concentra la mayor cantidad de población, actividad económica, crecimiento e integración en los mercados globales. Esto, sin lugar a duda, está marcando el modelo de crecimiento de las tres ciudades mencionadas. Sin embargo tienen características económicas y hasta cierta medida también políticas muy diferentes. Como un primera y extremamente reducida aproximación personal podemos mencionar que Beijing, siendo la capital es también representación tanto de la apertura gradual como del poder político concentrado, presentando además mayor referencia a la tradición y al legado cultural milenario. En cambio la ciudad Shanghai se pone en escena como el foco principal de la modernización, crecimiento y apertura económica, también adelantándose en los pasos de liberalización.
Las estructuras de Tianjin en cambio – como principal puerto del norte de China se relacionan directamente con la actividad portuaria, su complementariedad con la capital en cuya cercanía está localizada y la localización de las industrias.
los pueblos del mundo y desde fechas tan antiguas como los historiadores, antropólogos y arqueólogos han podido precisar. Las evidencias indican que el
bailar, cantar, llevar máscaras y/o trajes, personificar a otros humanos, animales
o entes sobrenaturales, interpretar historias, actualizar el tiempo 1 en el tiempo 2,
acotar y disponer lugares y/o tiempos extraordinarios para estas presentaciones
o ensayos, son coexistentes a la condición del ser humano.”
(Richard SCHECHNER, 1988:68)
Este artículo corresponde a una versión condensada de lo trabajado en la investigación homónima realizada durante el año 2010, para el Programa de Estudios Asiáticos de la Facultad de Historia, Geografía y Ciencia Política. Hemos mantenido parte de las definiciones, teniendo en cuenta lo poco habitual de los temas tratados, agregando planteamientos esenciales y fragmentos de la información recabada, así como nuestras conclusiones. Advertimos sin embargo, que no hemos podido incorporar por razones de formato, pasajes que explican antecedentes históricos, propiedades y sobre todo la descripción y análisis de las configuraciones del Taiji Quan (movimientos y secuencias), que en la investigación complementan nuestros planteamientos; aún así, esperamos que este texto aporte a la comprensión del escenario contemporáneo de la práctica de esta disciplina.
ciudad de Manila: los altos niveles de contaminación del principal Río de Manila, el Río
Pasig, se funden con una precaria red sanitaria y de distribución de agua potable. El
presente trabajo busca analizar las diferentes variables que influyen en términos de
vulnerabilidad en la población de Manila, con énfasis principal en la situación en el
entorno del Río Pasig. El análisis toma en cuenta el contexto ambiental, es decir las
condiciones de contaminación que presenta el Río. Por otro lado, se consideran diferentes características socio-económicas en la construcción de un índice de vulnerabilidad a escala de Barangay (una unidad espacial de baja escala) para analizar la localización de población especialmente susceptible al efecto negativo de la contaminación del agua debido a la deficiencia del acceso al sistema de suministro de agua potable. Finalmente la información obtenida se profundizará mediante el análisis y evaluación de las políticas de planificación adoptadas en Manila, con énfasis inicial en las normas e instrumentos de planificación ligados a la cobertura de la red sanitaria, la ocupación informal y políticas entorno al uso del suelo en la ciudad.
cultura como un fenómeno colectivo que oriente el comportamiento de los miembros de una sociedad, aplicando estas propuestas a una comparación entre Chile y algunos países asiáticos. Esto pretende aportar a la discusión de los alcances de dicha propuesta en cuanto a su utilidad como herramienta para la interacción intercultural específicamente en el contexto latinoamericano. Se presentan por ende reflexiones sobre propuestas existentes y no resultados de un propio trabajo de investigación.
Committees, selected villages in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, PRC or China) had their first elections.
Elections at the grassroots level excited observers of Chinese politics because they thought that China’s authoritarian regime had opened a democratic pathway in the country. After analyzing survey data from various sources and appealing to some of the most advanced research studies on village elections published in the last years, I will contest that grassroots democracy in the PRC has no real depth. Furthermore, I would like to go beyond and ask what can be considered proper criteria when evaluating whether a village system is democratic. In addition, how and under which conditions could the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) really allow openly contested elections at village level? Is the CCP facing the same selfdelusion of the Queen in Snow White, when after asking her mirror whom the fairest in the
kingdom was, the mirror said: you are… until Snow White arrived?
In assessing these issues, I will first outline what the literature defines for democratic
elections. I will narrow the scope of democratic elections, highlighting that contested elections do not guarantee democracy. Then, I will describe how villages in China have held elections, for which I will thoroughly analyze the results of different surveys that have collected the most accurate data.
Third, I will outline how authorities in China exercise power, and to what extent
the electoral system accomplishes the objective of self-governance. Finally, even though having elections does not mean that the PRC is paving a route for democratization, I will conclude with some suggestions on ways for freer and fairer elections at the village level to succeed.
La relación de Chile con China ha sido marcada por la destacada predominancia de la
exportación de recursos minerales lo que genera preguntas urgentes sobre la viabilidad de este camino a largo plazo. Consideramos de máxima importancia reflexionar en torno a los desafíos estratégicos, buscando así una visión clara de los principales objetivos y posibles medidas y mecanismos que permitan una mejor perspectiva de desarrollo así como un mejor entendimiento entre ambas regiones. A partir de la actual situación y en base a cuatro escenarios exploratorios sobre la perspectiva de la relación económica de Chile con RP China se proponen líneas argumentativas para esta discusión estratégica. Desde una mirada multidisciplinaria, se presentará un insumo preliminar para la participación académica en la propuesta de un documento de este tipo, el cual finalmente tendría que definir objetivos y medidas concretas, así como posibles mecanismos de desarrollo.
