Architecture

空間認知能力の喪失は、施設入所の主要な原因である。しかし、そのような入所者の自立度や QOL には、ナーシングホームの中で特定の場所に行く能力と強く関連している。物理的な環境 は、入所者たちの wayfinding 能力を支援する大きな可能性を秘めている。データは 30 のドイ ツのナーシングホームから収集した。訓練されたナースが 5 つの wayfinding テストの実施によ り入所者の能力を評価した。各ナーシングホームの建築学的特長を分析し、それがテストの結果 に与える影響の統計学的有意差を Mann-Whitney の U 検定を用いて検定した(P<0.05)。この結 果、重度の認知症の人は、より環境に依存していることがわかった。もっとも重要な因子は、居 住エリアに人が少ないこと、方向にまったく変化の無い循環方式の直線的なレイアウト、リビン グとダイニングが 1 つしかないことであった。この結果や更なる結果が建築のガイドラインに なった。

Objective: This paper provides an overview of the available literature on architectural wayfinding design for people with dementia in nursing homes. The results were to be summarized and substantiated through an interdisciplinary interpretation, taking into account changes in the orientation process of people with dementia. Background: Spatial disorientation and declining wayfinding abilities are among the early symptoms of dementia, limiting a person's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) independently and ultimately, perhaps leading to institutionalization. A prerequisite to maintaining residents' quality of life in a nursing home is their ability to orient themselves within their new environment. Approach: The available literature on wayfinding design for people with dementia in nursing homes was reviewed. Two aspects of interventions for residents' wayfinding abilities were identified: the design of the floor plan typology and environmental cues. Results: The design of the physical environment plays a major role in supporting the wayfinding abilities of people with dementia. The floor plan design of a nursing home in particular has a significant influence on residents' spatial orientation and wayfinding. Additional interventions such as signage, furnishing, lighting, and colors are additional supporting features but they cannot compensate for an adverse architectural design. Conclusions: For the creation of a supportive, dementiafriendly environment, both aspects of architectural design must be considered. Design guidelines to support the wayfinding abilities of people with dementia were developed to synthesize both.

Wenn Menschen sich nicht mehr orientieren können, brauchen sie eine Umgebung, die auf sie zugeschnitten ist. In einem Forschungsprojekt suchen Architekten nach Konzepten und Gestaltungsempfehlungen für die eigenen vier Wände, Pflegeheime und Krankenhäuser.

Der Umgang mit den spezifischen Anforderungen an die Betreuung und Pflege von Menschen mit Demenz wird immer mehr zu einer zentralen Aufgabe von Altenpflegeeinrichtungen wie auch von Krankenhäusern. Die nicht-medikamentösen Therapieformen erhalten dabei zunehmend die Aufmerksamkeit der verschiedensten Fachdisziplinen. Dies umfasst auch die Architektur, indem ein räumliches Umfeld, welches die Symptome einer Demenz berücksichtigt und somit mildern kann, geplant wird. Gesine Marquardt stellt ihnen im Folgenden Möglichkeiten und Vorteile einer demenzgerechten Architektur vor.

OBJECTIVE: In this review the impact of the design of the built environment on people with dementia in long-term care settings is systematically analyzed and summarized. Architects and designers will be provided with credible evidence on which they can confidently base their design decisions. Researchers will be able to determine which environmental aspects have been well investigated and where there are gaps in the current state of the research.

BACKGROUND: A great number of studies have established a relationship between the design of the physical environment of long-term care settings and outcomes of people with dementia. However, the methods employed are heterogeneous and the results are often conflicting. Consequently, the process of integrating the best evidence available into architectural designs may be hindered.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted reviewing studies that meet certain inclusion criteria. Using an evidence-based approach, the methodical quality of the studies was rated.

RESULTS: One hundred sixty-nine studies were found. They were thematically summarized into four main categories: basic design decisions, environmental attributes, ambience, and environmental information. The effectiveness of the interventions on the behavior, cognition, function, well being, social abilities, orientation, and care outcomes on people with dementia was illustrated by matrices.

CONCLUSIONS: Results of this review indicate that, with the exception of cognition, specific design interventions are beneficial to the outcomes of people with dementia. Overall, the field of environmental design for people with dementia is well researched in many aspects and only few gaps in knowledge were identified.

