In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resol... more In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resolution radiographic images by means of geometric morphometrics, while assessing the usefulness of this method in these kinds of studies. The material analysed consisted of digital images in DICOM format (telemetries), corresponding to 184 left femora in anterior view, obtained from the database of the Hospital Sant Joan de D eu of Barcelona (Spain). Bones analysed corresponded to individuals from 9 to 14 years old. Size and shape variation of the entire femur was quantified by 22 two-dimensional landmarks. Landmark digitisation errors were assessed using Procrustes ANOVA test. Centroid size (CS) variation with age was evaluated by an ANOVA test. Shape variation was assessed by principal component analysis. A MANCOVA test between the first five principal components and age, using the CS as covariable, was applied. Results indicated that both size and shape vary significantly with age. Several age-related shape changes remained significant after removing the allometric effect. In general, an increase in the robustness of the bone and noticeable phenotypic changes in certain areas of the femur were observed. During growth in the proximal region of the femur, the collo-diaphyseal angle decreases, the neck of the femur widens and the fovea moves to a lower position, standing more in line with the plane of the neck. Likewise, the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. In the distal region, a significant increase of epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodelling of the neck and the bicondylar region of the femur in females continues until 13 years old. The information provided in the present study increases our knowledge on the timing and morphology of the femur during development, and in particular the morphology of the different femoral ossification centres during development.
Objective: To describe the morphological changes of the male femur during the adolescent growth s... more Objective: To describe the morphological changes of the male femur during the adolescent growth spurt and to compare the pattern obtained with that reported previously for females.
The aim of this study is to evaluate geometric morphometrics when applied to high definition radi... more The aim of this study is to evaluate geometric morphometrics when applied to high definition radiographic images for the study of the femur development. The material analysed was 25 images in DICOM format, corresponding to 25 female left femurs in anterior view, aged between 13 and 16 years, originating from telemetry from the Hospital Sant Joan de Deu of Barcelona database. The whole femur was measured by using 22 bidimensional landmarks. First of all, the reliability of the measurements was evaluated using a Euclidean distance test. An ANOVA was carried out to test size-related differences during growth, a Principal Component analysis on shape variables and a multivariant analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) between a group of principal components and age, using the centroid size as covariate. R results showed a high reproducibility of the landmarks selected and that they provide an accurate interpretation of the morphological changes during the growth period considered.. Both size and shape varied significantly with age. After removing the size effect, shape changes associated with age remained significant. In general, these changes follow patterns that can be found in the current literature; an increase in robustness of the bone and notable changes in different areas of the femur as, for example, in the neck and diaphyseal regions, and in the trochanters. Results obtained showed the usefulness of the methodology used for the study of femur development during the age period considered.
In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resol... more In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resolution radiographic images by means of geometric morphometrics, while assessing the usefulness of this method in these kinds of studies. The material analysed consisted of digital images in DICOM format (telemetries), corresponding to 184 left femora in anterior view, obtained from the database of the Hospital Sant Joan de D eu of Barcelona (Spain). Bones analysed corresponded to individuals from 9 to 14 years old. Size and shape variation of the entire femur was quantified by 22 two-dimensional landmarks. Landmark digitisation errors were assessed using Procrustes ANOVA test. Centroid size (CS) variation with age was evaluated by an ANOVA test. Shape variation was assessed by principal component analysis. A MANCOVA test between the first five principal components and age, using the CS as covariable, was applied. Results indicated that both size and shape vary significantly with age. Several age-related shape changes remained significant after removing the allometric effect. In general, an increase in the robustness of the bone and noticeable phenotypic changes in certain areas of the femur were observed. During growth in the proximal region of the femur, the collo-diaphyseal angle decreases, the neck of the femur widens and the fovea moves to a lower position, standing more in line with the plane of the neck. Likewise, the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. In the distal region, a significant increase of epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodelling of the neck and the bicondylar region of the femur in females continues until 13 years old. The information provided in the present study increases our knowledge on the timing and morphology of the femur during development, and in particular the morphology of the different femoral ossification centres during development.
