Papers by Rusudan Zekalashvili (Shamelashvili)
The represented article discusses one of the most actual issues of linguistics, namely, the categ... more The represented article discusses one of the most actual issues of linguistics, namely, the category of reflexivity, also those lexical means by which the features are shown in Georgian. The history of studying the mentioned category in Georgian linguistics as well as in foreign languages, are briefly discussed in the article. Special attention is paid to the newest views of the issue shown in the latest investigations. The main point of our investigation is to study the reflexive pronoun 'tavi' (head = myself, itself, himself...), to show its morphological-syntactic characteristics in the Georgian language, and to find out the specifications of the constructions and their usage. In our investigation, we have underlined the fact that it is necessary to show the difference between the narrow and the broad meaning of reflexivity. In its narrow meaning, reflexivity is characteristic of the pronoun 'tav' (head = 'self') and this pronoun formally represents the direct object but in its broader meaning, it also contains the forms of subjective version which have vowel prefix i-. The forms with the vowel prefixes are also considered reflexive forms, as well as one-valency verbs in which the action does not go on to the object, it does not leave the space of the subject. The reflexive pronoun is derived through grammaticalization of the noun tavi (head) (a similar phenomenon occurs in some other languages as well). The word 'tavi' as a reflexive pronoun ('head' in the meaning of 'self') is also documented in some texts as being used earlier, in the Old and Middle Georgian language forms. According to N. Amiridze, the simple and complex reflexives can be marked out as 1. Reflexive can be said simple when only the Georgian reflexive pronoun 'tavi' is connected to the verb; 2. Reflexive can be complex if the reflexive pronoun is accompanied by a possessive one ('chemi tavi'-myself; 'sheni tavi'-yourself, and so on).
Ena da Kultura/Language and Culture, Mar 3, 2024
ს ა ე რთა შ ორი ს ო ს ა მ ე ც ნ ი ე რო კ ონ ფე რე ნ ც ი ა "ე ნ ა და კ ულტურა " INTERNATION SCIENT... more ს ა ე რთა შ ორი ს ო ს ა მ ე ც ნ ი ე რო კ ონ ფე რე ნ ც ი ა "ე ნ ა და კ ულტურა " INTERNATION SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE "LANGUAGE AND CULTURE" IX, 2024 რუსუდან ზექალაშვილი ივ. ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი. თბილისი, საქართველო
,,INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUES“ TRANSACTIONS
The presented article reviews the issue of the different grammatical forms of two unrelated langu... more The presented article reviews the issue of the different grammatical forms of two unrelated languages, such are German and Georgian. Namely, the article deals with the Georgian equivalents of the German infinitive groups and constructions. Special attention is paid to the differences between the infinitive in the European languages and the masdar form in the Georgian language, along with the difficulties of translation caused by these differences. The Georgian equivalents to the German infinitive groups are highlighted, such as: infinitive in the function of the object or the subject of the sentence, bi-verbal constructions, and as for the infinitive construction – constructions with the participle forms expressing future tense, accompanied with the auxiliary verbs and the participles in the function of adverbial modifiers, are discussed
The represented article concerns the issues of semantics of the verb tense forms and the tools of... more The represented article concerns the issues of semantics of the verb tense forms and the tools of transferring their peculiarities when translating into the Georgian language. Special attention is paid to transsemantisation of the present and future forms, when the verb form and its content are separated. Such forms are called historical or narrative present (or future). Historical present or future make narrative more expressive and show rapid change of the events; sometimes this can be regarded as specific feature of the author’s individual writing style aiming to add more variety. The Georgian translations of the literary works of Nobel prize laureate writer Olga Tokarczuk are discussed here as the illustrative material. The tense forms of the original works are preserved in the translations in order to retain the proper stylistic peculiarities of the original texts. Though the similar verb forms are rare in the Georgian language, nevertheless they exist in some original literary...
