The purpose of this study was to examine diff erences in performance and form scores between left... more The purpose of this study was to examine diff erences in performance and form scores between left and right-handers who observed a demonstration with their non-dominant hand. A lacrosse shot was demonstrated to 69 college-aged participants with equal representations on gender and handedness. Half of each group saw a left-handed demonstration while the other half saw a right-handed demonstration. Participants were assessed on accuracy and form. Results showed left-handers performed better than right-handers on accuracy and form and appeared to be able to glean important information from an oppositehanded demonstration in comparison to right-handers. Implications for teaching and future research possibilities are discussed. 2013, 117, 2, 449-456.
Page 1. EFFECTS OF SAME-SEX AND COEDUCATIONAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON PERCEPTIONS OF SELF-CONFIDENC... more Page 1. EFFECTS OF SAME-SEX AND COEDUCATIONAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON PERCEPTIONS OF SELF-CONFIDENCE AND CLASS ENVIRONMENT By Cathy Dale Lirgg A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan ...
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Sep 1, 1993
The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of attending either a coeduca... more The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of attending either a coeducational or a same-sex physical education class on several self-perception variables. Middle and high school youth who had previously been in coeducational classes were assigned to either a same-sex or a new coeducational physical education class for a 10-lesson unit of basketball. Analyses were conducted at both the group and the individual levels. Self-perception variables examined included perceived self-confidence of learning basketball, perceived usefulness of basketball, and perceived gender-appropriateness of basketball. Results of hierarchical linear model group level analyses indicated that the variability in groups for self-confidence could be explained by grade, class type, and the interaction between gender and class type. At the individual level, multivariate results showed that, after the unit, males in coeducational classes were significantly more confident in their ability to learn basketball than males in same-sex classes. Also, males in same-sex classes decreased in confidence from pretreatment to posttreatment. Perceived usefulness of basketball emerged as the strongest predictor of self-confidence for learning basketball for both genders. In general, middle school students preferred same-sex classes, whereas high school students preferred coeducational classes.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Feb 1, 2007
Scheduled for Research Consortium Poster Session: Thematic Physical Education and Physical Activi... more Scheduled for Research Consortium Poster Session: Thematic Physical Education and Physical Activity Instruction and Motivation Posters, Wednesday, March 14, 2007, 1:45 PM - 3:15 PM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall Poster Area I ...
Although collective efficacy is a group's shared belief, it still reflects the individuals' perce... more Although collective efficacy is a group's shared belief, it still reflects the individuals' perceptions of the group's capabilities (Bandura, 2006). Research has shown a consistent and positive relationship between collective efficacy and group performance in organizational settings, including sports (Gully, Incalcaterra, Joshi, & Beaubien, 2002). However, in order to advance knowledge on the relationship between collective efficacy and performance and as it develops and changes over time, measures are needed that are tied to all facets of team performance (Feltz, Short, & Sullivan, 2008). Measurement of collective efficacy has followed two approaches. The first has been to take an aggregate of the individual efficacies of the team members. The second method to measure collective efficacy is to assess team members' perceptions of their collective abilities, rather than their self-efficacy beliefs. Using both methods, Feltz and Lirgg (1998) found that using aggregated
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, Apr 1, 1994
The decline in number of female coaches has been a serious concern of women in sport. This study ... more The decline in number of female coaches has been a serious concern of women in sport. This study investigated whether gender of coach would influence high school female basketball players specifically in relation to their future coaching self-efficacy, the level of competition at which they might choose to coach, and their ideas about the purposes of basketball. Results revealed that gender of coach did not influence self-efficacy for coaching but did influence level of competition. Perceived playing ability was found to be the strongest predictor of future coaching self-efficacy. In addition, some differences were found between male- and female-coached athletes and between male and female coaches concerning perceived purposes of basketball.
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Dec 1, 1996
... Authors Lirgg, CD; George, TR; Chase, MA; Ferguson, RH Journal Journal of Sport & Exercis... more ... Authors Lirgg, CD; George, TR; Chase, MA; Ferguson, RH Journal Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 1996 Vol. ... general education courses at three major universities took part in two tasks which were selected to represent a masculine and feminine task: kung fu and baton ...
