In a highly globalised, competitive world, urban strategies often highlight festivals and events ... more In a highly globalised, competitive world, urban strategies often highlight festivals and events as activities which can attract tourists and investors, extend the tourism season and boost the economy. Event tourism as a term is now well established in the tourism lexicon, however, it is usually employed in quite a limited way that offers only partial insights into a complex phenomenon. To redress this deficit, this paper examines the case of Dublin, where for the last twenty-five years, policy-makers have been using festivals and events to boost the city’s international standing. The aim is to investigate whether policy-makers can strategically use events to further tourism goals while simultaneously fostering socio-cultural development more broadly. Methodologically, the study reported undertakes a detailed, critical analysis of public policy documents that relate festivals and events to tourism. It finds a range of policy perspectives at play but overall, there is a clear tendency for festivals and events to be framed through an urban entrepreneurial lens that under-appreciates social and cultural issues. In contrast, a second set of findings reported from primary research undertaken at one of the main tourism–oriented festivals in the city show how festival experiences can generate enjoyment, sociability, pride, inclusion and belonging for both tourists and other city users alike, while simultaneously producing economic returns. Together, the findings of the policy analysis and the empirical case point to the need to re-think how events and tourism intersect to achieve optimal outcomes, especially in these post pandemic times when cities the world over are searching for more sustainable tourism futures. The study recommends that event tourism policy-making adopt broader, more holistic terms of reference and suggests that lessons from practice could be employed to inform better policies.
Festivals and the City: The Contested Geographies of Urban Events
In an increasingly digital age public libraries have had to adapt to rapid changes in how informa... more In an increasingly digital age public libraries have had to adapt to rapid changes in how information is produced, disseminated and consumed. This has led to questions about whether their physical presence matters any longer. In addition, they have been subjected to public funding cuts which seem likely to be exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic as demands on the public purse intensify. In terms of governance, as with other public spaces, there are signs of a move away from direct state involvement to arrangements involving a range of social actors. Developments like this which see the state reduce its oversight and involvement with public spaces have generally been interpreted negatively. In this context, Capillé (2017, 409) noted the importance of investigating the ‘publicness of public libraries and their value for society’. This chapter reports the findings of a study investigating the kinds of publicness that libraries foster. Empirically, it used a qualitative open-ended surve...
In this video Dr. Ziene Mottiar, Technological University Dublin, discusses the issue of qualitat... more In this video Dr. Ziene Mottiar, Technological University Dublin, discusses the issue of qualitative research for dissertations and theses with Dr. Bernadette Quinn and Dr. Theresa Ryan. Issues that are addressed include how to engage in qualitative research, why you would choose to use qualitative research and how to conduct interviews
This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library contex... more This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library context (Rogatchevskaia, 2018; Fouracre, 2015) by exploring the significance of a commemorative exhibition staged in a public library. Employing a qualitative methodology, it centres on the ‘Goodbye Dublin: The War of Independence in the City’ commemorative exhibition, staged by Dublin City Pearse Street Library, between August 14th and October 31st, 2019. The findings show that the commemorative nature of the exhibition appealed to a variety of new, lapsed and frequent library users, connecting with Irish and non-Irish residents, as well as tourists visiting the city. In this regard, the exhibition was effective in its objective of appealing to a new and wide-ranging audience, however, the findings underline the need for more diverse and varied marketing, if this aim is to be entirely successful. The staging of the exhibition as an active authoring and articulation of the past by the library is highlighted, and the use of multimedia is seen to transform the library into an emotionally charged, dynamic and multisensory space. This facilitates an immersive encounter, involving interplays between the exhibition narratives and visitors’ personal memories and interests. This offers different ways for visitors to engage with the library, inspiring them to find new meanings, explore issues of personal, collective and national identities, and to reassess contemporary events. Overall, the research makes an important contribution by highlighting the complexity and importance of commemorative exhibitions in the context of public libraries.
