After more than one hundred years of stability and strict control, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) m... more After more than one hundred years of stability and strict control, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) manifested drastic social and intellectual changes, in particular the prosperous southern China. The mid Ming period witnessed the emergence of dissenting ideas and the search for individual autonomy that were reflected in writings, paintings, calligraphy, life style and other aspects. The "Four Talents of Wu" refers to Tang Yin 唐寅 (1470-1523), Zhu
We study how trading fees and continuous-time arbitrage affect the profitability of liquidity pro... more We study how trading fees and continuous-time arbitrage affect the profitability of liquidity providers (LPs) in Geometric Mean Market Makers (G3Ms). We use stochastic reflected diffusion processes to analyze the dynamics of a G3M model [Eva21] under the arbitrage-driven market [MMRZ22a]. Our research focuses on calculating LP wealth and extends the findings of Tassy and White [TW20] related to the constant product market maker (Uniswap v2) to a wider range of G3Ms, including Balancer. This allows us to calculate the long-term expected logarithmic growth of LP wealth, offering new insights into the complex dynamics of AMMs and their implications for LPs in decentralized finance.
We study the local times of a large class of Gaussian random fields satisfying strong local nonde... more We study the local times of a large class of Gaussian random fields satisfying strong local nondeterminism with respect to an anisotropic metric. We establish moment estimates and Hölder conditions for the local times of the Gaussian random fields. Our key estimates rely on geometric properties of Voronoi partitions with respect to an anisotropic metric and the use of Besicovitch's covering theorem. As a consequence, we deduce sample path properties of the Gaussian random fields that are related to Chung's law of the iterated logarithm and modulus of non-differentiability. Moreover, we apply our results to systems of stochastic heat equations with additive Gaussian noise and determine the exact Hausdorff measure function with respect to the parabolic metric for the level sets of the solutions.
The properties of the deoxyribonuclease activity in the intestinal mucosa of the rat have been st... more The properties of the deoxyribonuclease activity in the intestinal mucosa of the rat have been studied. Two DNases were found in a cell-free extract prepared by homogenizing the mucosal tissue in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer and then centrifuging the homogenate at 105,000 x g for 60 mins. Resolution and partial purification of these two enzymes were achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and partition on hydroxylapatite of the cell-free extract or an acetone powder preparation of the enzymes. One of the enzymes was identified as DNase I by its optimum pH (6.5 to 6.8), its requirements for bivalent metals and by its reaction to known DNase I inhibitors such as EDTA, clfcrate and arsenate. It was also found to be active toward ledged.
Let X = {X(t), t ∈ R N } be a centered Gaussian random field with values in R d satisfying certai... more Let X = {X(t), t ∈ R N } be a centered Gaussian random field with values in R d satisfying certain conditions and let F ⊂ R d be a Borel set. In our main theorem, we provide a sufficient condition for F to be polar for X, i.e. P X(t) ∈ F for some t ∈ R N = 0, which improves significantly the main result in Dalang et al , where the case of F being a singleton was considered. We provide a variety of examples of Gaussian random field for which our result is applicable. Moreover, by using our main theorem, we solve a problem on the existence of collisions of the eigenvalues of random matrices with Gaussian random field entries that was left open in Jaramillo and Nualart [14] and Song et al .
Paeoniae Radix (PR) is the root of traditional Chinese Herb named Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, whic... more Paeoniae Radix (PR) is the root of traditional Chinese Herb named Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, which is commonly used to treat liver diseases in China for centuries. Several earlier studies have indicated that PR has anticancer growth activities, however the mechanism underlying these activities was unclear and remained to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism of the effect of PR on human hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B. Our results showed that the water-extract of Paeoniae Radix (PRE) had inhibitory effect on the growth of both HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines. The induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation appearance, and accumulation of sub-G1 phase of cell cycle profile in PRE treated hepatoma cells evidenced that the cytotoxicity of PRE to the hepatoma cells is through activation of the cell death program, apoptosis. The activation of apoptosis by PRE is independent of the p53 pathway as Hep3B cell is p53deficient. In addition, the differential gene expression of PRE treated HepG2 was examined by cDNA microarray technology and RT-PCR analysis. We found that the gene expression of BNIP3 was up-regulated while ZK1, RAD23B, and HSPD1 were down-regulated during early apoptosis of the hepatoma cell mediated by PRE. The elucidation of the drug targets of PR on inhibition of tumor cells growth should enable further development of PR for liver cancer therapy.