The 2000s, on the contrary, have been years of recovery in all economies and outright bonanza in a few of them. Countries benefited from the discipline brought upon firms by increasing market competition as a result of foreign trade opening, market de-regulation, and privatization while the retrenching of the government from productive activities gave way to individual initiative and creativity. Some countries also benefited from ample external funds in the form of foreign direct investment.
In this generally positive outlook ECA economies have transformed and benefited from rejuvenation in varying degrees depending on their initial backwardness, the wisdom of the policies implemented and, to a lesser degree, their good fortune in terms of natural resources, location, institutional fabric and other determinants of their insertion in global markets. Massive economic restructuring is a costly, lengthy and risky process: resources have to be relocated, non-profitable businesses have to be terminated, and emerging opportunities seized. Institutions have to be adjusted or created altogether to meet new, more challenging demands in efficient, non-corrupt manners. Political capacity is also needed to maneuver promptly and swiftly to ameliorate the social costs of restructuring for some groups in society and secure the benefits for the majority of the population.
The policy responses to the challenges of modernization in ECA has been mixed and their fate also heterogeneous. Some economies embraced economy wide, far reaching reforms and transformations, while others advanced rather timidly. Some ECA economies have been quite successful in this process while others have struggled for a long time to return to shape. Shocks and transformations elsewhere in the world have also affected this process. High commodity prices have played a significant role in fostering growth in the last decade, in particular the windfall received by resource-rich ECA countries exporting oil, gold or diamonds. The emergence of East Asia and China as leading trade partners of the developed economies increased external competition for ECA countries in semi-manufactured consumer and investment goods, although they also opened the door to substantially large markets. Finally, a buoyant international financial market provided ample access to resources to ECA for both investment and market development.
The transition from a planned economy to a market economy and their progressive reinsertion in the world economic community provides a myriad of lessons for both academics and policy-makers. The route has not been easy as the physical and social cost of the massive restructuring of their economies have been quite expensive.
The initial shock brought upon by the collapse of political and economic systems in ECA economies and the ricocheting effects of the failure of neighboring countries, led in the early 1990s to industrial and financial disarray and soaring unemployment in all economies in the region. Reforms –implemented at different pace in the different counties—aimed mainly at allowing for a swift restructuring of domestic economy, the deregulation of markets traditionally intervened by the state, a realignment of relative prices to reflect scarcity, and the retrenchment of the public sector from the historically mismanaged production of goods and services by state firms and collective units.
A key element in this strategy was the opening of the economies to global markets.
Countries benefited from the discipline brought upon firms by increasing internal market competition as well as a result of initially timid and subsequently more aggressive participation in global markets. Market de-regulation, privatization and the abovementioned retrenchment of the government from productive activities gave way to individual initiative and creativity. Some countries also benefited from ample external funds in the form of foreign direct investment. It is not surprising that the 2000s have been years of recovery in all economies and outright bonanza in a
few of them. Policy responses to the challenges of modernization in ECA have been quite heterogeneous. While some countries embraced economy wide, far reaching reforms and transformations, others have advanced more timidly. External shocks have also affected this process. High commodity prices have played a significant role in fostering growth in the last decade, in particular the windfall received by resource-rich ECA countries exporting oil, gold or diamonds. The emergence of East Asia and China as leading trade partners of the developed economies has had opposite effects: on one hand, it has increased external competition for ECA countries in semimanufactured consumer and investment goods while on the other it has opened the door to substantially large markets.
view of the sending state. It starts from the case of post-war Japanese
migration to Bolivia and in doing so, this paper joins the recent
scholarship that challenges the disciplinary separation found in the post-
war history of Japan: between the Japanese overseas migration and
Japan’s national history. The question that this working paper examines is
to what extent the post-war Japanese migrants in Bolivia reveal mainland
Japan’s historical contingencies? This article advances some key elements
of the concept “political migration history”—a framework for the study of
state-led emigration policies—in order to argue that the outmigration’s
policy making process reveals the deep transformations that the Japanese
society was experiencing as a whole and thus, the Japanese national
history benefits from a political history reading of this migratory process.
The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds that “all human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”(UNDHR 1948). However, the
concept of human rights, as envisaged by this document and subsequent United Nations
human rights treaties, continues to evolve from its origins in a relatively modern
movement which developed after the Second World War in Europe. What might be
described as the human rights movement still struggles to gain acceptance beyond the
borders of its origins, as there is no universal consensus on what constitutes human
rights. The final frontier in the campaign for universal human rights is the Asian region,
the only region without a human rights mechanism. This region is the subject of this
study.
An exploration of “attitudes of Asian states”1
towards human rights treaties requires
some examination of the values and socio-political environments likely to inform those
attitudes. While public comments by the leaders of those states on the relevance and
potential application of international and/or regional human rights mechanisms to their
states are reasonably clear (and often direct), the sustainability of these evident attitudes
is less clear, especially as East Asian states continue to grow economically, enhance
their engagements with globalised economies and information networks and increasingly
have to navigate Western concepts – including the formal and informal rights
frameworks which are intermingled with terms and processes for transnational trade and
finance.
I have focused particularly on China as the central State in the Asian region, with
peripheral focus on other states in North and South-East Asia. As the major geo-political
power in the region, China exerts considerable, and growing, economic and political
influence regionally and internationally; and in terms of human rights issues, China has
an enduring and high international profile. Moreover, many of the other adjacent states
such as the Koreas, Vietnam, Mongolia and Singapore, have related cultural
backgrounds. However, it is important not to over-simplify culture and history in the
Asian region, which exhibits considerable diversity in cultural, historical, linguistic and
religious traditions both between and frequently within states.
There will also be a strong focus on the states in South-East Asia, in particular the
members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN),2
as this organisation
shows the greatest promise of developing a human rights mechanism.