This assessment on e-tourism asks students to evaluate the e-tourism strategies of a particular d... more This assessment on e-tourism asks students to evaluate the e-tourism strategies of a particular destination. Students are broken into groups of 4-5 and all have to participate in all tasks. The wiki style allows the lecturer to see exactly who is contributing to what extent. It also encourages collaboration and students like it as it is something new
This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library contex... more This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library context (Rogatchevskaia, 2018; Fouracre, 2015) by exploring the significance of a commemorative exhibition staged in a public library. Employing a qualitative methodology, it centres on the ‘Goodbye Dublin: The War of Independence in the City’ commemorative exhibition, staged by Dublin City Pearse Street Library, between August 14th and October 31st, 2019. The findings show that the commemorative nature of the exhibition appealed to a variety of new, lapsed and frequent library users, connecting with Irish and non-Irish residents, as well as tourists visiting the city. In this regard, the exhibition was effective in its objective of appealing to a new and wide-ranging audience, however, the findings underline the need for more diverse and varied marketing, if this aim is to be entirely successful. The staging of the exhibition as an active authoring and articulation of the past by the library is highlighted, and the use of multimedia is seen to transform the library into an emotionally charged, dynamic and multisensory space. This facilitates an immersive encounter, involving interplays between the exhibition narratives and visitors’ personal memories and interests. This offers different ways for visitors to engage with the library, inspiring them to find new meanings, explore issues of personal, collective and national identities, and to reassess contemporary events. Overall, the research makes an important contribution by highlighting the complexity and importance of commemorative exhibitions in the context of public libraries.
This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library contex... more This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library context (Rogatchevskaia, 2018; Fouracre, 2015) by exploring the significance of a commemorative exhibition staged in a public library. Employing a qualitative methodology, it centres on the 'Goodbye Dublin: The War of Independence in the City' commemorative exhibition, staged by Dublin City Pearse Street Library, between August 14 th and October 31 st , 2019. The findings show that the commemorative nature of the exhibition appealed to a variety of new, lapsed and frequent library users, connecting with Irish and non-Irish residents, as well as tourists visiting the city. In this regard, the exhibition was effective in its objective of appealing to a new and wide-ranging audience, however, the findings underline the need for more diverse and varied marketing, if this aim is to be entirely successful. The staging of the exhibition as an active authoring and articulation of the past by the library is highlighted, and the use of multimedia is seen to transform the library into an emotionally charged, dynamic and multisensory space. This facilitates an immersive encounter, involving interplays between the exhibition narratives and visitors' personal memories and interests. This offers different ways for visitors to engage with the library, inspiring them to find new meanings, explore issues of personal, collective and national identities, and to reassess contemporary events. Overall, the research makes an important contribution by highlighting the complexity and importance of commemorative exhibitions in the context of public libraries.
Cognisant of the importance of student engagement in education being an international concern, th... more Cognisant of the importance of student engagement in education being an international concern, this chapter outlines a project to enhance student engagement undertaken at the Dublin Institute of Technology in Ireland. The 'Students in Action Project' involved students from a range of programmes and modules in the School of Hospitality and Tourism working with the local community and businesses of two tourism destinations: Slane, Co. Meath and Drogheda, Co. Louth in Ireland. The aim was to involve students in an active collaborative learning environment using a destination-based approach to define the parameters of engagement and collaboration and identify ways in which tourism and hospitality within the destination could be enhanced. In contrast to many previous studies on student engagement, the destination-based approach takes a more holistic view by including local industry, industry groups as well as civic and broader community members as key components of the destination. This chapter outlines the motivations underpinning the project, the process involved, and reflects on the benefits, limitations and lessons learnt. Outcomes beyond those intended arose from engaging with stakeholders outside the educational institution. The project has been a steep learning-curve for all, and on-going planning, negotiation and reflection are essential to the process. Fundamentally, all participants -staff, students and destination stakeholders -agreed that the rich outputs justified the effort involved.
This research investigates the local, place-based factors that influence tourism development, and... more This research investigates the local, place-based factors that influence tourism development, and asks why some tourism areas develop more than others. It provides important insights into the dynamics that occur at the local level, and contributes to the existing literature on destination development by investigating the influence of local tourist influentials; the presence of a social and professional milieu and the propensity for co-operation. Taking an inter-disciplinary approach, the research draws from existing tourism literature on models of tourism development, as well as literatures on entrepreneurship and industrial district theory. Underpinned by a pragmatic philosophy, it adopts a mixed-methods approach within a predominantly qualitative framework, and undertakes a comparative case study of tourism development in Killarney (a highly developed tourist town in the southwest of Ireland) and Clifden (a less developed tourist area in the west of Ireland). The research provides...