We investigate the existence and regularity of the local times of the solution to a linear system... more We investigate the existence and regularity of the local times of the solution to a linear system of stochastic wave equations driven by a Gaussian noise that is fractional in time and colored in space. Using Fourier analytic methods, we establish strong local nondeterminism properties of the solution and the existence of jointly continuous local times. We also study the differentiability and moduli of continuity of the local times and deduce some sample path properties of the solution.
IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering, 2003
This paper summarizes the author&... more This paper summarizes the author's endeavor in the recent past on the development of a Non-invasive Drug Delivery System (NIDDS) for applications in the area of dermatology. After investigating the basic requirements of a drug delivery system, a design has been formulated, which makes use of the power of a microcontroller to monitor and control some of the control applications
Aim Dementia is one of the common causes of death worldwide. The progressive nature of dementia c... more Aim Dementia is one of the common causes of death worldwide. The progressive nature of dementia can cause chronic grief among caregivers, increasing the risk of developing persistent complex bereavement disorder (DSM 5, 2013). According to the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) white paper (2014), education on the progression of dementia should be provided to the family of an individual with dementia. This systematic review aims to examine the effect of educational interventions focusing on providing information regarding the progression of dementia to informal caregivers. Method MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched in March 2017. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with samples of informal carers who are providing day-to-day caring for an individual with dementia living in the community were eligible. Included interventions were educational programmes that involve a component aimed to increase carer’s understanding of the progression of dementia. Two authors independently assessed studies for eligibility. Risk of bias of included studies will be assessed independently by two authors. Results We screened 2781 citations and 16 studies were included. Preliminary results suggest that educational interventions may improve knowledge of dementia among carers, and may reduce depression. Reduction in carer burden and stress was also reported in some studies. Conclusion This is the first systematic review to consider the potential benefit of recommendations in the EAPC white paper. Based on these preliminary results, prior to full critique and review analysis, there is some evidence from individual studies to support the effectiveness of educational intervention in improving carers’ knowledge in dementia. References . Van der Steen, J. T., Radbruch, L., Hertogh, C. M., de Boer, M. E., Hughes, J. C., Larkin, P., & Koopmans, R. T. (2014). White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care. Palliative medicine, 28(3), 197–209. . American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
This study was aimed at investigating creativity in messy play among preschool children. The conc... more This study was aimed at investigating creativity in messy play among preschool children. The concern was to identify three stages of messy play that can stimulate preschoolers in deriving their creativity and, similarly, to observe the creative ability exhibited by preschool children during the whole of messy play activities. Participants consisted of two preschool principals and a total of eight children 5 or 6 years of age from two selected preschools in Selangor, Malaysia. An interview was conducted with the principals, which along with their verbal answers were taken into account and transcribed into data. Three stages of messy play activities that vary in material were engaged by the eight children. They were interviewed, observed, and recorded in video while the activities were carried out. Outcomes collected were transcribed and analyzed based on the development of young children’s creativity. The study was based on qualitative research methodology. We found stages of messy play are practicable to develop preschool children in the development of creativity. Moreover, the creative ability in preschoolers has been comprehensively testified through all stages of messy play. To sum up, it is certain that messy play does entice preschool children’s creativity. Further proposal of research could target on children aged 4 years and younger to investigate their creativity through messy play, plus further aspects of young children’s development that could be enhanced through messy play.
A full-length cDNA clone for human 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) was isolated from a hum... more A full-length cDNA clone for human 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) was isolated from a human adult heart cDNA library. The clone encoded an open reading frame of 483 amino acids. When the amino acid sequences of human PGD and sheep PGD were aligned, 94.2% identity between these two proteins was found. Its calculated molecular weight is 53,149 daltons. The predicted isoelectric point is 6.85. When the secondary structure of human PGD was examined by the PROSIS software, 36% alpha-helix and 9% beta-sheet were found.