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Sep 1, 1991
The apparent lack of self-confidence in physical activity by females compared to males has been a... more The apparent lack of self-confidence in physical activity by females compared to males has been a recent concern of some researchers in sport psychology. Lenney (1977) suggested that females would be less confident than males when the task was male oriented or when the situation was competitive. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the magnitude of gender differences in self-confidence in physical activity according to Lenney's assertions. An overall nonhomogeneous effect size of 0.40 favoring males was found. Although masculine tasks produced a larger effect-size difference than neutral tasks, it was also not homogeneous. Only one study employed a feminine task, resulting in a large effect size favoring females. However, the results of a regression analysis, which found that sex-type of task contributed to gender differences in self-confidence, did support Lenney's contention. Whether or not the task took place in a competitive situation did not differentially affect the magnitude of the gender differences. Age of subject and type of confidence measure employed are also discussed as possible variables contributing to gender differences in self-confidence.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Jun 1, 2011
Scheduled for Research Consortium Pedagogy I Poster Session, Thursday, April 27, 2006, 10:15 AM -... more Scheduled for Research Consortium Pedagogy I Poster Session, Thursday, April 27, 2006, 10:15 AM - 11:45 AM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall Poster Area I Effect of Climbing Wall Use on the Grip Strength of Fourth-Grade Students. ...
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Jun 1, 1994
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of modification of basketball size and baske... more The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of modification of basketball size and basket height on shooting performance and self-efficacy of girls and boys 9 to 12 years of age. Subjects (N = 74) completed a self-efficacy questionnaire before and after shooting 10 baskets under four conditions. Shooting conditions were a combination of basketball size (women's or men's) and basket height (10 or 8 ft). Repeated measures analyses of variance indicated that children made more baskets and had higher shooting scores at the 8-ft basket than the 10-ft basket. This was especially evident for girls and 9- and 10-year-old children. Self-efficacy was higher prior to shooting, and boys had higher self-efficacy than girls. Self-efficacy was highest when children shot at the 8-ft basket. These results indicated that basket height modification can positively influence children's shooting performance and self-efficacy.
Many physical educators today are teaching lifetime sports, including outdoor activities such as ... more Many physical educators today are teaching lifetime sports, including outdoor activities such as cycling. Even though cycling is a low impact exercise that aids stamina and fitness, little is known about additional benefits in other areas including agility, balance, and explosive power. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if there are physical benefits (i.e., static balance, explosive leg power, agility) to students participating in a single bicycling unit in physical education (PE) class. Middle school students in the treatment school rode bicycles during their PE classes for 2 months. Students in the control school did not have access to bicycles during PE classes. Before the bicycle unit began, students in both schools were measured on stork stand with eyes closed, vertical jump, and agility. Students in the treatment school then participated in PE classes that included a bicycling unit, whereas the control school students participated in PE classes that did not include bicycling. Pretest scores were used as covariates, and results showed that students in the treatment group scored higher than students in the control group at posttest on all three tests. Although many schools have begun using lifetime activities in their PE classes, the results suggest that these activities not only may be fun for students but also will help them experience fitness benefits. Subscribe to TPE
Journal of physical education and sport, Sep 1, 2012
Problem Statement: Physical education (PE) is an important facet of today's middle school curricu... more Problem Statement: Physical education (PE) is an important facet of today's middle school curriculum. However, curricula differ between instructors and schools and the optimal method has not been specifically defined. PE4Life is a new curriculum that encompasses a philosophy that offers opportunities for partnership with the community and emphasizes health-related physical fitness. This philosophy differs from past curricula in that it steps away from predominately teaching skill-and sports-related components. Purpose: The aim of this project was to determine the differences between a traditional PE and PE4Life curriculum for measures of physical fitness. Approach: Two demographically similar middle schools were selected to participate in the study. One school adopted the PE4Life curriculum while the other used traditional techniques. Both schools utilized only licensed PE instructors. Sixth grade students were tested using the following assessments: Body Mass Index (BMI), PACER, curl-up, push-up, and sit-and-reach. All students were tested at the beginning of the fall and the end of the spring semesters of two consecutive academic years. Results: There was a significant difference between the two schools (F[1,202] = 22.67, p < .001) for PACER over the two academic years. PE-4L increased scores more than PET. BMI was also significantly different between schools over the testing period (F[1,294] = 3.91, p < .05). Conclusions: PE-4L had a decrease in BMI over time, while PET had an increase in values. Flexibility was consistently better among the students in PE-4L school and improved more in both Year 1 and Year 2. PE-4L was more favorable on the health-related fitness outcomes when compared to PET. While further investigation is warranted, these results suggest that PE4Life's focus on health-related physical fitness may be more beneficial for increasing fitness than traditional physical education.
This study investigated the preparedness and perceptions of PE teachers who instruct children wit... more This study investigated the preparedness and perceptions of PE teachers who instruct children with disabilities in PE settings. In addition, collegiate physical education departments were queried concerning their adapted offerings. Teachers rated their undergrad experiences, difficulty including students with disabilities, and barriers that might affect inclusion. Teachers felt that their undergrad experiences were least adequate for teaching children with autism. The greatest barrier was large class sizes. About half of the colleges surveyed felt that their classroom and field experiences preparing students to teach individuals with disabilities were inadequate. The findings suggest that undergraduate teacher preparation should include ample instruction and experiences. Subscribe to Palaestra
The purpose of this study was to examine diff erences in performance and form scores between left... more The purpose of this study was to examine diff erences in performance and form scores between left and right-handers who observed a demonstration with their non-dominant hand. A lacrosse shot was demonstrated to 69 college-aged participants with equal representations on gender and handedness. Half of each group saw a left-handed demonstration while the other half saw a right-handed demonstration. Participants were assessed on accuracy and form. Results showed left-handers performed better than right-handers on accuracy and form and appeared to be able to glean important information from an oppositehanded demonstration in comparison to right-handers. Implications for teaching and future research possibilities are discussed. 2013, 117, 2, 449-456.
