
Barbara Silva
Related Authors
Jorge Ignacio Mujica
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
José Berenguer
Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino
Christian Vitry
Universidad Nacional de Salta
Jorge Olea
Universidad de La Frontera
Cecilia Sanhueza Tohá
Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino
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Books by Barbara Silva
This Palgrave Pivot tells the transnational story of the astronomical observatory in the hills near Santiago, Chile, built in the early twentieth century through the efforts of astronomers from the Lick Observatory in California. Venturing abroad to learn from largely unmapped Southern skies and, hopefully, answer lingering questions about the structure of the galaxy, they planned a three-year research expedition—but ended up staying for more than twenty-five years. The history of the Mills Expedition offers a window onto the history of astronomy, the challeng- es of scientific collaboration across national lines, and the political and cultural contexts of early-twentieth-century Chile and the United States.
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En Una identidad terremoteada. Comunidad y territorio en el Chile de 1960, Bárbara Silva y Alfredo Riquelme examinan el catastrófico terremoto-tsunami de Valdivia –que según fuentes algo sensacionalistas habría sido “el más fuerte de la historia”– para comprender e iluminar al Chile de mediados del siglo XX. Los autores subrayan cómo el desastre logró posicionarse simbólicamente durante la conmemoración del sesquicentenario de la independencia, en particular el rol que tuvo en la creación de una identidad oficial y otras no tan oficiales que buscaban incorporar los terremotos como un símbolo nacional de una “nación telúrica”. El libro es una fascinante microhistoria de Chile en un momento preciso, en plena Guerra Fría, pero también una importante reflexión sobre el reciente bicentenario –marcado a su vez por un devastador sismo– y el Chile actual. Con su estilo ameno, analítico y una visión atenta y ambiciosa, el libro merece una amplia lectura.
Charles F. Walker
Universidad de California, Davis
Papers by Barbara Silva
In this paper, we investigate arsenic regulation in Chile in the 1990s and focus on the role of the major science intervention during the process, project FONDEF 2-24. The case is examined through the lens of knowledge governance (van Kerkhoff and Pilbeam, 2017). This theoretically-oriented approach guides our critical reflection on the relationship between knowledge and policy making, taking into consideration the formal and informal rules that shape the intervention and the underlying social and cultural patterns. The success of the science intervention’s influence on policy is better understood with such a perspective.
We expand the knowledge governance approach by scrutinizing the relations of coherence between levels of analysis to assess their alignment. The approach could be helpful for studying other cases, particularly at times when a new field of policy is emerging.
This Palgrave Pivot tells the transnational story of the astronomical observatory in the hills near Santiago, Chile, built in the early twentieth century through the efforts of astronomers from the Lick Observatory in California. Venturing abroad to learn from largely unmapped Southern skies and, hopefully, answer lingering questions about the structure of the galaxy, they planned a three-year research expedition—but ended up staying for more than twenty-five years. The history of the Mills Expedition offers a window onto the history of astronomy, the challeng- es of scientific collaboration across national lines, and the political and cultural contexts of early-twentieth-century Chile and the United States.
https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783030177119
En Una identidad terremoteada. Comunidad y territorio en el Chile de 1960, Bárbara Silva y Alfredo Riquelme examinan el catastrófico terremoto-tsunami de Valdivia –que según fuentes algo sensacionalistas habría sido “el más fuerte de la historia”– para comprender e iluminar al Chile de mediados del siglo XX. Los autores subrayan cómo el desastre logró posicionarse simbólicamente durante la conmemoración del sesquicentenario de la independencia, en particular el rol que tuvo en la creación de una identidad oficial y otras no tan oficiales que buscaban incorporar los terremotos como un símbolo nacional de una “nación telúrica”. El libro es una fascinante microhistoria de Chile en un momento preciso, en plena Guerra Fría, pero también una importante reflexión sobre el reciente bicentenario –marcado a su vez por un devastador sismo– y el Chile actual. Con su estilo ameno, analítico y una visión atenta y ambiciosa, el libro merece una amplia lectura.
