Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2003
In this article, the authors examine whether subjective perceptions of community safety are infor... more In this article, the authors examine whether subjective perceptions of community safety are informed by the built environment. They posit that the built environment serves as a heuristic device, providing cues about likely levels of neighborhood crime, independent of the effects of neighborhood crime itself. Using data on 4,456individuals nested within 100 census tracts, the authors estimate hierarchical logistic models of perceived community crime risk. They focus on the role of the neighborhood built environment in the form of aggregated perceptions of nonresidential land use, while controlling for individual-level criminal opportunity, community-level social structural antecedents, and community-level objective crime. The findings indicate that the neighborhood-level presence of businesses and parks and playgrounds increases individual perceptions of community danger, but these effects disappear once neighborhood crime rates are controlled. The presence of schools has no effect o...
To assess the extent to which three well-validated measures of self-control are assessing the sam... more To assess the extent to which three well-validated measures of self-control are assessing the same construct. Methods: Two student samples (ns = 315 and 172) completed multiple self-control scales (the Grasmick et al. scale, Weinberger Adjustment Inventory-Restraint, and the Tangney et al. scale), as well as other personality traits, aggression, and offending scales. Results: The three scales correlated highly with one another (rs ranged from 0.65-0.69) and rank-order differences were uncommon (approximately 80% were within 1 standard deviation). However, each scale demonstrated somewhat different patterns in terms of their relationships with other personality indices, aggression, and offending. Conclusions: The Grasmick scale and Weinberger Adjustment Inventory were similar to one another in many (but not all) instances, and both were distinct from the Tangney scale. The three self-control scales used in this analysis have much in common, but they are not identical. Moreover, with the exception of the Tangney scale, the constructs assessed by the self-control scales are not synonymous with Conscientiousness or impulsivity. Care should be exercised in including these different self-control scales and similar constructs (e.g., impulsivity) within meta-analytic studies as effect sizes risk being misspecified.
Substantial evidence indicates that impulsivity is a robust correlate of offending. However, its ... more Substantial evidence indicates that impulsivity is a robust correlate of offending. However, its effects appear to be partially contingent upon other criminological factors, such as neighborhood context. The research examining the moderating influence of neighborhoods on the impulsivity—offending relationship has yielded inconsistent findings. The current analysis further investigates the possible interaction by exploring different types of impulsivity-related traits, perceptions of neighborhood informal social control, and their ...
International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 2012
Social learning theory is one of the most prominent general theories of crime. Yet recent researc... more Social learning theory is one of the most prominent general theories of crime. Yet recent research has called into question its applicability to all offenders. Specifically, the influence of antisocial peers has been found to exert a stronger effect among those individuals evincing higher levels of criminal propensity (deemed social amplification), whereas other components of the theory have either not been shown to interact with criminal propensity or not been tested. This study examines several social learning theory components to determine whether its influence is dependent on an individual's level of self-control. Results suggest little support for the social amplification hypothesis as the components of social learning theory were found to operate similarly across individuals regardless one's level of self-control. Implications for criminological theory are discussed.
ABSTRACT Scholarly attention to the characteristics and typology of sexual homicide offenders (SH... more ABSTRACT Scholarly attention to the characteristics and typology of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) began in the 19th century with the groundbreaking work of Krafft-Ebing. However, literary and philosophical references to violent sexual sadism precede this work by many centuries. To date, different typologies have been developed to explain different types of SHOs. Although researchers have regularly noted the presence of psychopathic personality and sexually sadistic traits among SHOs, efforts have been lacking in studying the relationship between these two constructs. This chapter draws on recent efforts to categorize different types of sexual offenders, and offers insights into how psychopathy and sexual sadism can work in conjuction to result in the sexual homicide category we propose be labeled the Psychopathic-Sexually Sadistic Offender. A case study by one of the authors, a forensic psychiatrist, is included to illustrate the applicability of this newly proposed SHO category, along with a recently developed sexual homicide rating scale (SADDSEX-SH), designed to assist in differentiating the sexually sadistic homicide offender from the sexual homicide offender without sexual sadism.
