Fd Engg

This study focuses on the establishment of an optimum forecast model that predicts future production trends of 7UP Bottling company. Sixty (60) months time series data of 7UP bottling company were used after ascertaining the presence of seasonal variation and trend components of the data to establish the multidimensional forecast model. Predictive Production rate model was developed using a general multivariate regression equation form. The monitoring schemes show values of MSE and MAD as 0.0177 and 0.0658 respectively giving a tracking signal of 0.0. These values established the multivariate forecast model as optimum approach in tracking demand and production trends in a production setup. The value of the standard deviation of distribution of errors of 0.0823 estimated with MAD also confirms the authenticity of this model. The responses shown in the graphics of this study clearly explains the mixed time series which definitely contains seasonal variation and trend components as established in this study. Also the coefficient of determination of 0.957956 explains about 97% fitness of the established model to production data. The trend component associated with

An idealized two dimensional continuum region of GRP composite was used to develop an efficient method for solving continuum problems formulated for space domains. The continuum problem is solved by minimization of a functional formulated through a finite element procedure employing triangular elements and assumption of linear approximation polynomial. The assemblage of elements functional derivatives system of equations through FEM assembly procedure made possible the definition of a unique and parametrically defined model from which the solution of continuum configuration with an arbitrary number of scales is solved. The finite element method(FEM)developed is recommended to be applied in the evaluation of the function of functions in irregular shaped continuum whose boundary conditions are specified such as in the evaluation of displacement in structures and solid mechanics problems, evaluation of temperature distribution in heat conduction problems, evaluation of displacement potential in acoustic fluids evaluation of pressure in potential flows, evaluation of velocity in general flows, evaluation of electric potential in electrostatics, evaluation of magnetic potential in magnetostatics and in the solution of time dependent field problems. A unified computational model with standard error of 0.15 and correlation coefficient of 0.72 was developed to aid analysis and easy prediction of regional function with which the continuum function was successfully modeled and optimized through gradient search and Lagrange multipliers approach. Above all the optimization schemes of gradient search and Lagrangian multiplier confirmed local minimum of function as 0.006-0.00847 to confirm the predictions of FEM and constraint conditions.

This paper investigated the performance of coconut fibre particles as a filler material and highdensity polyethylene as matrix in polymer matrix composites (PMC). Three different particle sizes of the filler material were used in formulating the composite samples and the concentration of the filler material varied up to 40% by volume. The composite samples were prepared by injection moulding and kept at room temperature for 48 hours prior to testing in order to promote relaxation of stresses. The test specimens were prepared and tested in accordance with ASTM standards D638, D790, D256, and D785 for tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, impact strength and Rockwell hardness respectively. At optimum condition of volume fractions and particle sizes of coconut fibre-filler, the coconut fibre reinforced HDPE (CFRP) has 28.6 MPa, 800 MPa,

This paper focuses on the evaluation of critical stresses of biomaterials of spherical shape under radial and axial compression employing Hertz contact theory and finite element method. The mechanical properties of UTC tomatoes were determined with a compression test rig for radial and axial compression contacts with metal plate. The maximum contact pressure P max was evaluated as 0.063MPa while the maximum shear stress was 0.022MPa. The finite element analysis gave the von mises stresses for axial and radial contacts as 0.001699MPa and 0.012271MPa. The design yield stress was predicted for UTC tomatoes and specified as 0.0012MPa for UTC containers design for transportation. The results of this study will therefore be relevant in the design of transportation for fruits of spherical shape.

The response of plantain fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites was evaluated to assess the possibility of using it as a new material in design of auto body fender. The composite samples were prepared by injection molding and kept at room temperature for 48 h prior to testing in order to promote relaxation of stresses. Taguchi Robust Design and Finite Element Methods were applied to optimize the tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness strength and impact strength of plantain fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites (PFRHDPE). These properties were determined at various manufacturing conditions and fiber configuration. Tensile, flexural, hardness and impact tests were conducted on replicated samples using Archimedes principles in each case to determine the volume fraction of fibers. The Taguchi robust design technique was applied for the greater the better to obtain the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNratio) for quality characteristics (strengths) in the determination of optimum factor control levels. The Finite element method was applied in the evaluation of stress distribution and prediction of material failure zones. The overall results suggest that a natural plantain fiber reinforced composites could be utilized in automotive structural components such as fenders, bumper beams, front end modules and also in interiors of automobiles.