The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was establishe... more The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was established in 2012 as a way of engaging students and working with stakeholders in a destination. The overall aim of the project was to immerse students in an active collaborative learning environment within the destination to identify ways in which tourism could be enhanced. In the 2014/2015 academic year the project involved over 300 students from a variety of programmes and modules working with local stakeholders in Wexford Town. To-date the project has been successful in its aims to develop staff, student and community engagement and has generated positive impacts in terms of lecturer and student collaborations and has also provided substantial outcomes for the destination. Going forward, while posing challenges in terms of funding, timetabling and logistical issues, the project provides extensive opportunities for further enhancement of student engagement and collaborative learning.
The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was establishe... more The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was established in 2012 as a way of engaging students and working with stakeholders in a destination. The overall aim of the project was to immerse students in an active collaborative learning environment within the destination to identify ways in which tourism could be enhanced. In the 2014/2015 academic year the project involved over 300 students from a variety of programmes and modules working with local stakeholders in Wexford Town. To date the project has been successful in its aims to develop staff, student and community engagement and has generated positive impacts in terms of lecturer and student collaborations and has also provided substantial outcomes for the destination. Going forward, while posing challenges in terms of funding, timetabling and logistical issues, the project provides extensive opportunities for further enhancement of student engagement and collaborative learning.
An entrepreneurial ecosystem is a 'set of interdependent actors and factors coordinated in such a... more An entrepreneurial ecosystem is a 'set of interdependent actors and factors coordinated in such a way that they enable productive entrepreneurship within a particular territory' (Stam and Spigel, 2016
This report investigates the social and community impacts of the Gathering in Counties Kerry and ... more This report investigates the social and community impacts of the Gathering in Counties Kerry and Westmeath. Data were collected from local communities, event organizers and key informants in each county using on-line surveys, focus groups, interviews and surveys. The key finding is that the Gathering has had a significant positive impact on communities in the two counties. This impact can be seen in terms of strengthening community spirit and civic pride, building connections both within and outside local communities, enhancing skills of community members, the development of a strong sense of place and memory, and the identification by communities of the tourism potential of their area. It is also notable that while this was a national tourism project, actually only 8% of those who organized events were from the tourism sector, the research shows how as it developed the Gathering became as much about communities as about tourism. While the research does not identify many negative effects it is notable that only 27% of community respondents attended any Gathering events and 45% believed that the Gathering did not affect the average person. The research provides many interesting insights which are useful in terms of reflecting upon the impacts of the Gathering overall and in the event of planning any future Gathering project. The Gathering encouraged the development of events that otherwise would not have been organized. It enhanced skills, capabilities and organizational structures of many existing events. 96% of event organisers believed their event to be a success The Gathering encouraged self-reliance and capacity building among many communities and encouraged them to focus on tourism. 53% said that the Gathering has helped 'create a vision for their area that wasn't there before' 47% of community respondents think there will be a long term positive impact 27% of community respondents attended a Gathering event and 15% had friends or family visiting as a result of the Gathering. 73% of community respondents believed that the Gathering made the community more aware of the importance of tourism. 8% of event organizers were from the tourism sector. The Gathering 'gave ordinary people a platform to do extraordinary things'. The Gathering resulted in a 'pride of place' and 'self-belief'. There was a strong family emphasis to the Gathering: 'it was families who really benefited... it brought them together'
19 Studies of co-operative activity in the tourism literature focus largely on linkages between t... more 19 Studies of co-operative activity in the tourism literature focus largely on linkages between tourism 20 firms and little has been done to examine co-operation between tourism firms and those in other 21 sectors. Yet the inter-dependency that exits between tourism and other sectors in product 22 development is clearly apparent. One such example is in the production of cultural tourism where 23 co-operation between the cultural and tourism sectors is a necessity. 24