ABSTRACT Recently, The Atlantic and Rolling Stone published lengthy articles on the dark side of ... more ABSTRACT Recently, The Atlantic and Rolling Stone published lengthy articles on the dark side of collegiate fraternities and sororities. Part of this narrative decades of problems faced by these organizations but especially so in recent years. This is especially so with the hazing deaths of Chun “Michael” Deng at Baruch College, Robert Champion at Florida A&M University, George Desdunes at Cornell University, Donnie Wade at Prarie View A&M University, and the list goes on. Despite what appears to be the growing criminalization of hazing — via state anti-hazing statutes, other criminal statutes, and the common law — the scholarship on the topic is almost nil. This is in part driven by the paucity of scholarship on hazing, generally, especially among legal academics. In our article — titled Hazing as Crime: An Empirical Analysis of Criminological Antecedents — my coauthors and I explore three criminological factors that may predict college fraternity and sorority hazing. Specifically, we investigate the extent to which personality, impulsivity, and awareness of sanctions predict hazing. We specifically focus our analysis on African American fraternities and sororities given the violent nature of hazing within these organizations and the number of hazing-related criminal sanctions among members over the past couple of decades.
International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 2011
The extent and impact of white-collar offending has drawn the attention of many researchers. Howe... more The extent and impact of white-collar offending has drawn the attention of many researchers. However, despite its association with both general and violent criminal behavior, the role that psychopathic traits plays in white-collar crime has been researched less. In an effort to better understand this relationship, psychopathic personality traits were assessed among a sample of 265 undergraduate students using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised, along with attitudes supportive of environmental offending and intentions to engage in a specific form of environmental offending (toxic dumping). The current study assessed if psychopathic traits were associated with intentions to engage in toxic dumping, as well as the extent to which attitudes supportive of environmental offending would mediate this relationship. Results suggest that both attitudes and certain traits associated with psychopathy uniquely explain intention to engage in toxic dumping. However, a mediating effect w...
International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 2012
Hirschi's reconceptualized control theory suggests that social bonds serve as the primary inh... more Hirschi's reconceptualized control theory suggests that social bonds serve as the primary inhibitors to delinquency and that personality-based self-control (PBSC) is not relevant. He also indicates that the number of inhibitors, multiplied by their salience, influences the perceived costs of delinquency. These claims have not been widely tested. Using a large, school-based sample of adolescents, the authors test Hirschi's reconceptualization and find that certain inhibitors (e.g., parental monitoring) are more important than others (e.g., maternal attachment). There are also unique types of costs (e.g., parental costs, peer costs) with differential impacts. Salience exerts a main effect, but there was little evidence to suggest it interacts with costs. Finally, PBSC has the strongest effect. These findings not only offer support for some of Hirschi's claims but also provide directions to better formulate a more comprehensive and empirically supported control theory.
Black Greek-Letter Organizations (BGLOs) are unique institutions. Though few in number, they clai... more Black Greek-Letter Organizations (BGLOs) are unique institutions. Though few in number, they claim some of this country's most renowned African American leaders-e.g., Charles Hamilton Houston (architect of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund's Brown v. Board strategy), Rosa Parks (mother of the Civil Rights Movement), Earl B. Dickerson (civil rights lawyer and first black University of Chicago Law School graduate), Sadie Alexander (first African American woman to earn a PhD, and first to earn a JD from the University of Pennsylvania), and William Hastie (first African American federal judge). Uniquely, BGLOs' members tend to remain deeply committed to their organizations over a life-course. Even more, BGLOs tend to initiate large numbers of members into highly functioning alumni chapters. One thing that is most striking about BGLOs, however, is a particularly violent brand of hazing employed to initiate their new members. While there have been reforms within BGLOs to curtail hazing injuries, deaths, and legal wrangling (both civil and criminal), violent hazing within them persists. A host of reasons may explain why law fails to constrain legally consequential behavior within organizations like BGLOs. This article seeks to empirically ascertain (1) what beliefs may undergird BGLO hazing and the extent to which beliefs about the utility of hazing as a means to actualize the essential ingredients of BGLO existence (i.e., commitment to the organization, its ideals, and members) are well-founded. We close by reconciling the tension between these findings and how law attempts to constrain behavior.
While the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and subsequent reauthorizations defined all ... more While the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and subsequent reauthorizations defined all minors under the age of 18 involved in commercial sex acts as victims, state and local systems continue to classify prostituted minors who are U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents as offenders. A review of the historical, neurological, and developmental vulnerabilities typical of child sex trafficking victims reveals serious doubts regarding their ability to control their choices or escape from a trafficker. The uniform shielding of all child victims of sex trafficking, whether international or domestic, from legal culpability for the criminal conduct of traffickers is recommended.
