Administracion

Aunque tradicional, la sociedad mexicana está lejos de ser estacionaria. Las reformas en México durante la última década ha comenzado a cambiar las relaciones cotidianas de los mexicanos con el gobierno, las agencias y entre ellos mismos. México ha reconocido la utilidad del arbitraje, de aquí estos cambios incluyen reformas que fueron hechas al Código de Comercio con respecto a la implementación de los procedimientos de arbitraje en las leyes mexicanas. El propósito del arbitraje en la mayoría de los sistemas legales es alcanzar un dictamen fi nal de las disputas entre personas, quienes confían en él por hacer una determinación justa e imparcial. A pesar de las ventajas que muestran los procedimientos de arbitraje, hay una falta de uniformidad en los principios éticos orientados a regular la conducta de los árbitros. Por esta razón, es necesario establecer en el ámbito mundial un marco armonizado de guías éticas. Este artículo se centra en una visión del caso mexicano comparado con otros sistemas.

Una de las indicaciones más frecuentes para la toma de muestras renales mediante biopsia es el síndrome nefrótico, que es definido en los adultos como la aparición conjunta de edema, proteinuria (en un rango mayor de 3-3,5 g en 24 horas), hipoalbuminuria, hipercolesterolemia, lipiduria e hipercoagulabilidad (1,3). El síndrome nefrótico es una de las manifestaciones más frecuentes de las alteraciones glomerulares. Sin embargo, existen pocos reportes en la literatura que relacionen este síndrome con entidades específicas. Si bien es cierto que en algunas situaciones es posible hacer un diagnóstico presuntivo basado en la presentación clínica de la enfermedad, especialmente en la edad pediátrica, el diagnóstico definitivo de las enfermedades glomerulares se basa en la histopatología. En la gran mayoría de los pacientes de edad adulta la biopsia renal es indispensable para clarificar el diagnóstico, modificar el tratamiento u orientar el pronóstico de su enfermedad.

La Anetodermia corresponde a un proceso infrecuente que afecta las fibras elásticas, desapareciendo casi en su totalidad tanto en la dermis papilar como reticular. Su etiología y patogenia permanecen desconocidas. Clásicamente se las ha clasificado en primarias, cuando no existe enfermedad subyacente, y secundarias cuando lo hacen en relaci ón a un proceso inflamatorio o tumoral subyacente. Presentamos dos casos de anetodermia primaria.

Allelic frequencies and haplotypic composition of 305 male unrelated individuals from the Caribbean Colombian states of Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Guajira, Magdalena and Sucre, were determined using 16 Y-chromosome STR loci. Two hundred and ninety three (293) haplotypes were identified, of which 283 were unique and the other 10 were found twice or thrice in the Caribbean population tested. Haplotypic diversity surpassed the values obtained in other populations, ranging from 99.66% in the population of Sucre to 99.99% in the population of Córdoba. We also calculated the overall haplotypic diversity (99.97%) and the discrimination power of these haplotypes (96.1%) in these groups. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for 10 Colombian and Spanish populations (3139 haplotypes) reveals low differentiation between the Colombian populations of mainly European descent and large distance to Afroamerican populations living in Colombia.

Short Abstract: Scattered residential development is explained using a theoretical model of residential location in which household interactions generate externalities that determine location choices. Results demonstrate the role of income and heterogeneous preferences in generating this form of sprawl. Among our findings is that rising income generates only temporary increases in sprawl.

In developing countries, informal waste pickers (known as scavengers) play an important role in the solid waste management system, acting in a parallel way to formal waste collection and disposal agents. Scavengers collect, either from the streets, dump sites or landfills, re-usable and recyclable material that can be reincorporated into the economy's production process.

Complexities associated with the management of common pool resources (CPRs) threaten governance at some marine protected areas (MPAs). In this paper, using economic experimental games (EEGs), we investigate the effects of internal communication, external regulation, and the interaction between internal regulation and non-coercive authority intervention—what we call co-management—on fishermen's extraction decisions. We perform EEG with fishermen inhabiting the influence zone of an MPA in the Colombian Caribbean. The results show that co-management exhibits the best results, in terms of both reduction in extraction and resource sustainability, highlighting the importance of strategies that recognize communities as key actors in the decision-making process for the sustainable use and conservation of CPR in protected areas.

The aim of this work was to establish the possible involvement of mitochondria in the apoptotic event triggered by nitric oxide (NO) in chromaffin cells. Using bovine chromaffin cells in primary culture and several NO donors (SNP, SNAP, and GSNO) at apoptotic concentrations (50 μM–1 mM), we have shown that NO induces a time-dependent decrease in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), which correlates with the appearance of hypodiploid cells. Disruption in ΔΨm is followed by cytochrome c release to the cytosol, which in turn precedes caspase 3 activation. In this mechanism participates the Bcl-2 protein family, because NO donors downregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic members of the family such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, and increase the expression of pro-apoptotic members, Bax and Bcl-Xs, inductors of cytochrome c release to cytosol. Different cell signaling pathways seem to regulate Bax induction and Bcl-2 inhibition because decreased Bcl-2 levels are detected later than enhanced Bax expression. The tumour suppressor protein p53 is also upregulated in a very early phase (30 min) of the NO-induced apoptosis and may be responsible for the further induction of Bax expression. Finally, the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus seems to be another early event in NO-induced apoptosis and it may be involved in the regulation of p53 expression. These results support strongly the participation of mitochondrial mechanisms in NO-induced apoptosis in chromaffin cells and suggest that these cells may be good models for the investigation of molecular basis of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.