This work targets the emergence of new composite material of plantain fibre particles filler and high density polyethylene matrix. Three particle sizes of plantain fibres, 75, 150 and 300 lm were produced, modified and used to compose high density matrix composite of three volume fraction with injection molding machine following appropriate ASTM standard test specifications. Taguchi robust design was used to plan the experiment and the optimum responses of tensile, flexural, impact and hardness values were determined. The ultimate tensile strength of the new material, plantain fibre particle reinforced high density polyethylene (PFPRHDPE) was used to determine burst pressure of some pipeline pipe schedules to be used for flow line design while yield strength of PFPRHDPE was used to determine the design pressures of some pipeline pipe schedules using ASTM B31.8 standard code equations. Also determined was the material toughness requirement to prevent fracture propagation of pipeline pipes. Pressure drops due to friction and fittings of pipelines as well as structural integrity of the new material were also evaluated and certified. PFPRHDPE was successfully developed as new material having enough tensile strength, yield strength, toughness and very low water absorption to be used in the design of crude oil flow lines. The density of the new & C. E.

This paper focuses on robust design and optimization of industrial production wastes. Past literatures were reviewed to case study Clamason Industries Limited (CIL) a leading ladder-tops manufacturer. A painstaking study of the firm’s practices at the shop floor revealed that Over-production, Waiting time, Excess inventory, and Defects are the major wastes that are impeding their progress and profitability. Design expert8 software was used to apply Taguchi robust design and response surface methodology in order to model, analyse and optimise the wastes cost in CIL. Waiting time and overproduction rank first and second in contributing to the costs of wastes in CIL. For minimal wastes cost the control factors of overproduction, waiting-time, defects and excess-inventory must be set at 0.30, 390.70, 4 and 55.70 respectively for CIL. The optimal value of cost of wastes for the months studied was 22.3679. Finally, a recommendation was made that for the company to enhance their profitabil...

This is a report on the evaluation of elastic properties of UTC tomato fruit to determine the maximum contact pressure, contact stresses and elastic modului relevant to design of transportation system of the biomaterial. A universal compression test rig developed at the Department of Industrial and Production Engineering of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria was used to test the biomaterial properties under axial and radial loading condition to ascertain the engineering stress-strain, true stress-strain, isotropic and anisotropic condition of the material under investigation. The elastic properties evaluated under longitudinal(axial) and transverse loading were found to be approximately the same, giving the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for engineering stress-strain as 0.1628MPa and 0.2563 respectively while the transverse loading gave 0.2158 and 0.2596 respectively. The Hertz’s maximum contact pressure was evaluated as 0.063MPa at contact radius of 0.01m, while the ...

Comminution of bio-fibers is necessary for their effective application in development of reinforced composite and feedstock; however, comminution is an energy intensive process and minimization of specific energy required in the size reduction of bio-fibers is an optimization task in design of various particulate based materials. The objective of this study was to model specific energy requirement in bio-fiber comminution process. The banana and coir bio-fibers used in the study were respectively extracted from post-harvest banana stem and outer shell of a coconut. Characterization of treated bio-fibers was done using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and comminution process was carried out in a laboratory-scale knife mill. Electrical energy was recorded using a plug-in power energy meter while Kick's, Rittinger's and Bond's energy laws provide insight into the relationship between particle size reduction and energy consumption during comminution process. The Rosin Rammler-Bennett (RRB) and Gaudin-Schuhmann (GS) models were fitted with MATLAB ® R2014a. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Response Surface Method (RSM) was utilised in predicting specific energy requirements as controlled by fiber treatment conditions, milling speed, initial fiber length and drying temperature. The predictive accuracy of the RSM and ANN models were adjudged adequate in terms of the process independent variables. A global optimal condition was found at 2% NaOH concentration, 29 mm fiber length, 1981 rpm mill speed and 41 °C drying temperature. At these conditions, specific energy was 1.430 kJ/kg for banana fiber and 1.109 kJ/ kg for coir fiber having desirability of unity.

