Estudios Jurídicos

En cuanto al acto formal de imputación, como actuación propia e indelegable del representante del Ministerio Publico, la Sala de Casación Penal ha reiterado que: "… El acto de imputación formal, es una actividad propia del Ministerio Público, el cual previa citación del investigado y asistido por defensor se le impone formalmente: del precepto constitucional que lo exime de declarar y aun en el caso de rendir declaración hacerlo sin juramento; al igual que se le impone de los hechos investigados y aquellas circunstancias de tiempo, modo y lugar, la adecuación al tipo penal, los elementos de convicción que lo relacionan con la investigación y el acceso al expediente según los artículos 8, 125, 126, 130, 131 del Código Orgánico Procesal Penal.

A continuación se va a desarrollar el tema sobre los Derechos Humanos, empezando por el Derecho Interno que habla sobre los Derechos Humanos dentro del marco constitucional, el concepto de Justicia Social dentro del Estado de Derecho en Venezuela también establecido en la Carta Magna de la República, así como también Derecho Internacional, y que se expresará de manera concreta en las siguientes líneas de investigación y análisis.

En Venezuela debemos precisar que los Derechos Humanos son los atributos, prerrogativas y libertades que se le reconocen a un ser humano por el simple hecho de serlo, e indispensables para una vida digna. Sin ellos no es posible un desarrollo civilizado de las personas y de los pueblos, en el que prevalezcan la libertad, el respeto al derecho del otro, la justicia, la equidad, la tolerancia, el pluralismo y la solidaridad.

En primer lugar se va a definir los Derechos Humanos como privilegios que de acuerdo con el derecho internacional, tiene la persona frente al Estado, para impedir que esta infiera en el ejercicio de ciertas libertades fundamentales, o para obtener de ese Estado la satisfacción de ciertas necesidades básicas inherentes a todo ser humano. Son principios universales reconocidos y garantizados en la carta magna vigente desde 1999 (C.R.B.V) en su título III, capítulo I, artículos desde el 19 hasta el 31, para asegurar a la persona su dignidad individual, social, material y espiritual.

Así mismo, se puede afirmar que existen innumerables instrumentos y organizaciones, que constituyen el Sistema Internacional de Protección, el cual busca la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos, como se proclamó en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, en cuanto al respeto por los derechos humanos y la dignidad humana "es el fundamento de la libertad, la justicia y la paz en el mundo”.

Entre los principales documentos proclamados en el sistema de protección universal, se tienen: La Carta Internacional de Derechos Humanos; Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos; Pacto Internacional de derechos Económicos Sociales y Culturales; Pacto Internacional derechos civiles y políticos; Proclamación de Teherán; Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación racial; Convención relativa a la lucha contra las discriminaciones en la esfera de la enseñanza; Declaración sobre la eliminación de la discriminación contra la mujer; Declaración sobre los principios fundamentales relativos a la contribución de los medios de comunicación de masas al fortalecimiento de la paz y la comprensión internacional, a la promoción de los derechos humanos y a la lucha contra el racismo, el apartheid y la incitación a la guerra; Declaración sobre la Protección de todas las personas contra la tortura y otros tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes; Declaración sobre la protección de todas las personas contra las desapariciones forzadas; Reglas de las Naciones Unidas para la protección de los menores privados de libertad; Convención sobre los derechos del Niño; Declaración de los derechos del Niño; Declaración sobre la utilización del progreso científico y tecnológico en interés de la paz y en beneficio de la humanidad, pacto se San José; entre otros.

Igualmente, se puede comentar que, la normativa en cuanto a la protección universal de los derechos humanos es amplísima, pero quizás, según la experiencia propia de Venezuela, no muy efectiva; porque cuando vemos que existe toda esta serie de instrumentos que protegen a todos los individuos de todo un universo, pero por otra parte es evidente que existen tantos actos inhumanos, donde se violan los derechos de tantas personas, y no hay castigo, entonces queda preguntarse: ¿se cumple con toda esta normativa, es eficaz el sistema de protección? . En nuestro criterio, es muy difícil llegar a las instancias internacionales, y quizás, falta que los países colaboren más en hacer esta misión efectiva, porque hay que recordar que el principal garante de estos derechos fundamentales son los propios Estados.

We propose a variant of the simulated annealing method for optimization in the multivariate analysis of differentiable functions. The method uses global actualizations via the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm in their generalized version for the proposal of new configurations. We show how this choice can improve upon the performance of simulated annealing methods (mainly when the number of variables is large) by allowing a more effective searching scheme and a faster annealing schedule.

We introduce a new nonextensive entropic measure that grows like , where N is the size of the system under consideration. This kind of nonextensivity arises in a natural way in some N-body systems endowed with long-range interactions described by interparticle potentials. The power law (weakly nonextensive) behavior exhibited by is intermediate between (1) the linear (extensive) regime characterizing the standard Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy and (2) the exponential law (strongly nonextensive) behavior associated with the Tsallis generalized q-entropies. The functional is parametrized by the real number in such a way that the standard logarithmic entropy is recovered when . We study the mathematical properties of the new entropy, showing that the basic requirements for a well behaved entropy functional are verified, i.e., possesses the usual properties of positivity, equiprobability, concavity and irreversibility and verifies Khinchin axioms except the one related to additivity since is nonextensive. For , the entropy becomes superadditive in the thermodynamic limit. The present formalism is illustrated by a numerical study of the thermodynamic scaling laws of a ferromagnetic Ising model with long-range interactions.

