English Literature

Swift doesn't directly take part in the debate, he takes up the role of a chronicler to account an imaginary battle of the books in King James' library and indirectly makes his opinion clear by means of this satire. The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns is not simply a quarrel between the old authors and the new; rather, it was a quarrel between two groups propagating two different concepts of knowledge and literature. " It was a dispute between two diametrically opposed categories of scholars " (Hinnat, 1). The Ancients wanted the end result of learning to be quintessentially good and moral. The Moderns, impressed and influenced by the scientific advancement of their time, felt that their learning is superior because they were building upon the already existing literary corpus of the Ancients, using the scientific knowledge if their time. The episode of the spider and bee is an unexpected interruption during the battle of the Ancients and the Moderns and it is an allegory within this allegorical essay. This episode is very transparent when it comes to revealing where Swift's sentiments lie and it is persuasive in channelizing the support of the reader towards the Ancients. It is as follows: the quarrellers are interrupted or distracted by the presence of a spider, who was swollen up because it gorged on "infinite numbers of flies". The spider lived in an intricate cobweb, which Swift calls the spider's palace, which, it feels is too magnificent to be under any threat of destruction or damage. A wandering bee happened to settle on the edge of the cobweb but the 'mansion' wasn't as strong as the spider thought it would be and it began to shake so furiously under the bee's weight that the spider assumed it was some divine wrath or a catastrophe which disturbed the web. The spider, on coming to know that it was the bee that damaged his palace, loses its temper and starts a quarrel with the bee. In this fable, the spider represents the Moderns. Through the argument, the spider's character is easily brought out as immature, proud and haughty. Swift repeatedly attributes the

Yes squeeze me young lady. I am coming to be learning the English. Miss Court You're early. Ali No I'm Ali. Miss C I beg your pardon. Ali No, my name is Ali, Ali Nadim. I am coming to be learning the English. Miss C Yes, Yes! You wish to join our new class. English as a foreign language. Ali Yes please and I'm hopping to be unrolled. Miss C Hopping to be unrolled? Ali Like it say in your silly bus. Miss C You mean you are hoping to be enrolled. Ali That is what I say hoping to be unrolled. Miss C You have to wait till the English teacher arrives. He will be here in a few minutes. Meanwhile go, wait in the classroom. Ali (Smiling) Miss C Understand. Ali No. Miss C Go, wait in the class room. Ali Should I go or wait? Miss C Please go to Room number 5 and wait there. ROOM FIVE. Ali Yes, Yes I'm understanding you. Thank you. Ali leaves. Mr. Brown enters Mr.Brown Good morning Miss Courtney Miss C Good morning Mr. Brown. You have ten students enrolled in this course this year. The Local Authority of Education is sending you an Inspector. If you want to last longer in this school, you'd better make a good impression. Brown Sure. (Goes to the class room)Good evening. Quiet please. I'm pleased to meet you all. Ali We are also pleasing to be meeting you. Mr.Brown I'm Brown. Ali Oh no. You are committing a mistake. Brown Mistake? Ali Yes you're not brown. You are white. We are brown. Brown My name is Brown. I'm your teacher. Giovanni Ah you Professori. Brown Would you all like to sit down.Sit Down.(Two of them sit down)Oh not there! Over there. I shall call out your names and nationalities answer me -Present. Hey, Why am I very good and she is excellent? Mr. Brown All right you are both excellent! Anyone else. Ali Verb. Mr. Brown Good. Max Adverb. Mr. Brown Well done. Giovanni Adjective. Mr. Brown Yes. Taro Prepositiono. Mr. Brown Goodo. Good. Ranjeet Conjunctions Mr. Brown Well Done, one more. Come on… Does'nt anybody know what the other one is? An interjection. Can anybody tell me what an interjection is? Juan Sir! Mr. Brown Yes Juan Needle Mr. Brown What? Juan Doctor……injection. Mr. Brown No Juan, that's injection. Ah, right. Mr. Brown An interjection is a word put into a sentence to. We will now construct a sentence starting with a noun-Ranjit could you give me a noun please. Ranjit Idiot. Mr. Brown Idiot? Surely could have said something else. Ranjit I could have said Muslim. Ali Don't you be insulting me. Mr. Brown That will do. Now Ranjit you're here to learn English. Kindly keep your personal pryudies to yourself. Ranjit A thousand apologies. Mr. Brown Give me a noun please. Ranjit A Waiter Mr. Brown A waiter, good. Now Max an adjective. Mr. Brown Ranjit gave us a noun, Waiter. You describe him-Old, tall, short, thin. Max How do I know? I never met him. Mr. Brown We're not talking about an actual waiter, Max. Max He's a part time waiter. Mr. Brown We're trying to construct a sentence. Mr. Brown I want you to give me an adjective that describes the waiter. Max Hockay, an old waiter. Mr. Brown Old waiter. Max With a moustache Mr. Brown Just old will do Max Hockay Mr. Brown Now we need a verb. Mr. Brown Something he was doing. Danielle Making love. Mr. Brown Can't you think of something better he could have been doing? Danielle There's nothing better than making love. Mr. Brown Something more appropriate to a waiter in a restaurant. Served. Mr. Brown He served, good! The old waiter served… now we need an adverb. Taro Taro Ah so Mr. Brown An adverb please modifying the verb served Taro Carefully O Mr. Brown . Carefullyo… carefully.