წელიწდეული, Tselitsdeuli (Kutaisi Ilia Tchavtchavadze public library), 2016
RUSUDAN ZEKALASHVILI, MARIAM ABESADZE
THE FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC MICRO-FIELD OF NEGATION IN THE
GE... more RUSUDAN ZEKALASHVILI, MARIAM ABESADZE
THE FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC MICRO-FIELD OF NEGATION IN THE
GEORGIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE AND DIALECTS
Negation is studied within many scientific fields: logics, philosophy,
communication theory, linguistics and others. The functional-semantic category of
negation is fundamental, complex and multiaspectual; it is found in every language
and occurs on all of their levels.
In the Georgian literary language negation can be expressed explicitly (by the
lingual signs) and implicitly (covertly, solely semantically or situationally). The
functional-semantic micro-field of negation is a part of the macro-field of
affirmation and negation. This micro-field envelopes the following levels:
morphological, lexical, derivative and syntactic.
The core of the micro-field contains the predicative or general tools of
expressing negation: ar ‘no’, aãar ‘no more’, arts ‘neither’; nu ‘no’ [in the meaning
‘do not’], nuãar ‘not any more’, nurts ‘not either’; ver ‘no’ [in the meaning ‘cannot
more’], veãar, verts ‘not either’. The particle ver adds some modal nuance of
impossibility.
The following lexical means can be pointed out on the first level of the field:
negative pronouns and adverbs, expressing proper negation (negation of a person,
thing, attribute, feature, place, time or situation).
On the second level we place negation expressed through derivation:
derivation by means of particles ar ‘not’, ver ‘not’ [in the meaning ‘cannot’, ‘it is
impossible’] occurring in the nouns/adjectives and adverbs, and there we place the
reversal forms of the participles on this level too.
Syntactic negation is placed in the peripheral part, farthest from the core.
This type of negation is expressed by the special syntactic constructions.
The negation system in Georgian is the same for the literary language and for
the dialects, the differences evidenced only in the phonetic variations of the certain
lexical units (arafeli, verafeli, aferi, veferi, artsertsi, artsrois…), in multiplicity of
the particles in the dialects and some pronouns with different manner of derivation:
arak’atsi ‘nobody’, verak’atsi ‘nobody, neither’ and loan word hesh…
The Georgian language and its dialects belong to the mixed type of negation
considering the fact that it is possible to use mono-negative and poly-negative (mainly
in the doubled negation) types in parallel.
International Journal of Multilingual Education, 2021
Difficulties in the Georgian language learning are conditioned by the complexities of the languag... more Difficulties in the Georgian language learning are conditioned by the complexities of the language itself and by its otherness in comparison with the European languages. After the reading and writing skills are obtained, the complexities of the Georgian grammar remain to seem impossible to overcome multiple diversifications of the forms of the parts of speech, abundance of affixes, polypersonality of verbs – all those factors originate several problems for the foreign learners. It is already several years that the program “Irbakhi” has been working on in the Ministry of education and science of Georgia (prof. Marika Odzeli − the author and coordinator of the program), website www.geofl.ge is created and is provided by the learning and methodological material, containing manuals, working sheets, reading material, methodological papers, reference material in grammar, grammar guide books and all the materials correspond to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL...
Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage]
Names of ethnocultural realities occur in every language. They pose quite serious challenges to l... more Names of ethnocultural realities occur in every language. They pose quite serious challenges to lexicographers in the process of compiling translation dictionaries. The reason for that is often the untranslatability of such words and the absence of their precise equivalents in other languages. This is a serious problem when compiling any translation dictionary but at the same time, the entirety of such lexical units create the national and linguistic image of the Universe. There is not a single uniform opinon about the classification of the ethnocultural lexis among the linguists. Some of them consider that such lexis includes idioms, phraseologisms, proverbs, and even proper names. When incorporating the names of ethnocultural realities in the dictionary, it is essential to select such words beforehand and divide them into thematic groups, on the one hand, and to explore and discover the relevant translation tools, on the other hand. One of the functions of the translation dictiona...