We describe in detail two numerical simulation methods valid to study systems whose thermostatistics is described by generalized entropies, such as Tsallis. The methods are useful for applications to non-trivial interacting systems with a large number of degrees of freedom, and both short-range and long-range interactions. The first method is quite general and it is based on the numerical evaluation of the density of states with a given energy. The second method is more specific for Tsallis thermostatistics and it is based on a standard Monte Carlo Metropolis algorithm along with a numerical integration procedure. We show here that both methods are robust and efficient. We present results of the application of the methods to the one-dimensional Ising model both in a short-range case and in a long-range (non-extensive) case. We show that the thermodynamic potentials for different values of the system size N and different values of the non-extensivity parameter q can be described by scaling relations which are an extension of the ones holding for the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics (q = 1). Finally, we discuss the differences in using standard or non-standard mean value definitions in the Tsallis thermostatistics formalism and present a microcanonical ensemble calculation approach of the averages.

We present a new method devised to overcome the intrinsic difficulties associated to the numerical simulations of the Tsallis statistics. We use a standard Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm at a fictitious temperature T ′ , combined with a numerical integration method for the calculation of the entropy in order to evaluate the actual temperature T . We illustrate the method by applying it to the 2d-Ising model using a standard reweighting technique.

We study the one-dimensional Ising model with long-range interactions in the context of Tsallis nonextensive statistics by computing numerically the number of states with a given energy. We find that the internal energy, magnetization, entropy, and free energy follow nontrivial scaling laws with the number of constituents N and temperature T. Each of the scaling functions for the internal energy, the magnetization, and the free energy, adopts three different forms corresponding to q . 1, q 1, and q , 1, q being the nonextensivity parameter of Tsallis statistics. 05.50. + q, 05.70.Ce, 75.10.Hk It is generally assumed that thermodynamics and statistical mechanics necessarily imply that the entropy, the internal energy, and other thermodynamic potentials are extensive quantities. For instance, the internal energy E, as a function of temperature T and number of constituents N, scales usually as

We compute the internal energy of different Ising type models, both long-range and short-range, under Tsallis statistics using the microcanonical and the canonical ensembles and we discuss under which conditions both ensembles give equivalent results.

It is found experimentally that the coexistence region of a vapor-liquid system or a binary mixture is substantially narrowed when the fluid is confined in an aerogel with a high degree of porosity (e.g., of the order of 95 to 99%). A Hamiltonian model for this system has recently been introduced . We have performed Monte-Carlo simulations for this model to obtain the phase diagram for the model. We use a periodic fractal structure constructed by diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation (DLCA) method to simulate a realistic gel environment. The phase diagram obtained is qualitatively similar to that observed experimentally. We also have observed some metastable branches in the phase diagram which have not been seen in experiments yet. These branches, however, might be important in the context of recent theoretical predictions and other simulations.

We compute numerically the distribution of energies (E; N ) for the XY-model with shortand long-range interactions. We ÿnd that in both cases the distribution can be ÿtted to the functional form: (E; N ) ∼ exp (N (E; N )), with (E; N ) an intensive function of the energy. (R. Salazar). 1 A quantity is said to be non-extensive if its asymptotic dependence on the system's size N is non-linear. On the contrary, extensive quantities exhibit a linear dependence on N .

We describe in detail two numerical simulation methods valid to study systems whose thermostatistics is described by generalized entropies, such as Tsallis. The methods are useful for applications to non-trivial interacting systems with a large number of degrees of freedom, and both short-range and long-range interactions. The first method is quite general and it is based on the numerical evaluation of the density of states with a given energy. The second method is more specific for Tsallis thermostatistics and it is based on a standard Monte Carlo Metropolis algorithm along with a numerical integration procedure. We show here that both methods are robust and efficient. We present results of the application of the methods to the one-dimensional Ising model both in a short-range case and in a long-range (non-extensive) case. We show that the thermodynamic potentials for different values of the system size N and different values of the non-extensivity parameter q can be described by scaling relations which are an extension of the ones holding for the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics (q = 1). Finally, we discuss the differences in using standard or non-standard mean value definitions in the Tsallis thermostatistics formalism and present a microcanonical ensemble calculation approach of the averages.

It is found experimentally that the coexistence region of a vapor-liquid system or a binary mixture is substantially narrowed when the fluid is confined in an aerogel with a high degree of porosity (e.g., of the order of 95 to 99%). A Hamiltonian model for this system has recently been introduced [1]. We have performed Monte-Carlo simulations for this model to obtain the phase diagram for the model. We use a periodic fractal structure constructed by diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation (DLCA) method to simulate a realistic gel environment. The phase diagram obtained is qualitatively similar to that observed experimentally. We also have observed some metastable branches in the phase diagram which have not been seen in experiments yet. These branches, however, might be important in the context of recent theoretical predictions and other simulations.

To obtain information on the firing of inca ceramics, 7 samples from different locations were studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy including a detailed laboratory refiring procedure. The glaze typical for the surface of this ware was studied by Mössbauer scattering.

An illite separated from mylonites from the southern rim of the Bohemian massif was studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy at temperatures between 300 and 1.8 K. The iron is mainly contained in oxides associated with the illite. Only 13% of the iron are structural Fe3+ and Fe2+ within the clay mineral matrix. The transformations of the oxidic iron during heating at temperatures up to 1250°C were followed by Mössbauer measurements at 300 and 4.2 K.

A large number of ceramic sherds from Chavin, Peru, as well as recent clay samples from the same region have been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The changes of the Mössbauer spectra of the clay were studied as a function of firing temperature and atmosphere. From a comparison of these data with those form the sherds one can make estimates of the precolumbian firing conditions.