Background and Aim: The European Association of Palliative Care recommends that family carers nee... more Background and Aim: The European Association of Palliative Care recommends that family carers need education on the progression of dementia. This systematic review aimed to explore whether interventions incorporating education regarding the progressive nature of dementia increased carers' understanding of dementia and improved mental health and burden. Method: MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched to April 2018. Randomised controlled trials with samples of family carers of someone with dementia were eligible. Included interventions involved a component aimed to increase the carer's understanding of the progression of dementia. Outcomes of interest included: knowledge of dementia, depression, burden and pre-death grief. Results: Searches identified 3221 unique citations of which 11 studies were eligible for review. Interventions ranged from 4-16 sessions of which 1-3 sessions focused on the progression of dementia. Knowledge: Two studies evaluated carers' knowledge of dementia. One found no difference between the trial arms immediately after the intervention or three months later. The second found a significant intervention effect at the end of the intervention, but not at three month follow-up. Depression: Seven studies evaluated intervention effects on depression. Meta-analysis of three trials showed significant differences in mean follow-up scores favouring intervention over control. The remaining four studies did not show differences in depression between intervention and control groups. Burden: Nine studies evaluated burden and were examined in two meta-analyses (mean scores at follow-up and mean change scores from baseline to follow-up), neither of which found a benefit for intervention over control. Using the GRADE system we judged the quality of evidence to be very low for depression and low for burden, knowledge and predeath grief, reducing our confidence in any of the effect estimates. There was not sufficient evidence to support nor refute the effectiveness of education on progression of dementia on carers' knowledge and mental health.
El®n (previously named CLIM1) is a protein that possesses an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-termin... more El®n (previously named CLIM1) is a protein that possesses an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal LIM domain. It belongs to the family of Enigma proteins. Enigma proteins are a family of cytoplasmic proteins that contain an N-terminal PDZ domain and a series of C-terminal LIM domains. By virtue of these two protein interacting domains, Enigma proteins are capable of protein±protein interactions. It has been proposed that Enigma proteins may act as adapters between kinases and the cytoskeleton. We have previously shown that El®n is most abundantly expressed in the heart and it colocalizes with a-actinin 2 at the Z-disks of the myocardium. In this report, El®n was shown to localize at the actin stress ®bers of myoblasts, as revealed by green ¯uorescent protein (GFP) tagging. In situ hybridization and immunostaining showed that El®n expression begins at an early stage in mouse development and is present throughout the developing heart. Taken together, our experimental results suggest that El®n may play an important role in myo®brillogenesis and heart development.
We determine the exact Hausdorff measure functions for the range and level sets of a class of Gau... more We determine the exact Hausdorff measure functions for the range and level sets of a class of Gaussian random fields satisfying sectorial local nondeterminism and other assumptions. We also establish a Chung-type law of the iterated logarithm. The results can be applied to the Brownian sheet, fractional Brownian sheets whose Hurst indices are the same in all directions, and systems of linear stochastic wave equations in one spatial dimension driven by space-time white noise or colored noise.
We establish a Chung-type law of the iterated logarithm and the exact local and uniform moduli of... more We establish a Chung-type law of the iterated logarithm and the exact local and uniform moduli of continuity for a large class of anisotropic Gaussian random fields with a harmonizable-type integral representation and the property of strong local nondeterminism. Compared with the existing results in the literature, our results do not require the assumption of stationary increments and provide more precise upper and lower bounds for the limiting constants. The results are applicable to the solutions of a class of linear stochastic partial differential equations driven by a fractional-colored Gaussian noise, including the stochastic heat equation.
After more than one hundred years of stability and strict control, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) m... more After more than one hundred years of stability and strict control, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) manifested drastic social and intellectual changes, in particular the prosperous southern China. The mid Ming period witnessed the emergence of dissenting ideas and the search for individual autonomy that were reflected in writings, paintings, calligraphy, life style and other aspects. The "Four Talents of Wu" refers to Tang Yin 唐寅 (1470-1523), Zhu
We study how trading fees and continuous-time arbitrage affect the profitability of liquidity pro... more We study how trading fees and continuous-time arbitrage affect the profitability of liquidity providers (LPs) in Geometric Mean Market Makers (G3Ms). We use stochastic reflected diffusion processes to analyze the dynamics of a G3M model [Eva21] under the arbitrage-driven market [MMRZ22a]. Our research focuses on calculating LP wealth and extends the findings of Tassy and White [TW20] related to the constant product market maker (Uniswap v2) to a wider range of G3Ms, including Balancer. This allows us to calculate the long-term expected logarithmic growth of LP wealth, offering new insights into the complex dynamics of AMMs and their implications for LPs in decentralized finance.