The objective of this study is to utilize nonlinear constrained optimization to optimally design and analyze the features of an internally pressurized thin-walled shell for mini liquefied petroleum gas storage and transportation. Computer aided tools was utilised to minimize the materials selection information overload and then finite element analysis of the pressure vessels was undertaken for different shell profile. From the results maximum von-misses stresses of 1.7017E9 Pa was recorded for horizontal oval vessel made with low alloy steel and this is above the yield strength of low alloy steel, however, the lowest von Mises stress of 2.2749E8Pa was recorded for cylindrical vessel. Minimization of cost showed that the shell manufacturing cost for low alloy steel is reduced from NGN 311186.5 to NGN 232848.9 because of the smaller volume using optimal dimensions of D = 2.5m and L = 5.09294m.. Distortion Energy Theory (DET) gave the smallest shell thickness of 3.678mm for low alloy s...

Low weight and high strength requirements are prime target design objectives in strength demanding applications. Skillful design of low density, low weight and eco-friendly natural fiber composites could provide an alternative material route to the actualization of lighter structures. The present study proposed ANN-FEM computational framework for the macro-mechanical analysis of multi-oriented Plantain Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Laminate (PEFBFL) and Plantain Pseudo Stem Fiber Laminate (PPSFL). Control factors were numerically varied using Finite Element Method (FEM) and the resultant FEM models which encapsulated material properties of the laminate was streamlined into Artificial Neural Network (ANN) training scheme. A standard feed-forward backpropagation network was adopted and the ANN model consists of stacking sequence, laminate aspect ratio and fiber orientation as input variables while the selected network outputs variables include average stress and displacement. The laminate c...

Plantain fiber-reinforced composite materials have demonstrated significant properties that are applicable in structural design and development. However, two major concerns arise in relation to the obvious material anisotropy and challenges imposed by structural discontinuity encountered as need for use of fasteners arises. The study assesses the extent of variation of elastic properties (E x , E y , G xy , v xy , v yx , m x , m y) with fiber orientation using MATLAB functions while considering the extent of variation of the tangential stresses around an idealized functional hole edge. The tensile strength of 410.15 and 288.1 MPa was recorded at 0°fiber orientation angle, while 37.3397 and 33.133 MPa were obtained at fiber orientation angle of 90°for Plantain Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Composite (PEFBFC) and Plantain Pseudo Stem Fiber Composite (PPSFC), respectively. The tangential stress distribution at hole edge indicated maximum stress value of 119.15 and 100.587 MPa at angular position ø = 90°for PEFBFC and PPSFC, respectively. Judging from various failure indices considered, failure will be initiated at ø = 70°for PEFBFC with stress concentration factor of 2.53 and ø = 65°for PPSFC with stress concentration factor of 2.13, which are less than the stress concentration around the peak stress when angular position is 90°. Both PEFBFC and PPSFC showed similar trends in response to the design scenario considered.

In this study, a double barrel cassava grating machine with double discharge outlet has been developed and its performance evaluated and optimized. The machine was designed to ensure very high throughput, easy decoupling and coupling and reduction in grating time. The performance evaluation of the grating machine was carried out using Design Expert Software. A central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted in determining the optimum operating condition of the machine. The optimum operating condition obtained from the machine shows an optimum abrasive surface hole size of 6mm, feed rate of 11.8kg/min and an optimum feed rate of 20.16 kg/min; a through put capacity of 730.8kg/hr. The average mass loss, partially grated and completely grated were found to be 1.43kg, 1.48kg and 22.09kg, respectively for 25kg sample; which indicates effective grating and waste was drastically reduced with an average grating efficiency of 86.23%.