An Era of Peace The age of Queen Elizabeth comprising the later half of the 16th century is the golden age in the history of the English people. It was an age in which the mind of the people was set free from the trammels of Medievalism, from fear of religious persecution, from fear of poverty and starvation, and from the fear of foreign invasion. It was an era of social, political and religious peace. Men were now free to devote themselves to art and literature. It was also an era of great adventure, travel and discovery which fired the imagination of the people and impelled them to creative activity. It is, therefore, a golden age of literature, an age in which the Renaissance, temporarily arrested by the religious quarrels of the previous era, could come to full flowering. Religious Compromise The young Queen had inherited not only the vanity and love of splendour and display of her father but also the political wisdom, sagacity and caution of her grandfather. She followed a wise policy of moderation and compromise. Men's minds were still oppressed with the fear of the religious persecution of the previous reigns. Both protestants and Catholics alike were smarting under the memories of persecution they had undergone. The nation was still divided within itself. The shrewd Queen did not permit herself to be dominated either by the Catholics or the Protestants. She kept the extremists of both the sects under check. Herself a sceptic, she adopted a policy of religious toleration. She followed the golden mean. Full religious freedom was granted to the people. Attempts were made at reconciliation with Pope, and she refused to be drawn into an open quarrel with Spain. But, at the same time, she favoured public worship of the Anglo-Catholic type and The English Bible was adopted. She employed in government service, both Catholics and Protestants, provided they were loyal. Both the extreme Catholics and the Puitans were kept in check. The result of this wise policy was that religious peace prevailed in England and she was saved from those religious wars, which tore France and Germany into pieces at the time. It was Elizabeth who made the Anglican Church a reality. Anglicanism is a kind of compromise between Catholicism and Protestatism. It may be called Anglo Catholicism. This Church was now accepted both by the Protestants and the Catholics. Social and Political Peace Elizabeth's wise policy of moderation also resulted in social and political peace. A working compromise was reached with Scotland, the Northern Barons were kept in check, and so peace was established in the traditionally disturbed border area. The Queen continued the wise policy of personal government adopted by her forefathers. Local Country Squires were appointed as Justices of the Peace. As they enjoyed great prestige in the area, justice could be done to the common man. The Queen strengthened their hands so that peace could be restored in the countryside. Normal social life again became possible. The poor and the unemployed were also taken care of. Poor Laws were passed according to which doles were granted to such as were unable to provide for themselves. The Popularity of the Queen It was through her wise policies, both at home and abroad, that the Queen endeared herself to all her people. And she fully deserved the adoration that was freely lavished upon her. She was a true child of the Renaissance. She was a fine young woman, cultured and refined, well-versed in humanistic learning, with a dignified presence, a lofty spirit, and a ready wit. She was a good orator, too, one who could easily move the people and win their hearts. The court on which this glamorous Queen presided was one of the most brilliant courts in Europe. The splendour of her court dazzled the eyes of the people, and combined with her wise policies, did much to increase her prestige and popularity. Worship of Elizabeth, the royal virgin, became the order of the day. "Elizabeth and her court became the focus of the English imagination as well as the centre of