Borrowing from the systemic model of social disorganization theory as well as from theories of hu... more Borrowing from the systemic model of social disorganization theory as well as from theories of human ecology and urban geography, we examine the effects of land use on community rates of violence and burglary. We posit that community crime is differentially affected by distinct nonresidential physical spaces in a neighborhooddistinct in terms of whether they are adult-centered, "business-oriented" public spaces versus spaces that are public yet still "resident centered," especially toward community youth (e.g., educational and recreational spaces). We examine potential main, mediating, and moderating effects of neighborhood social structure, residentcentered versus business-oriented public land use, and neighborhood-level processes, including neighboring and physical incivility, using data from 100 Seattle census tracts. Results suggest that the effects of schools on community violence are largely direct, while the effect of business places on violent crime is mediated substantially, but not completely, by physical disorder. In contrast, the effect of playgrounds on violence is moderated by residential instability. Regarding burglary, presence of schools is nonsignificant. Presence of businesses increases burglary, though the effect is partially mediated again by physical disorder. The effect of businesses is also moderated by residential (in)stability. Presence of playgrounds increases burglary risk regardless of neighborhood social-structural characteristics.
It has long been assumed that features associated with psychopathy, such as a lack of insight and... more It has long been assumed that features associated with psychopathy, such as a lack of insight and deceitfulness, may compromise the utility of self-report measures, particularly for understanding the relations between these traits and important outcomes (e.g., offending). Unfortunately, little research has explicitly examined the relations between self- and informant reports of psychopathy and their relations to these outcomes. The current study examined the incremental validity of self- and informant reports of psychopathic traits, assessed with 3 validated psychopathy measures, in the statistical prediction of externalizing behaviors (EBs). To reduce shared method variance, self- and informant reports of EBs (i.e., substance use, antisocial behavior, gambling, and intimate partner violence) were examined separately. Results indicate that both self- and informant reports of psychopathy are related to EBs and provide some degree of incremental validity, although self-reported psychopathy scores proved slightly more useful than other-reported psychopathy scores. These findings suggest that, in nonforensic settings, psychopathy data derived from both self- and other-reported psychopathy measures have utility in understanding the relations between psychopathic traits and EBs.
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 2012
ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify whether officers who adhere to the as... more ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify whether officers who adhere to the aspects of the traditional police sub-culture – authoritarianism, cynicism, and burnout – are more likely to use violence against their intimate partner. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is measured in terms of both physical assault and psychological violence. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was created using existing scales and was given to a sample of police officers from four departments in the southern United States. Both Tobit and logistic regression were utilized to examine the effects of the traditional police sub-culture on the two types of intimate partner violence. Findings – The results of the analyses partially supported the link between traditional police culture and police intimate partner violence. The results showed that two aspects of the traditional police sub-culture, burnout and authoritarianism, were significantly related to psychological IPV. There was no significant relationship between traditional police culture and physical IPV Research limitations/implications – There are a relatively small number of police officers in the convenience sample and it is not very diverse in its composition. Originality/value – The results of this study indicate that those who adhere to the traditional police culture are at more risk for engaging in psychological domestic violence than those officers who do not. The research shows that traditional police sub-culture has an effect on police intimate partner violence. This information is important in that it may provide police agencies with some direction in implementing domestic violence prevention efforts.
Despite a great deal of empirical research on psychopathy there are fewer data on psychopathy in ... more Despite a great deal of empirical research on psychopathy there are fewer data on psychopathy in female samples, especially non-institutionalized samples, and it is unclear whether psychopathy manifests in similar ways across gender. In a large undergraduate sample, we explored psychopathy in relation to gender in a two-fold manner. First, we examined whether there were significant gender differences in self-report psychopathy scores; there were (men scored higher). Second, we tested whether psychopathy's ...
Violent hazing has been a longstanding issue within African American, collegiate fraternities and... more Violent hazing has been a longstanding issue within African American, collegiate fraternities and sororities, otherwise known as black Greek-letter organizations (BGLOs). This article investigates how and what hazing victims know about their hazing experiences. Additionally, the article examines how victims' knowledge of hazing may hold serious implications for tort defense doctrines like assumption of risk and comparative fault. Specifically, the authors conduct two studies-one quantitative and the other qualitative-to find that not only are BGLO pledges aware that their pledge experiences are likely to involve mental and physical hazing, but that they believe such experiences will likely continue throughout the entirety of their induction process. Moreover, appreciation for hazing experiences is often captured in the fraternal chants, greetings, and songs they learn or create, which together reflects some understanding of danger and risk. The authors contend that these elements of black "Greek" hazing culture may serve as evidence of assumption of risk or comparative fault.