In this essay I will explore the ratification and implementation of human rights treaties in
the Asian region, and develop the proposition that there remain significant barriers to the
development of a regional body for human rights in this region. In Part I, I will outline the
cultural relativist debate. Part II contains an analysis of the application of human rights
treaties in the Asian region. Part III will consider the possibility of a human rights
mechanism in the Asian region.
rather a curse. Classical symptoms of the curse are very low growth in labor
productivity, government policies unable to counteract economic cycles
induced by oil-price volatility, and massive overemployment in the public
sector. In some economies, resource rents have also been instrumental in
creating a “rentier-state”, that is, a society that lives out of the resource rent
and is unable to develop a strong productive domestic sector, where only few
are engaged in the generation of this wealth and where the government plays
a central role in distributing this wealth to the population. The oil-rich
economies of the Gulf of Arabia are the epitome of the rentier state. This
paper reviews the case of the United Arab Emirates and provides evidence
that the inability of the government to deal with oil-price cycles and global
business instability is not the result of inability but a key policy in the
political agreement between rulers and the general population (along tribal
lines) to share the oil rent.
Keywords: natural resource rents, renter state, fiscal institutions
Desde su independencia, los estados del sudeste asiático se han enfrentado a numerosas
disputas territoriales tanto en tierra como en zonas marítimas. Generalmente estos
conflictos no se solían abordar durante largos períodos o bien se manejaron
silenciosamente. Sin embargo, varias crisis y algunos incidentes violentos llamaron la
atención de la comunidad internacional. En los últimos años, los conflictos en el Mar del Sur
de China se volvieron el asunto más debatido en cuanto a la seguridad de la región. Lo que
este caso muestra no es necesariamente la forma ejemplar por la cual los países del sudeste
asiático solían gestionar sus querellas territoriales. El documento de trabajo recoge tres
percepciones comunes sobre el manejo de conflictos ofreciendo una lectura crítica. La
contribución aborda el quién, por qué y el cómo de la gestión de conflictos territoriales y
ofrece algunas pautas sobre qué se puede esperar en el futuro.
Palabras clave: ASEAN; Conflictos limítrofes, disputas territoriales; sudeste asiático.
Las ciudades de la India han crecido muy rápidamente y presentan serias dificultades
en cubrir las necesidades de vivienda, reducir la precariedad y limitar las externalidades
negativas. Lograr integración social y acceso a los beneficios de la economía urbana para
todos los habitantes sigue siendo una expectativa difícil de cumplir. En algunas ocasiones la
planificación urbana, en su afán de lograr ciudades más inclusivas y funcionales, ha elegido
el camino de diseñar y construir ciudades completamente nuevas. Uno de los ejemplos
emblemáticos es Navi Mumbai, urbe planificada a partir de los años setenta como ciudad
gemela de Mumbai la cual se ha transformado en un polo de atracción, por lo que se le
podría considerar exitoso en el sentido de absorber parte de la presión poblacional. Sin
embargo también han crecido los barrios precarios y la parte formal de la ciudad concentra
grupos socio-económicos de ingresos altos y medio-altos de manera segregada, lo que
contrasta con el criterio de inclusión social.
El presente estudio analiza la pauta espacial de las zonas precarias y deprimidas de
la ciudad de Navi Mumbai con el objetivo de determinar los niveles de segregación
residencial, la vulnerabilidad y su relación con el problema de accesibilidad a ciertos
servicios para el periodo 1991-2010. Se determina el índice de segregación espacial y la
vulnerabilidad de los habitantes (2001) para finalmente establecer la relación existente
entre estos índices y la superficie ocupada por los slums(barrios precarios) en Navi Mumbai.
Si bien la nueva ciudad ha ofrecido una respuesta a la creciente necesidad de vivienda no
ha podido contener el crecimiento de los barrios precarios y los sectores donde éstos son
más recurrentes hay mayor vulnerabilidad social. Sin embargo la distribución de los slums
es relativamente dispersa y, además, una serie de servicios públicos fueron instalados en
forma similar por lo cual, en términos generales, los barrios precarios tienen una reducida
distancia a los principales servicios. También se puede constatar que los sectores más
antiguos y consolidados de la ciudad presentan menores niveles de vulnerabilidad y mejor
acceso. En suma, se constata que si bien el éxito de la nueva ciudad es solamente parcial
muestra algunas opciones para responder a desafíos a través de la planificación urbana.
Palabras clave: Ciudad planificada, barrios precarios, vulnerabilidad Navi Mumbai
Abstract
The cities of India have grown very rapidly and face serious difficulties in meeting housing
needs, reducing extreme poverty and limiting negative externalities of urbanization. Social
integration and general access to the benefits of the urban economy remains an important
challenge. Urban planning, in its quest to achieve more inclusive and functional cities,
sometimes has chosen the option of designing and building completely new cities. One of
the emblematic of such newly planned cities examples is Navi Mumbai, designed as a twin
city of Mumbai which has been absorbing a part of the population pressure from this Indian
metropolis. However, slums have also grown and the formal part of the city concentrates
high- and middle-income socio-economic groups in spatially segregated patterns, which
contrasts with the criterion of social inclusion.
This study discusses the spatial patterns of precarious and depressed areas of the city of Navi Mumbai with the objective of determining the levels of residential segregation,
vulnerability and its relationship with accessibility to certain services for the period 1991-
2010. A spatial segregation index and a vulnerability index (for the year 2001) are
determined to establish the relationship between these indices and the area occupied by
slums in Navi Mumbai. Although the new city has offered a response to the growing need
for housing it has not been able to contain the growth of slums and those sectors where
these are more recurrent there is greater social vulnerability. However, the distribution of
the slums is relatively disperse and a series of public services were installed in a similar way.
Thus the precarious neighborhoods have a relative low distance to the main services. It can
also be verified that the oldest sectors of the city present lower levels of vulnerability and
better access. In sum, it is noted that while the success of the new city is only partial it shows
some options to respond to challenges through urban planning.