A mind not to be changed by place or time. The mind is its own place, and in itself Can make a heav'n of hell, a hell of heav'n. Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.

Gulzar is a gifted writer with a " consistent passion " for Nature. In him nature seems to find a voice to express its joy and unhappiness, its desire and angst. He allows nature to acquire human characteristics to enter into a dialogue with its benefactor and predator, the mankind. Ecocriticism compels a reader to go beyond the literal merits of a work to comprehend the interconnectedness of the physical nature and the human culture. Nature held a hegemonic centre of life on earth with the human beings as its primary dependents. And it was a perennial source of inspiration and solace. But the constant abuse of its self by the mindless assailants has forced it to express its contempt and disappointment in harsher terms. The beauty becomes the beast. However nature still retains it power and refuses to be marginalized. While science tries to understand the aspects of nature and its implications, Literature, especially ecocentric texts, makes it audible and compels the reader think and respond critically. Gulzar's Green Poems voices not just the aesthetics of Nature but its threatening darker side which may turn predatory. He has captured this dichotomy in nature with his unique poetic skills. One can hear nature speak through the poet to express its varied sentiments of love, disappointment, anger, fear, and numbness etc., draped in fascinating imageries often metaphoric and allusive. Hence the snow which " looked so innocent " soon " turned to be so merciless " (9). Gulzars Poems provide a glimpse of organized the culture of nature which Nature fiercely wants to protect.

Literature is the written work of a specific culture, sub-culture, religion, philosophy which may appear in poetry or in prose. It brings out the current situation of the country and visualizes the sufferings of native people, condition of the women in society, writers own life incidents, and the political situation of their country.

Around sixty percent of married women in India are victims of domestic violence. The Dark Holds No Terrors is a treatise on the state of Indian women. The novelist being a woman herself has presented a realistic study of the attitude and conduct of women in Indian middle class families. Education is a major instrument to direct the process of change and development towards desired goals. This empowerment will develop self-esteem, confidence, ability to make decision, ability to self-evaluate and encouraging economic development. Education only makes her to survive in this world and fight against the society. Shashi Deshpande wants to say that she is writing about women in general, not about any one woman in particular. The fact, she finds, is that a woman suffers due to man and marriage. Shashi Deshpande describes how women should come out of it with the character of Sarita. The paper “Domestic rampage and survival of the protagonist in Shashi Deshpande’s The Dark Holds No Terrors” brings out the environment of an Indian women, and the suffering she faces inside and outside her house, and the way she treats it.

This paper examines the life of two women who are suppressed because of patriarchy. The novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns discusses the life of Mariam, the protagonist whose illegal beginning of life ends in a justifiable manner. This paper aims to expose the feministic perspective of the novel.