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2003
In this article, the authors examine whether subjective perceptions of community safety are infor... more In this article, the authors examine whether subjective perceptions of community safety are informed by the built environment. They posit that the built environment serves as a heuristic device, providing cues about likely levels of neighborhood crime, independent of the effects of neighborhood crime itself. Using data on 4,456individuals nested within 100 census tracts, the authors estimate hierarchical logistic models of perceived community crime risk. They focus on the role of the neighborhood built environment in the form of aggregated perceptions of nonresidential land use, while controlling for individual-level criminal opportunity, community-level social structural antecedents, and community-level objective crime. The findings indicate that the neighborhood-level presence of businesses and parks and playgrounds increases individual perceptions of community danger, but these effects disappear once neighborhood crime rates are controlled. The presence of schools has no effect o...
To assess the extent to which three well-validated measures of self-control are assessing the sam... more To assess the extent to which three well-validated measures of self-control are assessing the same construct. Methods: Two student samples (ns = 315 and 172) completed multiple self-control scales (the Grasmick et al. scale, Weinberger Adjustment Inventory-Restraint, and the Tangney et al. scale), as well as other personality traits, aggression, and offending scales. Results: The three scales correlated highly with one another (rs ranged from 0.65-0.69) and rank-order differences were uncommon (approximately 80% were within 1 standard deviation). However, each scale demonstrated somewhat different patterns in terms of their relationships with other personality indices, aggression, and offending. Conclusions: The Grasmick scale and Weinberger Adjustment Inventory were similar to one another in many (but not all) instances, and both were distinct from the Tangney scale. The three self-control scales used in this analysis have much in common, but they are not identical. Moreover, with the exception of the Tangney scale, the constructs assessed by the self-control scales are not synonymous with Conscientiousness or impulsivity. Care should be exercised in including these different self-control scales and similar constructs (e.g., impulsivity) within meta-analytic studies as effect sizes risk being misspecified.
Substantial evidence indicates that impulsivity is a robust correlate of offending. However, its ... more Substantial evidence indicates that impulsivity is a robust correlate of offending. However, its effects appear to be partially contingent upon other criminological factors, such as neighborhood context. The research examining the moderating influence of neighborhoods on the impulsivity—offending relationship has yielded inconsistent findings. The current analysis further investigates the possible interaction by exploring different types of impulsivity-related traits, perceptions of neighborhood informal social control, and their ...
International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 2012
Social learning theory is one of the most prominent general theories of crime. Yet recent researc... more Social learning theory is one of the most prominent general theories of crime. Yet recent research has called into question its applicability to all offenders. Specifically, the influence of antisocial peers has been found to exert a stronger effect among those individuals evincing higher levels of criminal propensity (deemed social amplification), whereas other components of the theory have either not been shown to interact with criminal propensity or not been tested. This study examines several social learning theory components to determine whether its influence is dependent on an individual's level of self-control. Results suggest little support for the social amplification hypothesis as the components of social learning theory were found to operate similarly across individuals regardless one's level of self-control. Implications for criminological theory are discussed.
ABSTRACT Scholarly attention to the characteristics and typology of sexual homicide offenders (SH... more ABSTRACT Scholarly attention to the characteristics and typology of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) began in the 19th century with the groundbreaking work of Krafft-Ebing. However, literary and philosophical references to violent sexual sadism precede this work by many centuries. To date, different typologies have been developed to explain different types of SHOs. Although researchers have regularly noted the presence of psychopathic personality and sexually sadistic traits among SHOs, efforts have been lacking in studying the relationship between these two constructs. This chapter draws on recent efforts to categorize different types of sexual offenders, and offers insights into how psychopathy and sexual sadism can work in conjuction to result in the sexual homicide category we propose be labeled the Psychopathic-Sexually Sadistic Offender. A case study by one of the authors, a forensic psychiatrist, is included to illustrate the applicability of this newly proposed SHO category, along with a recently developed sexual homicide rating scale (SADDSEX-SH), designed to assist in differentiating the sexually sadistic homicide offender from the sexual homicide offender without sexual sadism.