In a highly globalised, competitive world, urban strategies often highlight festivals and events ... more In a highly globalised, competitive world, urban strategies often highlight festivals and events as activities which can attract tourists and investors, extend the tourism season and boost the economy. Event tourism as a term is now well established in the tourism lexicon, however, it is usually employed in quite a limited way that offers only partial insights into a complex phenomenon. To redress this deficit, this paper examines the case of Dublin, where for the last twenty-five years, policy-makers have been using festivals and events to boost the city’s international standing. The aim is to investigate whether policy-makers can strategically use events to further tourism goals while simultaneously fostering socio-cultural development more broadly. Methodologically, the study reported undertakes a detailed, critical analysis of public policy documents that relate festivals and events to tourism. It finds a range of policy perspectives at play but overall, there is a clear tendency for festivals and events to be framed through an urban entrepreneurial lens that under-appreciates social and cultural issues. In contrast, a second set of findings reported from primary research undertaken at one of the main tourism–oriented festivals in the city show how festival experiences can generate enjoyment, sociability, pride, inclusion and belonging for both tourists and other city users alike, while simultaneously producing economic returns. Together, the findings of the policy analysis and the empirical case point to the need to re-think how events and tourism intersect to achieve optimal outcomes, especially in these post pandemic times when cities the world over are searching for more sustainable tourism futures. The study recommends that event tourism policy-making adopt broader, more holistic terms of reference and suggests that lessons from practice could be employed to inform better policies.
Festivals and the City: The Contested Geographies of Urban Events
In an increasingly digital age public libraries have had to adapt to rapid changes in how informa... more In an increasingly digital age public libraries have had to adapt to rapid changes in how information is produced, disseminated and consumed. This has led to questions about whether their physical presence matters any longer. In addition, they have been subjected to public funding cuts which seem likely to be exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic as demands on the public purse intensify. In terms of governance, as with other public spaces, there are signs of a move away from direct state involvement to arrangements involving a range of social actors. Developments like this which see the state reduce its oversight and involvement with public spaces have generally been interpreted negatively. In this context, Capillé (2017, 409) noted the importance of investigating the ‘publicness of public libraries and their value for society’. This chapter reports the findings of a study investigating the kinds of publicness that libraries foster. Empirically, it used a qualitative open-ended surve...
In this video Dr. Ziene Mottiar, Technological University Dublin, discusses the issue of qualitat... more In this video Dr. Ziene Mottiar, Technological University Dublin, discusses the issue of qualitative research for dissertations and theses with Dr. Bernadette Quinn and Dr. Theresa Ryan. Issues that are addressed include how to engage in qualitative research, why you would choose to use qualitative research and how to conduct interviews
This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library contex... more This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library context (Rogatchevskaia, 2018; Fouracre, 2015) by exploring the significance of a commemorative exhibition staged in a public library. Employing a qualitative methodology, it centres on the ‘Goodbye Dublin: The War of Independence in the City’ commemorative exhibition, staged by Dublin City Pearse Street Library, between August 14th and October 31st, 2019. The findings show that the commemorative nature of the exhibition appealed to a variety of new, lapsed and frequent library users, connecting with Irish and non-Irish residents, as well as tourists visiting the city. In this regard, the exhibition was effective in its objective of appealing to a new and wide-ranging audience, however, the findings underline the need for more diverse and varied marketing, if this aim is to be entirely successful. The staging of the exhibition as an active authoring and articulation of the past by the library is highlighted, and the use of multimedia is seen to transform the library into an emotionally charged, dynamic and multisensory space. This facilitates an immersive encounter, involving interplays between the exhibition narratives and visitors’ personal memories and interests. This offers different ways for visitors to engage with the library, inspiring them to find new meanings, explore issues of personal, collective and national identities, and to reassess contemporary events. Overall, the research makes an important contribution by highlighting the complexity and importance of commemorative exhibitions in the context of public libraries.