Literature, a reflection of the society is a fact that has been widely acknowledged. Literature indeed reflects the society; its good values and its ills. Literature means something that is written for refreshing and inspiring the mind. It records the thoughts and feelings of great minds. It attracts in two ways: through its matter and through its manner. Oppression is the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. We can see the writings of some authors who discussed about oppressive community. Classism, Racism, Colourism etc., are some of the types of oppression. Some examples of historically oppressed groups include people of African descent, people of Jewish faith and people of Asian descent. Gender Discrimination, Caste discrimination and Class distinction leads to oppression. According to feminist criticism, the roots of prejudice against women have long been embedded in Western culture and ideology. Gender discrimination advocates such myths that the male is by nature superior, and the female inferior; and the one rules and the other is ruled. These myths of gender and race distort the relations between women and men. In a world of male dominance, men are endowed with power for political and socioeconomic reasons, and they manipulate their power to control their opposites to satisfy their masculine desires. Because of this false assumption that males have more power than females, gender roles are defined accordingly. Class Distinction is the divisions among classes in the 18th Century varied by the person describing the classes. An interesting description is that by Daniel Defoe (Quoted from Porter, English Society, pp. 67-8). " The great, who live profusely; The rich, who live plentifully; The middle sort who live well; The working trades, who labour hard, but feel no want; The country people, farmers,etc., who fare

'Marriages are made in heaven' is a well known adage and the need to define how these marriages function rises from understanding marital bonds. The present scenario in civilized society records an increasing number of people seeking divorce due to various reasons. Misunderstandings between spouses have increased and the need to understand these problems has declined. The need of the hour is to identify the problem and uproot it before it bestows havoc on the family. Extracting lessons from the stories contrived by today's novelists is the objective of this study. Recent day novelists portray significant amount of pictures of real life instances in their novels and it is this portrayal that contributes towards better understanding of people and relationships. Ample opportunities are given to people to dissect, analyze and annihilate stumbling blocks in marital relationships and by recognizing the need to learn from mistakes, the paper focuses on instances that can help alleviate them in married life.

The novel Oceans Apart sets on the course of forgiveness. A child named Max dwells on the his unpredictable life. The child's mother Kiahna had prepared for her untimely death --the child had not understood the impact of the separation. The question to the future of these single raised children lies in the hands of the Creator's love and gentle people.

Oceans Apart discusses the story of a child countering the need of attachment with his parental caregivers. Kiahna and Connor had an illegal affair and the evident birth of a child did not hamper the child to create healthy loving attachment patterns. However it did create the urgency to seek his biological father after his mother's death. This paper presents the story of Max's internal working model in close connection to the lovely, intricate-interconnected motherly relationship. Abstract-Oceans Apart discusses the story of a child countering the need of attachment with his parental caregivers. Kiahna and Connor had an illegal affair and the evident birth of a child did not hamper the child to create healthy loving attachment patterns. However it did create the urgency to seek his biological father after his mother's death. This paper presents the story of Max's internal working model in close connection to the lovely, intricate-interconnected motherly relationship.

The God of love perpetuates the feeling of belonging in family life and seeks the bonding of a wedded couple to recreate that which was lost in the supernatural Garden of Eden-a state of purity. The loving God establishes a limit for the seas and the oceans—a limit that would never cross man's territory. Similarly a territory for permissive marital loving gestures is set unquestionably by the Creator God— " to love and to hold and to cherish " as said in the ceremony of marriage; Love restores and only a longing for the purest love will encourage and uplift to love more till the eternal calling and love to the extent and beyond to the tomorrow that lives forever.

There has been a steady loss of talent in the arts, especially where there has been a dearth of true enjoyment of papers and good writings. This paper seeks to reposition love of the arts through hints of stories knitted orally and through written pieces of paper safely collected together in the form of a significant book.

In the twenty-first century, America became large enough to stir men into passionate ideological argument about the virtues and vices of family life. Writers found a way to include in literature the different experiences they faced in life. The city life plays a drastic role to affect the mindset of the people; time is another factor and yet they found it a means to recreate that which

The legends of old and the histories of time ago discuss chivalry, great things not expected and things forlorn; even of people succumbed to the deraining of values and positive aspects that could change the destinies of many, inspire new learning and promote renowned fame. The story of Daniel; his social enquiry into the affairs of great men , of kings, of a nature to save the lives of men and women through the dream of a king called Nebuchadnezzar is indeed a backdrop to many situations discussed in the bibliographies of books penned by inspiration: divine inspiration.