Key Words: Planned city, slums, vulnerability, Navi Mumbai
El Shifu es un arte milenario del Japón que consiste en una tela tejida a partir del hilo de
papel proveniente del papel tradicional hecho a mano, washi. Este hilo en sus comienzos
fue de fabricación tosca utilizado para hacer cuerdas firmes que poco a poco se fue
afinando para convertirse en un material textil, utilizado principalmente para
confeccionar elegantes kimonos y accesorios del vestuario más fino.
En esta investigación proponemos a partir de este arte tradicional japonés, tomarla
técnica desde la manufactura del papel para su transformación en hilo y posterior tejido, y
desplazarlo al territorio del arte como espacio de creación, donde el material mismo se
combina con otros elementos propios de la gráfica contemporánea. El trabajo en sí mismo
propone además un ejercicio de meditación activa y el conocimiento de la naturaleza del
material que poco a poco se va transformando en nuestras manos y que centra su
atención en el proceso como camino de autoconocimiento. A través del trabajo gradual en
el arte del Shifu, se abre una reflexión en torno al tejido como significado, tradición y
medio de expresión.
Palabras clave: Shifu, soporte artístico, arte/artesanía, washi, papel hecho a mano, práctica
del arte, tejido telar.
Abstract
Shifu is an ancient art of Japan consisting of a woven cloth from paper yarn, made by the
traditional handmade paper, washi. This thread in its beginnings was of rough
manufacture used to make firm ropes that little by little was tuning to become a textile
material, used mainly to make elegant kimonos and accessories of the finest costumes.
In this investigation we propose from this traditional Japanese art, to take it from the
manufacture of the paper for its transformation into thread and later a textile material,
and to move it to the territory of art as a space of creation, where the material itself is
combined with other elements of contemporary graphic. The work itself also provides an
exercise of active meditation and knowledge of the nature of the material, which step by
step transforms into our hands and that focuses on the process as a way of self-
knowledge. Through gradual work in the art of shifu, it opens a reflection about the weave
as meaning, tradition and means of expression.
Key Words: Shifu, artistic substrate, art/craft, washi, papermaking, art practice, weaving
histories in the last 50 years. In the context of what appears to be the most severe
financial crisis in almost a century, they face parallel challenges both in terms of
weathering short-run difficulties and fostering long-run development.
A través de tres capítulos se analizarán los principales riesgos a los que se expone el régimen norcoreano en (1) el ámbito económico, (2) en su sistema de control social que ha sido capaz de crear una realidad paralela y (3) en las incongruencias de su ideología con respecto de este proceso de apertura. Finalmente se analizará la perspectiva actual del complejo tomando como base para el análisis el patrón de conducta del régimen de Corea del Norte.
Este proyecto de investigación fue llevado a cabo como parte de la asignatura
“Trabajo de Fin de Master”, requisito para poder obtener el título de Master en Estudios de Asia Oriental por la Universidad de Salamanca. El trabajo fue dirigido por el docente David Doncel, profesor de la misma universidad. Agradezco al profesor Doncel, al profesor Saavedra, por su ayuda en el desarrollo del capítulo V, y la Universidad de Salamanca por el apoyo prestado durante la realización del proyecto.
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”(UNDHR 1948). However, the
concept of human rights, as envisaged by this document and subsequent United Nations human rights treaties, continues to evolve from its origins in a relatively modern movement which developed after the Second World War in Europe. What might be described as the human rights movement still struggles to gain acceptance beyond the borders of its origins, as there is no universal consensus on what constitutes human rights. The final frontier in the campaign for universal human rights is the Asian region, the only region without a human rights mechanism. This region is the subject of this study.
An exploration of “attitudes of Asian states”1 towards human rights treaties requires
some examination of the values and socio-political environments likely to inform those attitudes. While public comments by the leaders of those states on the relevance and potential application of international and/or regional human rights mechanisms to their states are reasonably clear (and often direct), the sustainability of these evident attitudes is less clear, especially as East Asian states continue to grow economically, enhance their engagements with globalised economies and information networks and increasingly have to navigate Western concepts – including the formal and informal rights frameworks which are intermingled with terms and processes for transnational trade and finance.
I have focused particularly on China as the central State in the Asian region, with
peripheral focus on other states in North and South-East Asia. As the major geo-political power in the region, China exerts considerable, and growing, economic and political influence regionally and internationally; and in terms of human rights issues, China has an enduring and high international profile. Moreover, many of the other adjacent states such as the Koreas, Vietnam, Mongolia and Singapore, have related cultural backgrounds. However, it is important not to over-simplify culture and history in the Asian region, which exhibits considerable diversity in cultural, historical, linguistic and religious traditions both between and frequently within states.
There will also be a strong focus on the states in South-East Asia, in particular the members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN),2 as this organisation shows the greatest promise of developing a human rights mechanism.
In this essay I will explore the ratification and implementation of human rights treaties in the Asian region, and develop the proposition that there remain significant barriers to the development of a regional body for human rights in this region. In Part I, I will outline the cultural relativist debate. Part II contains an analysis of the application of human rights treaties in the Asian region. Part III will consider the possibility of a human rights mechanism in the Asian region.
Estos aspectos desafiantes y las posibles estrategias para enfrentarlas se manifiestan en diferentes escalas desde lo nacional hasta lo local. La escala metropolitana tiene varias particularidades siendo un foco espacial de la presión sobre el medio ambiente y un punto de cristalización de potenciales conflictos y desafíos sociales. Simultáneamente las metrópolis presentan también posibles soluciones, ofreciendo la posibilidad de mayor eficiencia energética, mejor control de emisión y tratamiento de residuos y para los hogares ofrece mejor cobertura con servicios y en suma mayores ingresos.