Charles F. Walker
Universidad de California, Davis
In this paper, we investigate arsenic regulation in Chile in the 1990s and focus on the role of the major science intervention during the process, project FONDEF 2-24. The case is examined through the lens of knowledge governance (van Kerkhoff and Pilbeam, 2017). This theoretically-oriented approach guides our critical reflection on the relationship between knowledge and policy making, taking into consideration the formal and informal rules that shape the intervention and the underlying social and cultural patterns. The success of the science intervention’s influence on policy is better understood with such a perspective.
We expand the knowledge governance approach by scrutinizing the relations of coherence between levels of analysis to assess their alignment. The approach could be helpful for studying other cases, particularly at times when a new field of policy is emerging.
During the 1960s, a particular phenomenon took place in Chile. International holdings –Americans, Europeans, and Soviets– went to Chile and settled in the northern region of the country, the semi-arid area of the Atacama Desert, to build big-scaled astronomical observatories. By the end of the decade, they had built three massive telescopes.
This scientific infrastructure drastically changed the desert’s landscape. However, it also gave the country an argument to enhance the political commitment with progress and modernization, as some sort of prove of the country’s exceptionalism in the Latin American context. Simultaneously, politicians started to imbricate astronomical knowledge as and evidence that the desired modernization paradigm was taking place in the southern country. Chilean politicians and scientists gave meaning to astronomy into the national identity discourse, as an avant-garde science and technology. Until today, local agencies enhance the county as an “astronomical pole”, or a “natural lab”.
This paper examines how an international and ideological power dispute in the middle of the Cold War intersected national identity discourses and, at the same time, broadened spatial notions of identity. Through this case of transnational science, it is possible to analyze how international politics, geographical conditions, and technological projects can converge into national discourses, reshaping both the understanding of a particular place like the Atacama Desert and traditional ideas about national identity.
In the case of Chile, parts of those identity narratives have been constructed on its geographical diversity. In different historical processes, the country has addressed the features of its territory, both the unusual shape and the variety of landscapes. As in many other countries, politicians, scholars, artists, etc., have presented this condition as “unique.”
During the 1960s, a particular phenomenon took place. International holdings –Americans, Europeans, and Soviets– went to Chile and settled in the northern region of the country, the Atacama Desert, to build big-scaled astronomical observatories. By the end of the decade, they had built three massive telescopes. This scientific infrastructure drastically changed the landscape while altering the environment of the Atacama Desert. However, they also gave the country another argument to enhance its identity as a unique landscape, this time regarding its spatial diversity. In this process, scientists and authorities added an extra-terrestrial space to the national identity discourse. At the same time they used astronomical knowledge as and evidence that the desired modernization paradigm was –at least- taking place in the southern country.
This paper examines how an international power dispute in the middle of the Cold War intersected national identity discourses and, at the same time, broadened spatial notions of identity. Through this case, it is possible to analyze how international politics and geographical conditions can converge into national discourses, reshaping both the understanding of a particular place like the Atacama Desert and traditional ideas about environmental history.
Desde 1962, en Chile se instalaron conglomerados astronómicos provenientes de Estados Unidos, de la Unión Soviética, y de Europa occidental. La disputa por espacios de observación astronómica se insertaba en una escala mayor de confrontación política, ideológica y también científica. Se trataba de modelos de mundo y de sociedad, cuyo éxito o fracaso se evaluaba, también, en torno a la exploración científica. En ella, la astronomía tenía una sensibilidad que se conectaba con el romanticismo de la observación de los astros, así como con el carácter vertiginoso de la carrera espacial.
A partir de la década de los 60, Chile desarrolló un protagonismo mundial en las vanguardias astronómicas. A pesar de la marcada presencia de agrupaciones norteamericanas como AURA y Carnegie, así como del trabajo de astrónomos soviéticos de Púlkovo, la actividad de ESO (European Southern Observatory) se intensificó sustantivamente en el país.