This assessment on e-tourism asks students to evaluate the e-tourism strategies of a particular d... more This assessment on e-tourism asks students to evaluate the e-tourism strategies of a particular destination. Students are broken into groups of 4-5 and all have to participate in all tasks. The wiki style allows the lecturer to see exactly who is contributing to what extent. It also encourages collaboration and students like it as it is something new
This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library contex... more This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library context (Rogatchevskaia, 2018; Fouracre, 2015) by exploring the significance of a commemorative exhibition staged in a public library. Employing a qualitative methodology, it centres on the ‘Goodbye Dublin: The War of Independence in the City’ commemorative exhibition, staged by Dublin City Pearse Street Library, between August 14th and October 31st, 2019. The findings show that the commemorative nature of the exhibition appealed to a variety of new, lapsed and frequent library users, connecting with Irish and non-Irish residents, as well as tourists visiting the city. In this regard, the exhibition was effective in its objective of appealing to a new and wide-ranging audience, however, the findings underline the need for more diverse and varied marketing, if this aim is to be entirely successful. The staging of the exhibition as an active authoring and articulation of the past by the library is highlighted, and the use of multimedia is seen to transform the library into an emotionally charged, dynamic and multisensory space. This facilitates an immersive encounter, involving interplays between the exhibition narratives and visitors’ personal memories and interests. This offers different ways for visitors to engage with the library, inspiring them to find new meanings, explore issues of personal, collective and national identities, and to reassess contemporary events. Overall, the research makes an important contribution by highlighting the complexity and importance of commemorative exhibitions in the context of public libraries.
This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library contex... more This research responds to calls to further our understanding of exhibitions in the library context (Rogatchevskaia, 2018; Fouracre, 2015) by exploring the significance of a commemorative exhibition staged in a public library. Employing a qualitative methodology, it centres on the 'Goodbye Dublin: The War of Independence in the City' commemorative exhibition, staged by Dublin City Pearse Street Library, between August 14 th and October 31 st , 2019. The findings show that the commemorative nature of the exhibition appealed to a variety of new, lapsed and frequent library users, connecting with Irish and non-Irish residents, as well as tourists visiting the city. In this regard, the exhibition was effective in its objective of appealing to a new and wide-ranging audience, however, the findings underline the need for more diverse and varied marketing, if this aim is to be entirely successful. The staging of the exhibition as an active authoring and articulation of the past by the library is highlighted, and the use of multimedia is seen to transform the library into an emotionally charged, dynamic and multisensory space. This facilitates an immersive encounter, involving interplays between the exhibition narratives and visitors' personal memories and interests. This offers different ways for visitors to engage with the library, inspiring them to find new meanings, explore issues of personal, collective and national identities, and to reassess contemporary events. Overall, the research makes an important contribution by highlighting the complexity and importance of commemorative exhibitions in the context of public libraries.
Cognisant of the importance of student engagement in education being an international concern, th... more Cognisant of the importance of student engagement in education being an international concern, this chapter outlines a project to enhance student engagement undertaken at the Dublin Institute of Technology in Ireland. The 'Students in Action Project' involved students from a range of programmes and modules in the School of Hospitality and Tourism working with the local community and businesses of two tourism destinations: Slane, Co. Meath and Drogheda, Co. Louth in Ireland. The aim was to involve students in an active collaborative learning environment using a destination-based approach to define the parameters of engagement and collaboration and identify ways in which tourism and hospitality within the destination could be enhanced. In contrast to many previous studies on student engagement, the destination-based approach takes a more holistic view by including local industry, industry groups as well as civic and broader community members as key components of the destination. This chapter outlines the motivations underpinning the project, the process involved, and reflects on the benefits, limitations and lessons learnt. Outcomes beyond those intended arose from engaging with stakeholders outside the educational institution. The project has been a steep learning-curve for all, and on-going planning, negotiation and reflection are essential to the process. Fundamentally, all participants -staff, students and destination stakeholders -agreed that the rich outputs justified the effort involved.
This research investigates the local, place-based factors that influence tourism development, and... more This research investigates the local, place-based factors that influence tourism development, and asks why some tourism areas develop more than others. It provides important insights into the dynamics that occur at the local level, and contributes to the existing literature on destination development by investigating the influence of local tourist influentials; the presence of a social and professional milieu and the propensity for co-operation. Taking an inter-disciplinary approach, the research draws from existing tourism literature on models of tourism development, as well as literatures on entrepreneurship and industrial district theory. Underpinned by a pragmatic philosophy, it adopts a mixed-methods approach within a predominantly qualitative framework, and undertakes a comparative case study of tourism development in Killarney (a highly developed tourist town in the southwest of Ireland) and Clifden (a less developed tourist area in the west of Ireland). The research provides...