We study the local times of a large class of Gaussian random fields satisfying strong local nonde... more We study the local times of a large class of Gaussian random fields satisfying strong local nondeterminism with respect to an anisotropic metric. We establish moment estimates and Hölder conditions for the local times of the Gaussian random fields. Our key estimates rely on geometric properties of Voronoi partitions with respect to an anisotropic metric and the use of Besicovitch's covering theorem. As a consequence, we deduce sample path properties of the Gaussian random fields that are related to Chung's law of the iterated logarithm and modulus of non-differentiability. Moreover, we apply our results to systems of stochastic heat equations with additive Gaussian noise and determine the exact Hausdorff measure function with respect to the parabolic metric for the level sets of the solutions.
The properties of the deoxyribonuclease activity in the intestinal mucosa of the rat have been st... more The properties of the deoxyribonuclease activity in the intestinal mucosa of the rat have been studied. Two DNases were found in a cell-free extract prepared by homogenizing the mucosal tissue in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer and then centrifuging the homogenate at 105,000 x g for 60 mins. Resolution and partial purification of these two enzymes were achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and partition on hydroxylapatite of the cell-free extract or an acetone powder preparation of the enzymes. One of the enzymes was identified as DNase I by its optimum pH (6.5 to 6.8), its requirements for bivalent metals and by its reaction to known DNase I inhibitors such as EDTA, clfcrate and arsenate. It was also found to be active toward ledged.
Let X = {X(t), t ∈ R N } be a centered Gaussian random field with values in R d satisfying certai... more Let X = {X(t), t ∈ R N } be a centered Gaussian random field with values in R d satisfying certain conditions and let F ⊂ R d be a Borel set. In our main theorem, we provide a sufficient condition for F to be polar for X, i.e. P X(t) ∈ F for some t ∈ R N = 0, which improves significantly the main result in Dalang et al , where the case of F being a singleton was considered. We provide a variety of examples of Gaussian random field for which our result is applicable. Moreover, by using our main theorem, we solve a problem on the existence of collisions of the eigenvalues of random matrices with Gaussian random field entries that was left open in Jaramillo and Nualart [14] and Song et al .
Paeoniae Radix (PR) is the root of traditional Chinese Herb named Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, whic... more Paeoniae Radix (PR) is the root of traditional Chinese Herb named Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, which is commonly used to treat liver diseases in China for centuries. Several earlier studies have indicated that PR has anticancer growth activities, however the mechanism underlying these activities was unclear and remained to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism of the effect of PR on human hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B. Our results showed that the water-extract of Paeoniae Radix (PRE) had inhibitory effect on the growth of both HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines. The induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation appearance, and accumulation of sub-G1 phase of cell cycle profile in PRE treated hepatoma cells evidenced that the cytotoxicity of PRE to the hepatoma cells is through activation of the cell death program, apoptosis. The activation of apoptosis by PRE is independent of the p53 pathway as Hep3B cell is p53deficient. In addition, the differential gene expression of PRE treated HepG2 was examined by cDNA microarray technology and RT-PCR analysis. We found that the gene expression of BNIP3 was up-regulated while ZK1, RAD23B, and HSPD1 were down-regulated during early apoptosis of the hepatoma cell mediated by PRE. The elucidation of the drug targets of PR on inhibition of tumor cells growth should enable further development of PR for liver cancer therapy.
We investigate the existence and regularity of the local times of the solution to a linear system... more We investigate the existence and regularity of the local times of the solution to a linear system of stochastic wave equations driven by a Gaussian noise that is fractional in time and colored in space. Using Fourier analytic methods, we establish strong local nondeterminism properties of the solution and the existence of jointly continuous local times. We also study the differentiability and moduli of continuity of the local times and deduce some sample path properties of the solution.