El presente trabajo presenta y discute aspectos de sustentabilidad a escala metropolitana para tres de los mayores ciudades de la RP China (Beijing, Tianjin y Shanghai), contextualizándolas con la situación de las metrópolis latinoamericanas, con el propósito de facilitar una lectura de los indicadores y tendencias presentadas. Las tres ciudades mencionadas están localizadas en la zona oriente del país, el que concentra la mayor cantidad de población, actividad económica, crecimiento e integración en los mercados globales. Esto, sin lugar a duda, está marcando el modelo de crecimiento de las tres ciudades mencionadas. Sin embargo tienen características económicas y hasta cierta medida también políticas muy diferentes. Como un primera y extremamente reducida aproximación personal podemos mencionar que Beijing, siendo la capital es también representación tanto de la apertura gradual como del poder político concentrado, presentando además mayor referencia a la tradición y al legado cultural milenario. En cambio la ciudad Shanghai se pone en escena como el foco principal de la modernización, crecimiento y apertura económica, también adelantándose en los pasos de liberalización.
Las estructuras de Tianjin en cambio – como principal puerto del norte de China se relacionan directamente con la actividad portuaria, su complementariedad con la capital en cuya cercanía está localizada y la localización de las industrias.
los pueblos del mundo y desde fechas tan antiguas como los historiadores, antropólogos y arqueólogos han podido precisar. Las evidencias indican que el
bailar, cantar, llevar máscaras y/o trajes, personificar a otros humanos, animales
o entes sobrenaturales, interpretar historias, actualizar el tiempo 1 en el tiempo 2,
acotar y disponer lugares y/o tiempos extraordinarios para estas presentaciones
o ensayos, son coexistentes a la condición del ser humano.”
(Richard SCHECHNER, 1988:68)
Este artículo corresponde a una versión condensada de lo trabajado en la investigación homónima realizada durante el año 2010, para el Programa de Estudios Asiáticos de la Facultad de Historia, Geografía y Ciencia Política. Hemos mantenido parte de las definiciones, teniendo en cuenta lo poco habitual de los temas tratados, agregando planteamientos esenciales y fragmentos de la información recabada, así como nuestras conclusiones. Advertimos sin embargo, que no hemos podido incorporar por razones de formato, pasajes que explican antecedentes históricos, propiedades y sobre todo la descripción y análisis de las configuraciones del Taiji Quan (movimientos y secuencias), que en la investigación complementan nuestros planteamientos; aún así, esperamos que este texto aporte a la comprensión del escenario contemporáneo de la práctica de esta disciplina.
ciudad de Manila: los altos niveles de contaminación del principal Río de Manila, el Río
Pasig, se funden con una precaria red sanitaria y de distribución de agua potable. El
presente trabajo busca analizar las diferentes variables que influyen en términos de
vulnerabilidad en la población de Manila, con énfasis principal en la situación en el
entorno del Río Pasig. El análisis toma en cuenta el contexto ambiental, es decir las
condiciones de contaminación que presenta el Río. Por otro lado, se consideran diferentes características socio-económicas en la construcción de un índice de vulnerabilidad a escala de Barangay (una unidad espacial de baja escala) para analizar la localización de población especialmente susceptible al efecto negativo de la contaminación del agua debido a la deficiencia del acceso al sistema de suministro de agua potable. Finalmente la información obtenida se profundizará mediante el análisis y evaluación de las políticas de planificación adoptadas en Manila, con énfasis inicial en las normas e instrumentos de planificación ligados a la cobertura de la red sanitaria, la ocupación informal y políticas entorno al uso del suelo en la ciudad.
cultura como un fenómeno colectivo que oriente el comportamiento de los miembros de una sociedad, aplicando estas propuestas a una comparación entre Chile y algunos países asiáticos. Esto pretende aportar a la discusión de los alcances de dicha propuesta en cuanto a su utilidad como herramienta para la interacción intercultural específicamente en el contexto latinoamericano. Se presentan por ende reflexiones sobre propuestas existentes y no resultados de un propio trabajo de investigación.
Committees, selected villages in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter, PRC or China) had their first elections.
Elections at the grassroots level excited observers of Chinese politics because they thought that China’s authoritarian regime had opened a democratic pathway in the country. After analyzing survey data from various sources and appealing to some of the most advanced research studies on village elections published in the last years, I will contest that grassroots democracy in the PRC has no real depth. Furthermore, I would like to go beyond and ask what can be considered proper criteria when evaluating whether a village system is democratic. In addition, how and under which conditions could the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) really allow openly contested elections at village level? Is the CCP facing the same selfdelusion of the Queen in Snow White, when after asking her mirror whom the fairest in the
kingdom was, the mirror said: you are… until Snow White arrived?
In assessing these issues, I will first outline what the literature defines for democratic
elections. I will narrow the scope of democratic elections, highlighting that contested elections do not guarantee democracy. Then, I will describe how villages in China have held elections, for which I will thoroughly analyze the results of different surveys that have collected the most accurate data.
Third, I will outline how authorities in China exercise power, and to what extent
the electoral system accomplishes the objective of self-governance. Finally, even though having elections does not mean that the PRC is paving a route for democratization, I will conclude with some suggestions on ways for freer and fairer elections at the village level to succeed.
La relación de Chile con China ha sido marcada por la destacada predominancia de la
exportación de recursos minerales lo que genera preguntas urgentes sobre la viabilidad de este camino a largo plazo. Consideramos de máxima importancia reflexionar en torno a los desafíos estratégicos, buscando así una visión clara de los principales objetivos y posibles medidas y mecanismos que permitan una mejor perspectiva de desarrollo así como un mejor entendimiento entre ambas regiones. A partir de la actual situación y en base a cuatro escenarios exploratorios sobre la perspectiva de la relación económica de Chile con RP China se proponen líneas argumentativas para esta discusión estratégica. Desde una mirada multidisciplinaria, se presentará un insumo preliminar para la participación académica en la propuesta de un documento de este tipo, el cual finalmente tendría que definir objetivos y medidas concretas, así como posibles mecanismos de desarrollo.