ქართულ-გერმანული ლექსიკონი მოიცავს თანამედროვე ქართული ენის 45 ათასზე მეტ ლექსიკურ ერთეულს - სიტყ... more ქართულ-გერმანული ლექსიკონი მოიცავს თანამედროვე ქართული ენის 45 ათასზე მეტ ლექსიკურ ერთეულს - სიტყვას, შესიტყვებასა და ფრაზეოლოგიზმს, გარკვეული ადგი-ლი ეთმობა სპეციალურ ტერმინებსაც; თითოეულ სალექსიკონო ერთეულს ახლავს გრამატიკული დახასიათება, საჭიროების შემთხვევაში მითითებულია სტილისტიკური ელფერი. ლექსიკონი განკუთვნილია გერმანული ენით დაინტერესებული მოსწავლეებისა და სტუდენტებისათვის, დახმარებას გაუწევს ქართული ენის შემსწავლელ უცხოელებსაც. The Georgian-German dictionary contains an active literature lexics of modern Georgian, moreover idioms, phraseology and the terminology of different branches more than 45.000 lexical units. The words are gramatically characterised. Different stylistic references simplifices appropriate usage of the dictionary to the users. The dictionary is useful to use for students and the foreigners interested in Georgian.
Georgian dialogic speech (Main Linguistic and Extra-linguistic Characteristics), 2012
ნაშრომში განხილულია დიალოგური მეტყველების ლინგვისტური და ექსტრალინგვისტური მახასიათებლები, დიალოგ... more ნაშრომში განხილულია დიალოგური მეტყველების ლინგვისტური და ექსტრალინგვისტური მახასიათებლები, დიალოგის სტრუქტურულ–სემანტიკური თავისებურებები, გამოვლენილია მისი უნივერსალური და სპეციფიკური ნიშნები. განსაკუთრებული ყურადღებაა გამახვილებული ვერბალური თავაზიანობის როლსა და მნიშვნელობაზე კომუნიკაციის დროს, განსაზღვრულია თავაზიანობის ფენომენის მნიშვნელობა საკომუნიკაციო სტრატეგიის არჩევისათვის ქართულ დიალოგებში. ამას გარდა, გაანალიზებულია თავაზიანობის გამოხატვის საშუალებები სხვადასხვა ენობრივ დონეზე და გამოყოფილია საკომუნიკაციო რეგისტრთა მარკერები; დახასიათებულია გრამატიკული კატეგორიების კონტექსტური სემანტიკური ცვლილებები და ტრანსსემანტიზაცია თავაზიანობის გამოხატვისას.
Linguistic and extra linguistic markers of dialogue speech and structural-semantic characteristics of dialogue are discussed in this work. Special attention is paid to the role and importance of verbal courtesy in the process of communication. Means of expression of courtesy are analyzed at different linguistic levels and the markers of communication registers are separated. Georgian dialogues show universal as well as specific feature. The difference is mainly revealed in the particular speech units (on the phonologic, morphologic, syntactic and lexical levels) as well as in the para- and non-verbal spheres. Conversations are conducted in the traditional three-phased scheme, though speech etiquette specifics are remarkable, conditioned by the rules of speech behavior developed through the centuries, national-cultural differences and temperament. As for the general characteristics of the Georgian dialogic speech, we have separated out the universal features which are conditioned by the direct and spontaneous speech act: from one side it is economy, simplicity and laconism of the linguistic means; in the spontaneous conversations – repetition of the phrases, corrections, short answers; and on the other side – II. excess of the communicative-conversating means (pragmems). The specific features are: 1. Richness of the addressing means; 2. large number of expressive-emotional verbal units; 3. Emotionality and intensivity of extra-linguistic characteristics; 4. free attitude to the phases of the conversation and reglamentation of replies. Polite form of the second person, verbs changing in person and caressing and polite formulas make it possible in the Georgian language to exist morpho-semantic category of politeness. On the morphological level it has its own marker in the verb-form, it is ‘t’ and on the morphological level – personal pronouns we, you and euphemistic verb synonyms. Analysis of the verbal-nonverbal parameters of the Georgian dialogic speech confirms communicability of the Georgians (despite the exceptions) and unique capability of expressing emotions, empathy and tolerance in symmetric and asymmetric speech.