IEEE EMBS Asian-Pacific Conference on Biomedical Engineering, 2003
This paper summarizes the author&... more This paper summarizes the author's endeavor in the recent past on the development of a Non-invasive Drug Delivery System (NIDDS) for applications in the area of dermatology. After investigating the basic requirements of a drug delivery system, a design has been formulated, which makes use of the power of a microcontroller to monitor and control some of the control applications
Aim Dementia is one of the common causes of death worldwide. The progressive nature of dementia c... more Aim Dementia is one of the common causes of death worldwide. The progressive nature of dementia can cause chronic grief among caregivers, increasing the risk of developing persistent complex bereavement disorder (DSM 5, 2013). According to the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) white paper (2014), education on the progression of dementia should be provided to the family of an individual with dementia. This systematic review aims to examine the effect of educational interventions focusing on providing information regarding the progression of dementia to informal caregivers. Method MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched in March 2017. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with samples of informal carers who are providing day-to-day caring for an individual with dementia living in the community were eligible. Included interventions were educational programmes that involve a component aimed to increase carer’s understanding of the progression of dementia. Two authors independently assessed studies for eligibility. Risk of bias of included studies will be assessed independently by two authors. Results We screened 2781 citations and 16 studies were included. Preliminary results suggest that educational interventions may improve knowledge of dementia among carers, and may reduce depression. Reduction in carer burden and stress was also reported in some studies. Conclusion This is the first systematic review to consider the potential benefit of recommendations in the EAPC white paper. Based on these preliminary results, prior to full critique and review analysis, there is some evidence from individual studies to support the effectiveness of educational intervention in improving carers’ knowledge in dementia. References . Van der Steen, J. T., Radbruch, L., Hertogh, C. M., de Boer, M. E., Hughes, J. C., Larkin, P., & Koopmans, R. T. (2014). White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care. Palliative medicine, 28(3), 197–209. . American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
This study was aimed at investigating creativity in messy play among preschool children. The conc... more This study was aimed at investigating creativity in messy play among preschool children. The concern was to identify three stages of messy play that can stimulate preschoolers in deriving their creativity and, similarly, to observe the creative ability exhibited by preschool children during the whole of messy play activities. Participants consisted of two preschool principals and a total of eight children 5 or 6 years of age from two selected preschools in Selangor, Malaysia. An interview was conducted with the principals, which along with their verbal answers were taken into account and transcribed into data. Three stages of messy play activities that vary in material were engaged by the eight children. They were interviewed, observed, and recorded in video while the activities were carried out. Outcomes collected were transcribed and analyzed based on the development of young children’s creativity. The study was based on qualitative research methodology. We found stages of messy play are practicable to develop preschool children in the development of creativity. Moreover, the creative ability in preschoolers has been comprehensively testified through all stages of messy play. To sum up, it is certain that messy play does entice preschool children’s creativity. Further proposal of research could target on children aged 4 years and younger to investigate their creativity through messy play, plus further aspects of young children’s development that could be enhanced through messy play.
A full-length cDNA clone for human 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) was isolated from a hum... more A full-length cDNA clone for human 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) was isolated from a human adult heart cDNA library. The clone encoded an open reading frame of 483 amino acids. When the amino acid sequences of human PGD and sheep PGD were aligned, 94.2% identity between these two proteins was found. Its calculated molecular weight is 53,149 daltons. The predicted isoelectric point is 6.85. When the secondary structure of human PGD was examined by the PROSIS software, 36% alpha-helix and 9% beta-sheet were found.
Background and Aim: The European Association of Palliative Care recommends that family carers nee... more Background and Aim: The European Association of Palliative Care recommends that family carers need education on the progression of dementia. This systematic review aimed to explore whether interventions incorporating education regarding the progressive nature of dementia increased carers' understanding of dementia and improved mental health and burden. Method: MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched to April 2018. Randomised controlled trials with samples of family carers of someone with dementia were eligible. Included interventions involved a component aimed to increase the carer's understanding of the progression of dementia. Outcomes of interest included: knowledge of dementia, depression, burden and pre-death grief. Results: Searches identified 3221 unique citations of which 11 studies were eligible for review. Interventions ranged from 4-16 sessions of which 1-3 sessions focused on the progression of dementia. Knowledge: Two studies evaluated carers' knowledge of dementia. One found no difference between the trial arms immediately after the intervention or three months later. The second found a significant intervention effect at the end of the intervention, but not at three month follow-up. Depression: Seven studies evaluated intervention effects on depression. Meta-analysis of three trials showed significant differences in mean follow-up scores favouring intervention over control. The remaining four studies did not show differences in depression between intervention and control groups. Burden: Nine studies evaluated burden and were examined in two meta-analyses (mean scores at follow-up and mean change scores from baseline to follow-up), neither of which found a benefit for intervention over control. Using the GRADE system we judged the quality of evidence to be very low for depression and low for burden, knowledge and predeath grief, reducing our confidence in any of the effect estimates. There was not sufficient evidence to support nor refute the effectiveness of education on progression of dementia on carers' knowledge and mental health.