Various artists and architects show a special interest in issues related to projection. Borromini, El Lissitzky, M.C. Escher, Peter Eisenman and Patrick Hughes, to name a few, have used and modified the regularities of linear perspective to match their intentions. Furthermore we will focus on paintings, that are actually in conflict with projection as taught in Descriptive Geometry. Consequently the topic is dealing with perception and optical illusion. The dominant picture-creating method of today is photography. To keep up with the quality of photographs, rendering software is conventionally used to create correct images -correct with regard to only using the rules of central and parallel projection. We will extend the range of achievable representations by implementing other projective concepts into a common software package. By this way we want to get closer to some phenomena in art and architecture as mentioned above. In order to keep the balance between "acceptable" and "chaotic" we will discuss and classify the results in relation to comprehensibility. We ask: "Can the image or model be seen as a -more or less -strange representation of a familiar object or is it a strange object in itself?" The different deformations applied are systematically based on linear and quadratic spatial transformations, for example relief perspective and inversion. Although even more chaotic mappings could be taken into account, this restriction to classical geometrical methods guarantees legibility as desired in this context. At any time the observer should be able to understand and reconstruct the represented space. Starting from a relief perspective we will invert the visibility on the viewing rays of a central projection. The result reminds us of some paintings of the Middle Ages. Models of the spatial transformations are created by means of a rapid prototyping system. Such a system is existing at the department of geometry in Dresden.

Come previsto quasi 50 anni fa in The Limits to Growth (Donella H. Meadows et al., 1972), gli effetti dei nostri interventi sull'ambiente hanno ormai un impatto sulla vita di tutti i giorni. Al pari dei membri di molte altre professioni inte-ressate, gli architetti si sono dichiarati consape-voli del problema e disponibili ad assumersi la responsabilità di mitigare una catastrofe globale che-come sottolineano gli scienziati-si può ancora scongiurare, anche se solo teorica-mente. Secondo l'impegno sottoscritto da oltre 800 studi di architettura nel Regno Unito, per rendere il settore edilizio parte di un "sistema autosufficiente in costante rigenerazione", è ne-cessario un cambio di paradigma. I passaggi indicati per effettuare questa tra-sformazione sono numerosi. Come nella mag-gior parte di questi scenari, la speranza è ripo-sta in materiali e metodi di costruzione rigene-rativi e rispettosi del clima, forniti dalla ricerca, dalle nuove tecnologie e da standard progres-sivi. Questo si traduce in un'architettura sem-pre più regolata e, purtroppo, meno diretta-mente legata a capacità artigianali e immagina-zione spaziale. Gli obiettivi mirati a ridurre l'im-patto negativo di un'attività edilizia in costante aumento sono fissati da decenni, ma, anche dove sono stati parzialmente rispettati, ciò non ha comportato alcuna riduzione complessiva delle emissioni di anidride carbonica o di un sempre crescente uso del suolo. I vantaggi ac-quisiti sono stati inoltre più che controbilan-ciati dalla domanda dei consumatori e dall'ef-fetto rimbalzo. È dubbio che in tempi recenti ci sia stata una significativa attività di costruzione che possa essere definita sostenibile nel senso stretto del termine. Nella dichiarazione d'intenti degli architetti dobbiamo quindi considerare una componente di ordine diverso: la semplice necessità di co-struire meno. Questa opzione assolutamente ovvia è stata giustamente posta in primo piano dal contributo Tedesco "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Architecture as Resource" ("Ridurre, riuti-lizzare, riciclare. Architettura come risorsa") alla Biennale di Architettura di Venezia del 2012. Tuttavia, nei nostri sforzi pratici verso una cultura edilizia sostenibile, viene spesso la-sciata da parte. Sappiamo perché: è probabil-mente l'opzione più difficile da seguire, sia at

Cultural heritage has always been exposed to the risks and threats of natural disasters. Whereas preventive mitigation strategies are predominantly aimed at protecting the population and its material assets, their practical measures have side effects: they pose new risks or may even do harm to the environment and to the often fragile structures and landscapes which constitute our built heritage.
Now, however, the intangible values of cultural heritage are being increasingly recognized by cities and regions, though, defying quantification, they cannot be easily weighed against material values or against the cost of mitigation projects (Quarantelli 2003). In a nationwide comparative study conflicts and compromises
between safety and authenticity, protection and preservation, have been addressed and practical approaches discussed (Lieske, Schmidt and Will 2012). This study is outlined in the following.