En 1964, coincidiendo con el inicio de la presidencia del democratacristiano Eduardo Frei Montalva, ESO logró adquirir territorios para construir un observatorio astronómico en el norte de Chile, y prontamente comenzó a proyectar otras construcciones similares. La relación entre ESO y el gobierno DC de Chile se profundizó, generando las condiciones administrativas y políticas para posibilitar y extender ese desarrollo científico europeo. De este modo, se generaba otra área de conexión con Europa, que podía resistir la influencia soviética y, al mismo tiempo, matizar la presencia norteamericana. Con el golpe de 1973, las iniciativas de Moscú en Chile terminaron inmediata y abruptamente. Al mismo tiempo, el resto de las relaciones científicas debieron reconfigurarse de acuerdo a la nueva situación política del país.
Despite having almost no experience in the field, national authorities saw a one-time opportunity in this arrival, and they focused in setting alliances for developing expert knowledge in physics, astronomy, astrophysics, and astronomical engineering. All this process took place in the middle of power struggles of the global cold war.
Local and international scientists were in the crossroads of ideology and political connections. Science, at the same time, legitimized those political and ideological relationships. For local politicians, to take part in large scaled projects related to an avant-garde science was a key aspect for prestige and to demonstrate their commitment with progress and modernization. For Chilean scientists, it was the ultimate chance to be leading actors in astronomy. Despite the highly polarized political environment, and with no local expertise, these local actors managed to make public policies regarding astronomy, and to get involved with the western scientists as well as the soviet ones.
This paper questions the intersection between large-scale scientific and technological projects –astronomical observatories–, and power struggle, at a time of local and international political polarization. Analyzing the convergence between science and politics, this paper explores the ways in which Astronomy emerged as a major reference of Chilean identity, which carries on today.
We worked with history undergrad students, focusing in how to strengthen the balance between the historical research and its communicability, to support the statement that history is indeed public.
We have set a first standpoint, to work on a triple challenge: reconstructing events through sources, elaborating a functional historical context and generating a strong analytical dimension. This will be the basis to work on narrative history, and then we will take a step further to discuss with students how can we understand narrative history as a cornerstone to collaborate with different formats and types of Public History.
The Popular Front proposed a ‘new era’ in Chilean politics. It conjugated traditional national identity referents with international ones, such as the discourse of an exceptional nature of Chile’s history; the links with the European’s experiences of popular fronts; its relationship with the Comintern; inspiration in the New Deal; the obtaining of power within the institutional framework; legal observance; or the so called ‘determined constitutionalism’ of Chile, among others. The coalition gave new meaning to the imaginary of revolution, based on deep reforms while sustained within a legal framework and therefore totally legitimate.
Decades later, the Popular Unity took this discourse and re-elaborated its meaning within the ideological system of the Cold War, aiming to shift the socialist project in order to engage with a Chilean mindset. This led to the well-known strategy of the ‘via chilena’ (the ‘Chilean way’ to socialism) which impacted the global positioning of the inter-American Cold War.
This paper examines how the idea of profound transformation of society anchored in the institutional framework, and its combination with ‘revolutionary reformism’, influenced the progressive decrease of dialogue and the possibilities of coexistence with other political projects. As we know, this would fatally lead to the coup d’etat of 1973.
Mediante la observación de procesos astronómicos ocurridos en un pasado remoto, hacía años luz, se entregaba una sensación de acceso al futuro. En este sentido, revelar el contexto histórico de la investigación científica –en este caso astronómica- hace evidente la dimensión cultural intrínseca en ella. Parte de esto se explica en tanto las sociedades han comprendido que la ciencia tiene aquella potencialidad de cambiar el futuro, pero han tendido a olvidar que ella también es una manifestación de la cultura de la humanidad, que intenta abordar preguntas esenciales del ser humano, modeladas por las inquietudes de la época.
En este caso, se trata del desarrollo de una nueva tecnología que permitiría situar a la humanidad en una perspectiva universal y astronómica, y que daba cuenta de las vinculaciones del extremo austral del continente con aquellas naciones “modernas” en una clave científica. La exploración astronómica y astrofísica de comienzos del siglo XX se convertiría, luego, en uno de los pilares del desarrollo científico de Chile, en un vínculo del país con el mundo y, además, en una de sus potencialidades en la construcción de una identidad geográfica.