Page 1. EFFECTS OF SAME-SEX AND COEDUCATIONAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON PERCEPTIONS OF SELF-CONFIDENC... more Page 1. EFFECTS OF SAME-SEX AND COEDUCATIONAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON PERCEPTIONS OF SELF-CONFIDENCE AND CLASS ENVIRONMENT By Cathy Dale Lirgg A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan ...
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Sep 1, 1993
The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of attending either a coeduca... more The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of attending either a coeducational or a same-sex physical education class on several self-perception variables. Middle and high school youth who had previously been in coeducational classes were assigned to either a same-sex or a new coeducational physical education class for a 10-lesson unit of basketball. Analyses were conducted at both the group and the individual levels. Self-perception variables examined included perceived self-confidence of learning basketball, perceived usefulness of basketball, and perceived gender-appropriateness of basketball. Results of hierarchical linear model group level analyses indicated that the variability in groups for self-confidence could be explained by grade, class type, and the interaction between gender and class type. At the individual level, multivariate results showed that, after the unit, males in coeducational classes were significantly more confident in their ability to learn basketball than males in same-sex classes. Also, males in same-sex classes decreased in confidence from pretreatment to posttreatment. Perceived usefulness of basketball emerged as the strongest predictor of self-confidence for learning basketball for both genders. In general, middle school students preferred same-sex classes, whereas high school students preferred coeducational classes.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Feb 1, 2007
Scheduled for Research Consortium Poster Session: Thematic Physical Education and Physical Activi... more Scheduled for Research Consortium Poster Session: Thematic Physical Education and Physical Activity Instruction and Motivation Posters, Wednesday, March 14, 2007, 1:45 PM - 3:15 PM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall Poster Area I ...
Although collective efficacy is a group's shared belief, it still reflects the individuals' perce... more Although collective efficacy is a group's shared belief, it still reflects the individuals' perceptions of the group's capabilities (Bandura, 2006). Research has shown a consistent and positive relationship between collective efficacy and group performance in organizational settings, including sports (Gully, Incalcaterra, Joshi, & Beaubien, 2002). However, in order to advance knowledge on the relationship between collective efficacy and performance and as it develops and changes over time, measures are needed that are tied to all facets of team performance (Feltz, Short, & Sullivan, 2008). Measurement of collective efficacy has followed two approaches. The first has been to take an aggregate of the individual efficacies of the team members. The second method to measure collective efficacy is to assess team members' perceptions of their collective abilities, rather than their self-efficacy beliefs. Using both methods, Feltz and Lirgg (1998) found that using aggregated
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, Apr 1, 1994
The decline in number of female coaches has been a serious concern of women in sport. This study ... more The decline in number of female coaches has been a serious concern of women in sport. This study investigated whether gender of coach would influence high school female basketball players specifically in relation to their future coaching self-efficacy, the level of competition at which they might choose to coach, and their ideas about the purposes of basketball. Results revealed that gender of coach did not influence self-efficacy for coaching but did influence level of competition. Perceived playing ability was found to be the strongest predictor of future coaching self-efficacy. In addition, some differences were found between male- and female-coached athletes and between male and female coaches concerning perceived purposes of basketball.
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Dec 1, 1996
... Authors Lirgg, CD; George, TR; Chase, MA; Ferguson, RH Journal Journal of Sport & Exercis... more ... Authors Lirgg, CD; George, TR; Chase, MA; Ferguson, RH Journal Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 1996 Vol. ... general education courses at three major universities took part in two tasks which were selected to represent a masculine and feminine task: kung fu and baton ...
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Sep 1, 1991
The apparent lack of self-confidence in physical activity by females compared to males has been a... more The apparent lack of self-confidence in physical activity by females compared to males has been a recent concern of some researchers in sport psychology. Lenney (1977) suggested that females would be less confident than males when the task was male oriented or when the situation was competitive. This meta-analysis was conducted to examine the magnitude of gender differences in self-confidence in physical activity according to Lenney's assertions. An overall nonhomogeneous effect size of 0.40 favoring males was found. Although masculine tasks produced a larger effect-size difference than neutral tasks, it was also not homogeneous. Only one study employed a feminine task, resulting in a large effect size favoring females. However, the results of a regression analysis, which found that sex-type of task contributed to gender differences in self-confidence, did support Lenney's contention. Whether or not the task took place in a competitive situation did not differentially affect the magnitude of the gender differences. Age of subject and type of confidence measure employed are also discussed as possible variables contributing to gender differences in self-confidence.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Jun 1, 2011
Scheduled for Research Consortium Pedagogy I Poster Session, Thursday, April 27, 2006, 10:15 AM -... more Scheduled for Research Consortium Pedagogy I Poster Session, Thursday, April 27, 2006, 10:15 AM - 11:45 AM, Convention Center: Exhibit Hall Poster Area I Effect of Climbing Wall Use on the Grip Strength of Fourth-Grade Students. ...