The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was establishe... more The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was established in 2012 as a way of engaging students and working with stakeholders in a destination. The overall aim of the project was to immerse students in an active collaborative learning environment within the destination to identify ways in which tourism could be enhanced. In the 2014/2015 academic year the project involved over 300 students from a variety of programmes and modules working with local stakeholders in Wexford Town. To-date the project has been successful in its aims to develop staff, student and community engagement and has generated positive impacts in terms of lecturer and student collaborations and has also provided substantial outcomes for the destination. Going forward, while posing challenges in terms of funding, timetabling and logistical issues, the project provides extensive opportunities for further enhancement of student engagement and collaborative learning.
The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was establishe... more The Students in Action Project in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism was established in 2012 as a way of engaging students and working with stakeholders in a destination. The overall aim of the project was to immerse students in an active collaborative learning environment within the destination to identify ways in which tourism could be enhanced. In the 2014/2015 academic year the project involved over 300 students from a variety of programmes and modules working with local stakeholders in Wexford Town. To date the project has been successful in its aims to develop staff, student and community engagement and has generated positive impacts in terms of lecturer and student collaborations and has also provided substantial outcomes for the destination. Going forward, while posing challenges in terms of funding, timetabling and logistical issues, the project provides extensive opportunities for further enhancement of student engagement and collaborative learning.
An entrepreneurial ecosystem is a 'set of interdependent actors and factors coordinated in such a... more An entrepreneurial ecosystem is a 'set of interdependent actors and factors coordinated in such a way that they enable productive entrepreneurship within a particular territory' (Stam and Spigel, 2016
This report investigates the social and community impacts of the Gathering in Counties Kerry and ... more This report investigates the social and community impacts of the Gathering in Counties Kerry and Westmeath. Data were collected from local communities, event organizers and key informants in each county using on-line surveys, focus groups, interviews and surveys. The key finding is that the Gathering has had a significant positive impact on communities in the two counties. This impact can be seen in terms of strengthening community spirit and civic pride, building connections both within and outside local communities, enhancing skills of community members, the development of a strong sense of place and memory, and the identification by communities of the tourism potential of their area. It is also notable that while this was a national tourism project, actually only 8% of those who organized events were from the tourism sector, the research shows how as it developed the Gathering became as much about communities as about tourism. While the research does not identify many negative effects it is notable that only 27% of community respondents attended any Gathering events and 45% believed that the Gathering did not affect the average person. The research provides many interesting insights which are useful in terms of reflecting upon the impacts of the Gathering overall and in the event of planning any future Gathering project. The Gathering encouraged the development of events that otherwise would not have been organized. It enhanced skills, capabilities and organizational structures of many existing events. 96% of event organisers believed their event to be a success The Gathering encouraged self-reliance and capacity building among many communities and encouraged them to focus on tourism. 53% said that the Gathering has helped 'create a vision for their area that wasn't there before' 47% of community respondents think there will be a long term positive impact 27% of community respondents attended a Gathering event and 15% had friends or family visiting as a result of the Gathering. 73% of community respondents believed that the Gathering made the community more aware of the importance of tourism. 8% of event organizers were from the tourism sector. The Gathering 'gave ordinary people a platform to do extraordinary things'. The Gathering resulted in a 'pride of place' and 'self-belief'. There was a strong family emphasis to the Gathering: 'it was families who really benefited... it brought them together'
19 Studies of co-operative activity in the tourism literature focus largely on linkages between t... more 19 Studies of co-operative activity in the tourism literature focus largely on linkages between tourism 20 firms and little has been done to examine co-operation between tourism firms and those in other 21 sectors. Yet the inter-dependency that exits between tourism and other sectors in product 22 development is clearly apparent. One such example is in the production of cultural tourism where 23 co-operation between the cultural and tourism sectors is a necessity. 24
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