The 2000s, on the contrary, have been years of recovery in all economies and outright bonanza in a few of them. Countries benefited from the discipline brought upon firms by increasing market competition as a result of foreign trade opening, market de-regulation, and privatization while the retrenching of the government from productive activities gave way to individual initiative and creativity. Some countries also benefited from ample external funds in the form of foreign direct investment.
In this generally positive outlook ECA economies have transformed and benefited from rejuvenation in varying degrees depending on their initial backwardness, the wisdom of the policies implemented and, to a lesser degree, their good fortune in terms of natural resources, location, institutional fabric and other determinants of their insertion in global markets. Massive economic restructuring is a costly, lengthy and risky process: resources have to be relocated, non-profitable businesses have to be terminated, and emerging opportunities seized. Institutions have to be adjusted or created altogether to meet new, more challenging demands in efficient, non-corrupt manners. Political capacity is also needed to maneuver promptly and swiftly to ameliorate the social costs of restructuring for some groups in society and secure the benefits for the majority of the population.
The policy responses to the challenges of modernization in ECA has been mixed and their fate also heterogeneous. Some economies embraced economy wide, far reaching reforms and transformations, while others advanced rather timidly. Some ECA economies have been quite successful in this process while others have struggled for a long time to return to shape. Shocks and transformations elsewhere in the world have also affected this process. High commodity prices have played a significant role in fostering growth in the last decade, in particular the windfall received by resource-rich ECA countries exporting oil, gold or diamonds. The emergence of East Asia and China as leading trade partners of the developed economies increased external competition for ECA countries in semi-manufactured consumer and investment goods, although they also opened the door to substantially large markets. Finally, a buoyant international financial market provided ample access to resources to ECA for both investment and market development.
The transition from a planned economy to a market economy and their progressive reinsertion in the world economic community provides a myriad of lessons for both academics and policy-makers. The route has not been easy as the physical and social cost of the massive restructuring of their economies have been quite expensive.
The initial shock brought upon by the collapse of political and economic systems in ECA economies and the ricocheting effects of the failure of neighboring countries, led in the early 1990s to industrial and financial disarray and soaring unemployment in all economies in the region. Reforms –implemented at different pace in the different counties—aimed mainly at allowing for a swift restructuring of domestic economy, the deregulation of markets traditionally intervened by the state, a realignment of relative prices to reflect scarcity, and the retrenchment of the public sector from the historically mismanaged production of goods and services by state firms and collective units.
A key element in this strategy was the opening of the economies to global markets.
Countries benefited from the discipline brought upon firms by increasing internal market competition as well as a result of initially timid and subsequently more aggressive participation in global markets. Market de-regulation, privatization and the abovementioned retrenchment of the government from productive activities gave way to individual initiative and creativity. Some countries also benefited from ample external funds in the form of foreign direct investment. It is not surprising that the 2000s have been years of recovery in all economies and outright bonanza in a
few of them. Policy responses to the challenges of modernization in ECA have been quite heterogeneous. While some countries embraced economy wide, far reaching reforms and transformations, others have advanced more timidly. External shocks have also affected this process. High commodity prices have played a significant role in fostering growth in the last decade, in particular the windfall received by resource-rich ECA countries exporting oil, gold or diamonds. The emergence of East Asia and China as leading trade partners of the developed economies has had opposite effects: on one hand, it has increased external competition for ECA countries in semimanufactured consumer and investment goods while on the other it has opened the door to substantially large markets.
view of the sending state. It starts from the case of post-war Japanese
migration to Bolivia and in doing so, this paper joins the recent
scholarship that challenges the disciplinary separation found in the post-
war history of Japan: between the Japanese overseas migration and
Japan’s national history. The question that this working paper examines is
to what extent the post-war Japanese migrants in Bolivia reveal mainland
Japan’s historical contingencies? This article advances some key elements
of the concept “political migration history”—a framework for the study of
state-led emigration policies—in order to argue that the outmigration’s
policy making process reveals the deep transformations that the Japanese
society was experiencing as a whole and thus, the Japanese national
history benefits from a political history reading of this migratory process.
The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds that “all human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”(UNDHR 1948). However, the
concept of human rights, as envisaged by this document and subsequent United Nations
human rights treaties, continues to evolve from its origins in a relatively modern
movement which developed after the Second World War in Europe. What might be
described as the human rights movement still struggles to gain acceptance beyond the
borders of its origins, as there is no universal consensus on what constitutes human
rights. The final frontier in the campaign for universal human rights is the Asian region,
the only region without a human rights mechanism. This region is the subject of this
study.
An exploration of “attitudes of Asian states”1
towards human rights treaties requires
some examination of the values and socio-political environments likely to inform those
attitudes. While public comments by the leaders of those states on the relevance and
potential application of international and/or regional human rights mechanisms to their
states are reasonably clear (and often direct), the sustainability of these evident attitudes
is less clear, especially as East Asian states continue to grow economically, enhance
their engagements with globalised economies and information networks and increasingly
have to navigate Western concepts – including the formal and informal rights
frameworks which are intermingled with terms and processes for transnational trade and
finance.
I have focused particularly on China as the central State in the Asian region, with
peripheral focus on other states in North and South-East Asia. As the major geo-political
power in the region, China exerts considerable, and growing, economic and political
influence regionally and internationally; and in terms of human rights issues, China has
an enduring and high international profile. Moreover, many of the other adjacent states
such as the Koreas, Vietnam, Mongolia and Singapore, have related cultural
backgrounds. However, it is important not to over-simplify culture and history in the
Asian region, which exhibits considerable diversity in cultural, historical, linguistic and
religious traditions both between and frequently within states.