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Jun 1, 1994
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of modification of basketball size and baske... more The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of modification of basketball size and basket height on shooting performance and self-efficacy of girls and boys 9 to 12 years of age. Subjects (N = 74) completed a self-efficacy questionnaire before and after shooting 10 baskets under four conditions. Shooting conditions were a combination of basketball size (women&amp;amp;#39;s or men&amp;amp;#39;s) and basket height (10 or 8 ft). Repeated measures analyses of variance indicated that children made more baskets and had higher shooting scores at the 8-ft basket than the 10-ft basket. This was especially evident for girls and 9- and 10-year-old children. Self-efficacy was higher prior to shooting, and boys had higher self-efficacy than girls. Self-efficacy was highest when children shot at the 8-ft basket. These results indicated that basket height modification can positively influence children&amp;amp;#39;s shooting performance and self-efficacy.
Many physical educators today are teaching lifetime sports, including outdoor activities such as ... more Many physical educators today are teaching lifetime sports, including outdoor activities such as cycling. Even though cycling is a low impact exercise that aids stamina and fitness, little is known about additional benefits in other areas including agility, balance, and explosive power. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if there are physical benefits (i.e., static balance, explosive leg power, agility) to students participating in a single bicycling unit in physical education (PE) class. Middle school students in the treatment school rode bicycles during their PE classes for 2 months. Students in the control school did not have access to bicycles during PE classes. Before the bicycle unit began, students in both schools were measured on stork stand with eyes closed, vertical jump, and agility. Students in the treatment school then participated in PE classes that included a bicycling unit, whereas the control school students participated in PE classes that did not include bicycling. Pretest scores were used as covariates, and results showed that students in the treatment group scored higher than students in the control group at posttest on all three tests. Although many schools have begun using lifetime activities in their PE classes, the results suggest that these activities not only may be fun for students but also will help them experience fitness benefits. Subscribe to TPE
Journal of physical education and sport, Sep 1, 2012
Problem Statement: Physical education (PE) is an important facet of today's middle school curricu... more Problem Statement: Physical education (PE) is an important facet of today's middle school curriculum. However, curricula differ between instructors and schools and the optimal method has not been specifically defined. PE4Life is a new curriculum that encompasses a philosophy that offers opportunities for partnership with the community and emphasizes health-related physical fitness. This philosophy differs from past curricula in that it steps away from predominately teaching skill-and sports-related components. Purpose: The aim of this project was to determine the differences between a traditional PE and PE4Life curriculum for measures of physical fitness. Approach: Two demographically similar middle schools were selected to participate in the study. One school adopted the PE4Life curriculum while the other used traditional techniques. Both schools utilized only licensed PE instructors. Sixth grade students were tested using the following assessments: Body Mass Index (BMI), PACER, curl-up, push-up, and sit-and-reach. All students were tested at the beginning of the fall and the end of the spring semesters of two consecutive academic years. Results: There was a significant difference between the two schools (F[1,202] = 22.67, p < .001) for PACER over the two academic years. PE-4L increased scores more than PET. BMI was also significantly different between schools over the testing period (F[1,294] = 3.91, p < .05). Conclusions: PE-4L had a decrease in BMI over time, while PET had an increase in values. Flexibility was consistently better among the students in PE-4L school and improved more in both Year 1 and Year 2. PE-4L was more favorable on the health-related fitness outcomes when compared to PET. While further investigation is warranted, these results suggest that PE4Life's focus on health-related physical fitness may be more beneficial for increasing fitness than traditional physical education.
This study investigated the preparedness and perceptions of PE teachers who instruct children wit... more This study investigated the preparedness and perceptions of PE teachers who instruct children with disabilities in PE settings. In addition, collegiate physical education departments were queried concerning their adapted offerings. Teachers rated their undergrad experiences, difficulty including students with disabilities, and barriers that might affect inclusion. Teachers felt that their undergrad experiences were least adequate for teaching children with autism. The greatest barrier was large class sizes. About half of the colleges surveyed felt that their classroom and field experiences preparing students to teach individuals with disabilities were inadequate. The findings suggest that undergraduate teacher preparation should include ample instruction and experiences. Subscribe to Palaestra
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