El®n (previously named CLIM1) is a protein that possesses an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-termin... more El®n (previously named CLIM1) is a protein that possesses an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal LIM domain. It belongs to the family of Enigma proteins. Enigma proteins are a family of cytoplasmic proteins that contain an N-terminal PDZ domain and a series of C-terminal LIM domains. By virtue of these two protein interacting domains, Enigma proteins are capable of protein±protein interactions. It has been proposed that Enigma proteins may act as adapters between kinases and the cytoskeleton. We have previously shown that El®n is most abundantly expressed in the heart and it colocalizes with a-actinin 2 at the Z-disks of the myocardium. In this report, El®n was shown to localize at the actin stress ®bers of myoblasts, as revealed by green ¯uorescent protein (GFP) tagging. In situ hybridization and immunostaining showed that El®n expression begins at an early stage in mouse development and is present throughout the developing heart. Taken together, our experimental results suggest that El®n may play an important role in myo®brillogenesis and heart development.
We determine the exact Hausdorff measure functions for the range and level sets of a class of Gau... more We determine the exact Hausdorff measure functions for the range and level sets of a class of Gaussian random fields satisfying sectorial local nondeterminism and other assumptions. We also establish a Chung-type law of the iterated logarithm. The results can be applied to the Brownian sheet, fractional Brownian sheets whose Hurst indices are the same in all directions, and systems of linear stochastic wave equations in one spatial dimension driven by space-time white noise or colored noise.
We establish a Chung-type law of the iterated logarithm and the exact local and uniform moduli of... more We establish a Chung-type law of the iterated logarithm and the exact local and uniform moduli of continuity for a large class of anisotropic Gaussian random fields with a harmonizable-type integral representation and the property of strong local nondeterminism. Compared with the existing results in the literature, our results do not require the assumption of stationary increments and provide more precise upper and lower bounds for the limiting constants. The results are applicable to the solutions of a class of linear stochastic partial differential equations driven by a fractional-colored Gaussian noise, including the stochastic heat equation.
Previous studies on mangrove carbon utilisation and mineralisation were focused on mangrove sesar... more Previous studies on mangrove carbon utilisation and mineralisation were focused on mangrove sesarmid crabs (Grapsoidea: Sesarmidae) because they are initial processors of mangrove organic carbon. Grapsoid crabs from other families and habitats were generally ignored although they also perform various levels of herbivory. It remains unclear how the herbivorous crabs utilise the production from mangrove or vascular plants because of the high C/N ratio and high structural carbon content of these materials. In this study, production of cellulase and expression of hepatopancreatic glycosyl hydrolase of grapsoid crabs were investigated in a more extensive way in terms of their taxa (15 species) and habitats (i.e., land margin, mangrove, mudflat, and subtidal area). Generally, low gastric endoglucanase (1.46-2.98 mmol min -1 ml -1 ) and bglucosidase (0.06-0.61 mmol min -1 ml -1 ) activity was detected in 15 grapsoid crabs distributed along the land-sea transition. The activity of both enzymes was significantly affected by the taxonomic affiliation and habitat of the crabs: endoglucanase in sesarmids > varunids > grapsids; and land margin, mangrove and limnic habitats > mudflat and subtidal area. For b-glucosidase: sesarmids > varunids and grapsids; and land and limnic > mangrove and subtidal > mudflat. Our detection of gastric cellulases in mudflat and subtidal grapsoid crabs has rarely been reported. These results show that there is a need to re-evaluate the role of crabs from these habitats in mangrove/vascular plant carbon mineralisation. Further, low cellulase activity could be a common trait among crabs along the land-sea transition and the importance of cellulase in vascular plant carbon utilisation could have been previously over-rated. Glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GH9) genes were identified in the hepatopancreatic transcriptome of all 15 species, indicating endogenous production of cellulase. In addition, the presence of other digestive carbohydrate-active Frontiers in Marine Science frontiersin.org 01
This paper summarizes the author's endeavor in the recent past on the development of a Non-in... more This paper summarizes the author's endeavor in the recent past on the development of a Non-invasive Drug Delivery System (NIDDS) for applications in the area of dermatology. After investigating the basic requirements of a drug delivery system, a design has been formulated, which makes use of the power of a microcontroller to monitor and control some of the control applications in drug delivery. The salient feature of this system is the electrode array for transdermal drug delivery designed for long-term applications in dermatology. The heart of the NIDDS is the sensor embedded electrode architecture and the microcontroller watchdog for monitoring drug levels in the transfer array of the electrodes. After considering the requirements of a biocompatible electrode for the transfer of certain selected drugs, we have come out with the multilayer electrode architecture with sensors embedded in it to provide data on certain requirements for proper transdermal delivery of drugs.
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