There will also be a strong focus on the states in South-East Asia, in particular the
members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN),2
as this organisation
shows the greatest promise of developing a human rights mechanism.
In this essay I will explore the ratification and implementation of human rights treaties in
the Asian region, and develop the proposition that there remain significant barriers to the
development of a regional body for human rights in this region. In Part I, I will outline the
cultural relativist debate. Part II contains an analysis of the application of human rights
treaties in the Asian region. Part III will consider the possibility of a human rights
mechanism in the Asian region.
rather a curse. Classical symptoms of the curse are very low growth in labor
productivity, government policies unable to counteract economic cycles
induced by oil-price volatility, and massive overemployment in the public
sector. In some economies, resource rents have also been instrumental in
creating a “rentier-state”, that is, a society that lives out of the resource rent
and is unable to develop a strong productive domestic sector, where only few
are engaged in the generation of this wealth and where the government plays
a central role in distributing this wealth to the population. The oil-rich
economies of the Gulf of Arabia are the epitome of the rentier state. This
paper reviews the case of the United Arab Emirates and provides evidence
that the inability of the government to deal with oil-price cycles and global
business instability is not the result of inability but a key policy in the
political agreement between rulers and the general population (along tribal
lines) to share the oil rent.
Keywords: natural resource rents, renter state, fiscal institutions
Desde su independencia, los estados del sudeste asiático se han enfrentado a numerosas
disputas territoriales tanto en tierra como en zonas marítimas. Generalmente estos
conflictos no se solían abordar durante largos períodos o bien se manejaron
silenciosamente. Sin embargo, varias crisis y algunos incidentes violentos llamaron la
atención de la comunidad internacional. En los últimos años, los conflictos en el Mar del Sur
de China se volvieron el asunto más debatido en cuanto a la seguridad de la región. Lo que
este caso muestra no es necesariamente la forma ejemplar por la cual los países del sudeste
asiático solían gestionar sus querellas territoriales. El documento de trabajo recoge tres
percepciones comunes sobre el manejo de conflictos ofreciendo una lectura crítica. La
contribución aborda el quién, por qué y el cómo de la gestión de conflictos territoriales y
ofrece algunas pautas sobre qué se puede esperar en el futuro.
Palabras clave: ASEAN; Conflictos limítrofes, disputas territoriales; sudeste asiático.
Las ciudades de la India han crecido muy rápidamente y presentan serias dificultades
en cubrir las necesidades de vivienda, reducir la precariedad y limitar las externalidades
negativas. Lograr integración social y acceso a los beneficios de la economía urbana para
todos los habitantes sigue siendo una expectativa difícil de cumplir. En algunas ocasiones la
planificación urbana, en su afán de lograr ciudades más inclusivas y funcionales, ha elegido
el camino de diseñar y construir ciudades completamente nuevas. Uno de los ejemplos
emblemáticos es Navi Mumbai, urbe planificada a partir de los años setenta como ciudad
gemela de Mumbai la cual se ha transformado en un polo de atracción, por lo que se le
podría considerar exitoso en el sentido de absorber parte de la presión poblacional. Sin
embargo también han crecido los barrios precarios y la parte formal de la ciudad concentra
grupos socio-económicos de ingresos altos y medio-altos de manera segregada, lo que
contrasta con el criterio de inclusión social.
El presente estudio analiza la pauta espacial de las zonas precarias y deprimidas de
la ciudad de Navi Mumbai con el objetivo de determinar los niveles de segregación
residencial, la vulnerabilidad y su relación con el problema de accesibilidad a ciertos
servicios para el periodo 1991-2010. Se determina el índice de segregación espacial y la
vulnerabilidad de los habitantes (2001) para finalmente establecer la relación existente
entre estos índices y la superficie ocupada por los slums(barrios precarios) en Navi Mumbai.
Si bien la nueva ciudad ha ofrecido una respuesta a la creciente necesidad de vivienda no
ha podido contener el crecimiento de los barrios precarios y los sectores donde éstos son
más recurrentes hay mayor vulnerabilidad social. Sin embargo la distribución de los slums
es relativamente dispersa y, además, una serie de servicios públicos fueron instalados en
forma similar por lo cual, en términos generales, los barrios precarios tienen una reducida
distancia a los principales servicios. También se puede constatar que los sectores más
antiguos y consolidados de la ciudad presentan menores niveles de vulnerabilidad y mejor
acceso. En suma, se constata que si bien el éxito de la nueva ciudad es solamente parcial
muestra algunas opciones para responder a desafíos a través de la planificación urbana.
Palabras clave: Ciudad planificada, barrios precarios, vulnerabilidad Navi Mumbai
Abstract
The cities of India have grown very rapidly and face serious difficulties in meeting housing
needs, reducing extreme poverty and limiting negative externalities of urbanization. Social
integration and general access to the benefits of the urban economy remains an important
challenge. Urban planning, in its quest to achieve more inclusive and functional cities,
sometimes has chosen the option of designing and building completely new cities. One of
the emblematic of such newly planned cities examples is Navi Mumbai, designed as a twin
city of Mumbai which has been absorbing a part of the population pressure from this Indian
metropolis. However, slums have also grown and the formal part of the city concentrates
high- and middle-income socio-economic groups in spatially segregated patterns, which
contrasts with the criterion of social inclusion.
This study discusses the spatial patterns of precarious and depressed areas of the city of Navi Mumbai with the objective of determining the levels of residential segregation,
vulnerability and its relationship with accessibility to certain services for the period 1991-
2010. A spatial segregation index and a vulnerability index (for the year 2001) are
determined to establish the relationship between these indices and the area occupied by
slums in Navi Mumbai. Although the new city has offered a response to the growing need
for housing it has not been able to contain the growth of slums and those sectors where
these are more recurrent there is greater social vulnerability. However, the distribution of
the slums is relatively disperse and a series of public services were installed in a similar way.