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Papers by Rusudan Zekalashvili (Shamelashvili)
THE FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC MICRO-FIELD OF NEGATION IN THE
GEORGIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE AND DIALECTS
Negation is studied within many scientific fields: logics, philosophy,
communication theory, linguistics and others. The functional-semantic category of
negation is fundamental, complex and multiaspectual; it is found in every language
and occurs on all of their levels.
In the Georgian literary language negation can be expressed explicitly (by the
lingual signs) and implicitly (covertly, solely semantically or situationally). The
functional-semantic micro-field of negation is a part of the macro-field of
affirmation and negation. This micro-field envelopes the following levels:
morphological, lexical, derivative and syntactic.
The core of the micro-field contains the predicative or general tools of
expressing negation: ar ‘no’, aãar ‘no more’, arts ‘neither’; nu ‘no’ [in the meaning
‘do not’], nuãar ‘not any more’, nurts ‘not either’; ver ‘no’ [in the meaning ‘cannot
more’], veãar, verts ‘not either’. The particle ver adds some modal nuance of
impossibility.
The following lexical means can be pointed out on the first level of the field:
negative pronouns and adverbs, expressing proper negation (negation of a person,
thing, attribute, feature, place, time or situation).
On the second level we place negation expressed through derivation:
derivation by means of particles ar ‘not’, ver ‘not’ [in the meaning ‘cannot’, ‘it is
impossible’] occurring in the nouns/adjectives and adverbs, and there we place the
reversal forms of the participles on this level too.
Syntactic negation is placed in the peripheral part, farthest from the core.
This type of negation is expressed by the special syntactic constructions.
The negation system in Georgian is the same for the literary language and for
the dialects, the differences evidenced only in the phonetic variations of the certain
lexical units (arafeli, verafeli, aferi, veferi, artsertsi, artsrois…), in multiplicity of
the particles in the dialects and some pronouns with different manner of derivation:
arak’atsi ‘nobody’, verak’atsi ‘nobody, neither’ and loan word hesh…
The Georgian language and its dialects belong to the mixed type of negation
considering the fact that it is possible to use mono-negative and poly-negative (mainly
in the doubled negation) types in parallel.
Linguistic and extra linguistic markers of dialogue speech and structural-semantic characteristics of dialogue are discussed in this work. Special attention is paid to the role and importance of verbal courtesy in the process of communication. Means of expression of courtesy are analyzed at different linguistic levels and the markers of communication registers are separated. Georgian dialogues show universal as well as specific feature. The difference is mainly revealed in the particular speech units (on the phonologic, morphologic, syntactic and lexical levels) as well as in the para- and non-verbal spheres. Conversations are conducted in the traditional three-phased scheme, though speech etiquette specifics are remarkable, conditioned by the rules of speech behavior developed through the centuries, national-cultural differences and temperament. As for the general characteristics of the Georgian dialogic speech, we have separated out the universal features which are conditioned by the direct and spontaneous speech act: from one side it is economy, simplicity and laconism of the linguistic means; in the spontaneous conversations – repetition of the phrases, corrections, short answers; and on the other side – II. excess of the communicative-conversating means (pragmems). The specific features are: 1. Richness of the addressing means; 2. large number of expressive-emotional verbal units; 3. Emotionality and intensivity of extra-linguistic characteristics; 4. free attitude to the phases of the conversation and reglamentation of replies. Polite form of the second person, verbs changing in person and caressing and polite formulas make it possible in the Georgian language to exist morpho-semantic category of politeness. On the morphological level it has its own marker in the verb-form, it is ‘t’ and on the morphological level – personal pronouns we, you and euphemistic verb synonyms. Analysis of the verbal-nonverbal parameters of the Georgian dialogic speech confirms communicability of the Georgians (despite the exceptions) and unique capability of expressing emotions, empathy and tolerance in symmetric and asymmetric speech.