ABSTRACT Recently, The Atlantic and Rolling Stone published lengthy articles on the dark side of ... more ABSTRACT Recently, The Atlantic and Rolling Stone published lengthy articles on the dark side of collegiate fraternities and sororities. Part of this narrative decades of problems faced by these organizations but especially so in recent years. This is especially so with the hazing deaths of Chun “Michael” Deng at Baruch College, Robert Champion at Florida A&M University, George Desdunes at Cornell University, Donnie Wade at Prarie View A&M University, and the list goes on. Despite what appears to be the growing criminalization of hazing — via state anti-hazing statutes, other criminal statutes, and the common law — the scholarship on the topic is almost nil. This is in part driven by the paucity of scholarship on hazing, generally, especially among legal academics. In our article — titled Hazing as Crime: An Empirical Analysis of Criminological Antecedents — my coauthors and I explore three criminological factors that may predict college fraternity and sorority hazing. Specifically, we investigate the extent to which personality, impulsivity, and awareness of sanctions predict hazing. We specifically focus our analysis on African American fraternities and sororities given the violent nature of hazing within these organizations and the number of hazing-related criminal sanctions among members over the past couple of decades.
International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 2011
The extent and impact of white-collar offending has drawn the attention of many researchers. Howe... more The extent and impact of white-collar offending has drawn the attention of many researchers. However, despite its association with both general and violent criminal behavior, the role that psychopathic traits plays in white-collar crime has been researched less. In an effort to better understand this relationship, psychopathic personality traits were assessed among a sample of 265 undergraduate students using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised, along with attitudes supportive of environmental offending and intentions to engage in a specific form of environmental offending (toxic dumping). The current study assessed if psychopathic traits were associated with intentions to engage in toxic dumping, as well as the extent to which attitudes supportive of environmental offending would mediate this relationship. Results suggest that both attitudes and certain traits associated with psychopathy uniquely explain intention to engage in toxic dumping. However, a mediating effect w...
International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 2012
Hirschi's reconceptualized control theory suggests that social bonds serve as the primary inh... more Hirschi's reconceptualized control theory suggests that social bonds serve as the primary inhibitors to delinquency and that personality-based self-control (PBSC) is not relevant. He also indicates that the number of inhibitors, multiplied by their salience, influences the perceived costs of delinquency. These claims have not been widely tested. Using a large, school-based sample of adolescents, the authors test Hirschi's reconceptualization and find that certain inhibitors (e.g., parental monitoring) are more important than others (e.g., maternal attachment). There are also unique types of costs (e.g., parental costs, peer costs) with differential impacts. Salience exerts a main effect, but there was little evidence to suggest it interacts with costs. Finally, PBSC has the strongest effect. These findings not only offer support for some of Hirschi's claims but also provide directions to better formulate a more comprehensive and empirically supported control theory.
Black Greek-Letter Organizations (BGLOs) are unique institutions. Though few in number, they clai... more Black Greek-Letter Organizations (BGLOs) are unique institutions. Though few in number, they claim some of this country's most renowned African American leaders-e.g., Charles Hamilton Houston (architect of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund's Brown v. Board strategy), Rosa Parks (mother of the Civil Rights Movement), Earl B. Dickerson (civil rights lawyer and first black University of Chicago Law School graduate), Sadie Alexander (first African American woman to earn a PhD, and first to earn a JD from the University of Pennsylvania), and William Hastie (first African American federal judge). Uniquely, BGLOs' members tend to remain deeply committed to their organizations over a life-course. Even more, BGLOs tend to initiate large numbers of members into highly functioning alumni chapters. One thing that is most striking about BGLOs, however, is a particularly violent brand of hazing employed to initiate their new members. While there have been reforms within BGLOs to curtail hazing injuries, deaths, and legal wrangling (both civil and criminal), violent hazing within them persists. A host of reasons may explain why law fails to constrain legally consequential behavior within organizations like BGLOs. This article seeks to empirically ascertain (1) what beliefs may undergird BGLO hazing and the extent to which beliefs about the utility of hazing as a means to actualize the essential ingredients of BGLO existence (i.e., commitment to the organization, its ideals, and members) are well-founded. We close by reconciling the tension between these findings and how law attempts to constrain behavior.
While the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and subsequent reauthorizations defined all ... more While the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and subsequent reauthorizations defined all minors under the age of 18 involved in commercial sex acts as victims, state and local systems continue to classify prostituted minors who are U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents as offenders. A review of the historical, neurological, and developmental vulnerabilities typical of child sex trafficking victims reveals serious doubts regarding their ability to control their choices or escape from a trafficker. The uniform shielding of all child victims of sex trafficking, whether international or domestic, from legal culpability for the criminal conduct of traffickers is recommended.