In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resol... more In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resolution radiographic images by means of geometric morphometrics, while assessing the usefulness of this method in these kinds of studies. The material analysed consisted of digital images in DICOM format (telemetries), corresponding to 184 left femora in anterior view, obtained from the database of the Hospital Sant Joan de D eu of Barcelona (Spain). Bones analysed corresponded to individuals from 9 to 14 years old. Size and shape variation of the entire femur was quantified by 22 two-dimensional landmarks. Landmark digitisation errors were assessed using Procrustes ANOVA test. Centroid size (CS) variation with age was evaluated by an ANOVA test. Shape variation was assessed by principal component analysis. A MANCOVA test between the first five principal components and age, using the CS as covariable, was applied. Results indicated that both size and shape vary significantly with age. Several age-related shape changes remained significant after removing the allometric effect. In general, an increase in the robustness of the bone and noticeable phenotypic changes in certain areas of the femur were observed. During growth in the proximal region of the femur, the collo-diaphyseal angle decreases, the neck of the femur widens and the fovea moves to a lower position, standing more in line with the plane of the neck. Likewise, the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. In the distal region, a significant increase of epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodelling of the neck and the bicondylar region of the femur in females continues until 13 years old. The information provided in the present study increases our knowledge on the timing and morphology of the femur during development, and in particular the morphology of the different femoral ossification centres during development.
Objective: To describe the morphological changes of the male femur during the adolescent growth s... more Objective: To describe the morphological changes of the male femur during the adolescent growth spurt and to compare the pattern obtained with that reported previously for females.
The aim of this study is to evaluate geometric morphometrics when applied to high definition radi... more The aim of this study is to evaluate geometric morphometrics when applied to high definition radiographic images for the study of the femur development. The material analysed was 25 images in DICOM format, corresponding to 25 female left femurs in anterior view, aged between 13 and 16 years, originating from telemetry from the Hospital Sant Joan de Deu of Barcelona database. The whole femur was measured by using 22 bidimensional landmarks. First of all, the reliability of the measurements was evaluated using a Euclidean distance test. An ANOVA was carried out to test size-related differences during growth, a Principal Component analysis on shape variables and a multivariant analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) between a group of principal components and age, using the centroid size as covariate. R results showed a high reproducibility of the landmarks selected and that they provide an accurate interpretation of the morphological changes during the growth period considered.. Both size and shape varied significantly with age. After removing the size effect, shape changes associated with age remained significant. In general, these changes follow patterns that can be found in the current literature; an increase in robustness of the bone and notable changes in different areas of the femur as, for example, in the neck and diaphyseal regions, and in the trochanters. Results obtained showed the usefulness of the methodology used for the study of femur development during the age period considered.
In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resol... more In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resolution radiographic images by means of geometric morphometrics, while assessing the usefulness of this method in these kinds of studies. The material analysed consisted of digital images in DICOM format (telemetries), corresponding to 184 left femora in anterior view, obtained from the database of the Hospital Sant Joan de D eu of Barcelona (Spain). Bones analysed corresponded to individuals from 9 to 14 years old. Size and shape variation of the entire femur was quantified by 22 two-dimensional landmarks. Landmark digitisation errors were assessed using Procrustes ANOVA test. Centroid size (CS) variation with age was evaluated by an ANOVA test. Shape variation was assessed by principal component analysis. A MANCOVA test between the first five principal components and age, using the CS as covariable, was applied. Results indicated that both size and shape vary significantly with age. Several age-related shape changes remained significant after removing the allometric effect. In general, an increase in the robustness of the bone and noticeable phenotypic changes in certain areas of the femur were observed. During growth in the proximal region of the femur, the collo-diaphyseal angle decreases, the neck of the femur widens and the fovea moves to a lower position, standing more in line with the plane of the neck. Likewise, the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. In the distal region, a significant increase of epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodelling of the neck and the bicondylar region of the femur in females continues until 13 years old. The information provided in the present study increases our knowledge on the timing and morphology of the femur during development, and in particular the morphology of the different femoral ossification centres during development.
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