THE FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC MICRO-FIELD OF NEGATION IN THE
GEORGIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE AND DIALECTS
Negation is studied within many scientific fields: logics, philosophy,
communication theory, linguistics and others. The functional-semantic category of
negation is fundamental, complex and multiaspectual; it is found in every language
and occurs on all of their levels.
In the Georgian literary language negation can be expressed explicitly (by the
lingual signs) and implicitly (covertly, solely semantically or situationally). The
functional-semantic micro-field of negation is a part of the macro-field of
affirmation and negation. This micro-field envelopes the following levels:
morphological, lexical, derivative and syntactic.
The core of the micro-field contains the predicative or general tools of
expressing negation: ar ‘no’, aãar ‘no more’, arts ‘neither’; nu ‘no’ [in the meaning
‘do not’], nuãar ‘not any more’, nurts ‘not either’; ver ‘no’ [in the meaning ‘cannot
more’], veãar, verts ‘not either’. The particle ver adds some modal nuance of
impossibility.
The following lexical means can be pointed out on the first level of the field:
negative pronouns and adverbs, expressing proper negation (negation of a person,
thing, attribute, feature, place, time or situation).
On the second level we place negation expressed through derivation:
derivation by means of particles ar ‘not’, ver ‘not’ [in the meaning ‘cannot’, ‘it is
impossible’] occurring in the nouns/adjectives and adverbs, and there we place the
reversal forms of the participles on this level too.
Syntactic negation is placed in the peripheral part, farthest from the core.
This type of negation is expressed by the special syntactic constructions.
The negation system in Georgian is the same for the literary language and for
the dialects, the differences evidenced only in the phonetic variations of the certain
lexical units (arafeli, verafeli, aferi, veferi, artsertsi, artsrois…), in multiplicity of
the particles in the dialects and some pronouns with different manner of derivation:
arak’atsi ‘nobody’, verak’atsi ‘nobody, neither’ and loan word hesh…
The Georgian language and its dialects belong to the mixed type of negation
considering the fact that it is possible to use mono-negative and poly-negative (mainly
in the doubled negation) types in parallel.
Linguistic and extra linguistic markers of dialogue speech and structural-semantic characteristics of dialogue are discussed in this work. Special attention is paid to the role and importance of verbal courtesy in the process of communication. Means of expression of courtesy are analyzed at different linguistic levels and the markers of communication registers are separated. Georgian dialogues show universal as well as specific feature. The difference is mainly revealed in the particular speech units (on the phonologic, morphologic, syntactic and lexical levels) as well as in the para- and non-verbal spheres. Conversations are conducted in the traditional three-phased scheme, though speech etiquette specifics are remarkable, conditioned by the rules of speech behavior developed through the centuries, national-cultural differences and temperament. As for the general characteristics of the Georgian dialogic speech, we have separated out the universal features which are conditioned by the direct and spontaneous speech act: from one side it is economy, simplicity and laconism of the linguistic means; in the spontaneous conversations – repetition of the phrases, corrections, short answers; and on the other side – II. excess of the communicative-conversating means (pragmems). The specific features are: 1. Richness of the addressing means; 2. large number of expressive-emotional verbal units; 3. Emotionality and intensivity of extra-linguistic characteristics; 4. free attitude to the phases of the conversation and reglamentation of replies. Polite form of the second person, verbs changing in person and caressing and polite formulas make it possible in the Georgian language to exist morpho-semantic category of politeness. On the morphological level it has its own marker in the verb-form, it is ‘t’ and on the morphological level – personal pronouns we, you and euphemistic verb synonyms. Analysis of the verbal-nonverbal parameters of the Georgian dialogic speech confirms communicability of the Georgians (despite the exceptions) and unique capability of expressing emotions, empathy and tolerance in symmetric and asymmetric speech.