Thus the precarious neighborhoods have a relative low distance to the main services. It can
also be verified that the oldest sectors of the city present lower levels of vulnerability and
better access. In sum, it is noted that while the success of the new city is only partial it shows
some options to respond to challenges through urban planning.
Key Words: Planned city, slums, vulnerability, Navi Mumbai
El Shifu es un arte milenario del Japón que consiste en una tela tejida a partir del hilo de
papel proveniente del papel tradicional hecho a mano, washi. Este hilo en sus comienzos
fue de fabricación tosca utilizado para hacer cuerdas firmes que poco a poco se fue
afinando para convertirse en un material textil, utilizado principalmente para
confeccionar elegantes kimonos y accesorios del vestuario más fino.
En esta investigación proponemos a partir de este arte tradicional japonés, tomarla
técnica desde la manufactura del papel para su transformación en hilo y posterior tejido, y
desplazarlo al territorio del arte como espacio de creación, donde el material mismo se
combina con otros elementos propios de la gráfica contemporánea. El trabajo en sí mismo
propone además un ejercicio de meditación activa y el conocimiento de la naturaleza del
material que poco a poco se va transformando en nuestras manos y que centra su
atención en el proceso como camino de autoconocimiento. A través del trabajo gradual en
el arte del Shifu, se abre una reflexión en torno al tejido como significado, tradición y
medio de expresión.
Palabras clave: Shifu, soporte artístico, arte/artesanía, washi, papel hecho a mano, práctica
del arte, tejido telar.
Abstract
Shifu is an ancient art of Japan consisting of a woven cloth from paper yarn, made by the
traditional handmade paper, washi. This thread in its beginnings was of rough
manufacture used to make firm ropes that little by little was tuning to become a textile
material, used mainly to make elegant kimonos and accessories of the finest costumes.
In this investigation we propose from this traditional Japanese art, to take it from the
manufacture of the paper for its transformation into thread and later a textile material,
and to move it to the territory of art as a space of creation, where the material itself is
combined with other elements of contemporary graphic. The work itself also provides an
exercise of active meditation and knowledge of the nature of the material, which step by
step transforms into our hands and that focuses on the process as a way of self-
knowledge. Through gradual work in the art of shifu, it opens a reflection about the weave
as meaning, tradition and means of expression.
Key Words: Shifu, artistic substrate, art/craft, washi, papermaking, art practice, weaving
La danza del león encuentra su origen en la cultura china, con dos principales propósitos: espantar los malos espíritus y atraer la buena fortuna. En Chile, esta danza se practica inicialmente en el marco de escuelas de artes marciales, a lo largo de todo el país. El presente artículo explora la práctica y narrativas históricas en cuanto a linaje, tradición y enseñanza de la danza del león en las agrupaciones que la ejecutan en la ciudad de Santiago. Aquí se propone que esta ejecución corresponde a una expresión performativa que evoca un chineseness fuera de la diáspora china, a través de un marco de sensibilidad oriental que incluye sonidos, movimientos y estéticas asociadas a un imaginario de China en Chile, en un diálogo dinámico con la modernidad global.
Palabras clave: Danza del león, chineseness, performance, translocalidad, sensibilidad oriental.
Abstract:
The lion dance has its roots in Chinese culture, primarily serving two purposes: to ward off evil spirits and to bring good fortune. In Chile, this dance has been practiced initially within martial arts schools across the country. This article examines the practice and historical narratives related to lineage, tradition, and teaching of the lion dance by groups performing in the city of Santiago. It proposes that this execution is a performative expression that evokes a sense of Chineseness outside the Chinese diaspora through a framework of oriental sensitivity that includes sounds, movements, and aesthetics associated with an imaginary of China in Chile in a dynamic dialogue with global modernity.
Key words: Lion dance, Chineseness, performance, translocality, oriental sensitivity.
Los océanos son vitales para las poblaciones costeras del Sur Global como fuente de alimento y trabajo. De este modo, la sustentabilidad de la actividad pesquera es relevante para la seguridad alimentaria y la subsistencia de millones de personas. El estado actual de la industria de la pesca, sin embargo, ha afectado a las bancadas de peces, disminuyéndose su sostenibilidad en dos tercios durante las últimas tres décadas. Para este Documento de Trabajo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los regímenes alimentarios y el impacto de la sobrepesca en la biodiversidad y subsistencia. Así es como se puede notar que la extracción de peces a gran escala en costas del Sudeste Asiático y África ha provocado una situación no sostenible que afecta la subsistencia de quienes habitan las zonas costeras. Asimismo, se señalan posibles acciones que pueden cambiar la situación actual, enfocadas principalmente en los subsidios pesqueros.
Palabras claves: Seguridad alimentaria, sustentabilidad, sobrepesca, pesca ilegal, Sur Global, subsistencia
Abstract
Oceans are vital for the coastal populations of the Global South as a source of food and work. For this reason, the sustainability of fishing activity is relevant for food security and the subsistence of millions of people. The current state of the fishing industry, however, has affected the hatcheries of fish, decreasing their sustainability by two-thirds over the last three decades. For this Working Paper, a bibliographic review was carried out on food regimes and the impact of overfishing on biodiversity and subsistence. The materials demonstrate that large-scale fish extraction on the coasts of Southeast Asia and Africa has led to an unsustainable situation that affects the subsistence of those who live in coastal areas. Likewise, possible steps are suggested to change the current situation, focused mainly on fishing subsidies.
Keywords: Food security, sustainability, overfishing, illegal fishing, Global South, subsistence