Borrowing from the systemic model of social disorganization theory as well as from theories of hu... more Borrowing from the systemic model of social disorganization theory as well as from theories of human ecology and urban geography, we examine the effects of land use on community rates of violence and burglary. We posit that community crime is differentially affected by distinct nonresidential physical spaces in a neighborhooddistinct in terms of whether they are adult-centered, "business-oriented" public spaces versus spaces that are public yet still "resident centered," especially toward community youth (e.g., educational and recreational spaces). We examine potential main, mediating, and moderating effects of neighborhood social structure, residentcentered versus business-oriented public land use, and neighborhood-level processes, including neighboring and physical incivility, using data from 100 Seattle census tracts. Results suggest that the effects of schools on community violence are largely direct, while the effect of business places on violent crime is mediated substantially, but not completely, by physical disorder. In contrast, the effect of playgrounds on violence is moderated by residential instability. Regarding burglary, presence of schools is nonsignificant. Presence of businesses increases burglary, though the effect is partially mediated again by physical disorder. The effect of businesses is also moderated by residential (in)stability. Presence of playgrounds increases burglary risk regardless of neighborhood social-structural characteristics.
It has long been assumed that features associated with psychopathy, such as a lack of insight and... more It has long been assumed that features associated with psychopathy, such as a lack of insight and deceitfulness, may compromise the utility of self-report measures, particularly for understanding the relations between these traits and important outcomes (e.g., offending). Unfortunately, little research has explicitly examined the relations between self- and informant reports of psychopathy and their relations to these outcomes. The current study examined the incremental validity of self- and informant reports of psychopathic traits, assessed with 3 validated psychopathy measures, in the statistical prediction of externalizing behaviors (EBs). To reduce shared method variance, self- and informant reports of EBs (i.e., substance use, antisocial behavior, gambling, and intimate partner violence) were examined separately. Results indicate that both self- and informant reports of psychopathy are related to EBs and provide some degree of incremental validity, although self-reported psychopathy scores proved slightly more useful than other-reported psychopathy scores. These findings suggest that, in nonforensic settings, psychopathy data derived from both self- and other-reported psychopathy measures have utility in understanding the relations between psychopathic traits and EBs.
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 2012
ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify whether officers who adhere to the as... more ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify whether officers who adhere to the aspects of the traditional police sub-culture – authoritarianism, cynicism, and burnout – are more likely to use violence against their intimate partner. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is measured in terms of both physical assault and psychological violence. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was created using existing scales and was given to a sample of police officers from four departments in the southern United States. Both Tobit and logistic regression were utilized to examine the effects of the traditional police sub-culture on the two types of intimate partner violence. Findings – The results of the analyses partially supported the link between traditional police culture and police intimate partner violence. The results showed that two aspects of the traditional police sub-culture, burnout and authoritarianism, were significantly related to psychological IPV. There was no significant relationship between traditional police culture and physical IPV Research limitations/implications – There are a relatively small number of police officers in the convenience sample and it is not very diverse in its composition. Originality/value – The results of this study indicate that those who adhere to the traditional police culture are at more risk for engaging in psychological domestic violence than those officers who do not. The research shows that traditional police sub-culture has an effect on police intimate partner violence. This information is important in that it may provide police agencies with some direction in implementing domestic violence prevention efforts.
Despite a great deal of empirical research on psychopathy there are fewer data on psychopathy in ... more Despite a great deal of empirical research on psychopathy there are fewer data on psychopathy in female samples, especially non-institutionalized samples, and it is unclear whether psychopathy manifests in similar ways across gender. In a large undergraduate sample, we explored psychopathy in relation to gender in a two-fold manner. First, we examined whether there were significant gender differences in self-report psychopathy scores; there were (men scored higher). Second, we tested whether psychopathy's ...
Violent hazing has been a longstanding issue within African American, collegiate fraternities and... more Violent hazing has been a longstanding issue within African American, collegiate fraternities and sororities, otherwise known as black Greek-letter organizations (BGLOs). This article investigates how and what hazing victims know about their hazing experiences. Additionally, the article examines how victims' knowledge of hazing may hold serious implications for tort defense doctrines like assumption of risk and comparative fault. Specifically, the authors conduct two studies-one quantitative and the other qualitative-to find that not only are BGLO pledges aware that their pledge experiences are likely to involve mental and physical hazing, but that they believe such experiences will likely continue throughout the entirety of their induction process. Moreover, appreciation for hazing experiences is often captured in the fraternal chants, greetings, and songs they learn or create, which together reflects some understanding of danger and risk. The authors contend that these elements of black "Greek" hazing culture may serve as evidence of assumption of risk or comparative fault.
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Papers by Shayne Jones