Papers by Dr. Krishna Kaphle
Occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis in Stray Dogs from Nepal
Acta parasitologica, 2021
BACKGROUND Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria are widespread vector-borne helminths (VBH) of vete... more BACKGROUND Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria are widespread vector-borne helminths (VBH) of veterinary relevance. Dirofilariosis caused by D. immitis is frequently diagnosed in dogs often showing a severe clinical condition known as heartworm disease. Assessing the distribution pattern of canine dirofilariosis is pivotal to undertake appropriate control measures and define the risk of infection in animals and humans. This study provides original data on the occurrence of D. immitis in naive stray dogs from Nepal. METHODS An epidemiological study was performed on stray dogs from Siddharthanagar, Lumbini region, Nepal. Alive animals were blood sampled and examined for microfilariae using direct microscopy, buffy coat centrifugation and modified Knott's method. In addition, hematobiochemical parameters, including packed cell volume (PCV), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea and to...
Contribution of Veterinary Sector to Control COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal
Nepal has been identified in a high-risk zone by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Coro... more Nepal has been identified in a high-risk zone by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) Nepal’s first official reported case was confirmed on 13 January 2020 and so far, 24,000 cases have tested positive with 91 deaths The imposition of lockdown has begun since March 24 and it was extended until 22 July Reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and rapid diagnostic tests are used by the Government of Nepal to identify COVID-19 Among the worst-hit sectors are tourism as well as travel and the farming industries, the later contributes to the employment of around 65% of the population and a significant share of the national economy The loss of commercial sectors, such as dairy, feed, and poultry industries are estimated to be in billions of rupees One shortcoming of resource poorly managed countries, such as Nepal is the lack of interdisciplinary coordination Over half a decade long professional existence and crucial contributions in N...
1 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur Nadia... more 1 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur Nadia -700502West Bengal, India. 2 Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Mushroom is now considered crucial component for food safety and security. The phytonutrients in mushroom are now sought after food items. Micro-economy and community engagement in mushroom cultivation is helping rural economy. Urban and semi urban cultivation is also gaining popularity for various edible plants including mushroom and Calocybe indica an edible mushroom, native to India was first described by Purkayastha and Chandra (1947). Its milky white colour and robust appearance is appealing to all and provided with easy, reliable, renewable method of growing, its popularity is bound to increase. In this work the first two authors worked to develop the model for easy production. Findings reveal that, cylindric...
Effect of Parity on Lactational Efficiency of Murrah Crossbred Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis L . ) in Central Nepal
With the aim of determining effect of parity on different traits related to lactational efficienc... more With the aim of determining effect of parity on different traits related to lactational efficiency, Kalika Municipality, Padampur of Chitwan District was purposively selected and field assessment was conducted from April to August, 2017. Primary data were collected through direct interview with 37 buffalo rearing farmers using closed ended semi-structured questionnaire. Various traits related to lactational efficiency including colostrum period, days to reach peak milk yield, lactation length and dry period were taken under consideration. One way analysis of variance was performed to assess the effect of parity on the traits considered using GenStat4. Findings of present study revealed that overall mean of colostrum period, days to reach peak milk yield, lactation length and dry period were 5.2±1.8 days, 23.3±8.8 days, 344.0±102.0 days, 110.9±61.4 days, respectively which were obtained with ranges 2-11 days, 10-45 days, 90-600 days, and 30-300 days, respectively. Meanwhile, parity h...
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a declared pandemic of our time and mankind’s advanceme... more Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a declared pandemic of our time and mankind’s advancement in science and medicine till now have been dwarfed and proving insufficient It looks likely that there is no other option but to live alongside this global, deadly and multifaceted virus and many more emerging and remerging diseases This opinion piece is a summary from review of literatures and accumulated experience of the author spanning over two decades in teaching, research and clinical setting of veterinary science The findings stresses on established fact that: Nepal is a hotspot for many zoonotic diseases that include Avian Influenza, Rabies, Japanese Encephalitis, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Cysticercosis and Fascioliasis Of the 39 zoonotic diseases reported in Nepal, viral diseases (Rabies, Avian influenza, Japanese encephalitis), bacterial diseases (Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Brucellosis) and parasites (Cysticercosis, Hydatidosis, Toxoplasmosis) are most not...
Current scenario of and future perspective for scientific research in Nepal
Heliyon
Scientific research can act as the 'bedrock for development' which can provide a solid fo... more Scientific research can act as the 'bedrock for development' which can provide a solid foundation for the overall socioeconomic transformation in a country through invention and innovation. The inclusion of seven groups of Nepalese monuments in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)'s world heritage sites provides evidence of the richness in architecture and civil engineering in the country, which also show how Nepal was influenced by arts and religious philosophy. The government of Nepal (GoN) has established different scientific departments, universities, and research institutions, and has tried to emphasize the application of science and research for the development of the nation. These institutions, however, have inadequate resources, exist in a poor academic and research environment and are subject to overt political influence. Despite these various problems, a variety of pioneer research and development activities have been conducted, which show positive rays of hope. This review presents history, current situation, progress and future perspective for scientific research and development in Nepal.
A Review of Global Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease, its Economic Impact, and Control Strategies
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease, particularly of cattle and water buffalo. ... more Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease, particularly of cattle and water buffalo. The disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus of family Poxviridae which is manifested by characteristic skin nodules, pyrexia, lachrymation, nasal discharge, and swelling of superficial lymph nodes. Lumpy skin disease causes huge economic losses to the livestock farmers due to significant milk loss, damage of the hides, and reproductive problems such as abortion and infertility in affected animals. Initially, LSD was confined to Africa but later spread to Asia and Europe, particularly after 2012. This article describes the spatial and temporal patterns of LSD outbreaks that occurred from 2005-Mid-September, 2020 using the publicly available outbreak data from the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). There were 3118 LSD outbreaks reported in the last 15 years with 2265 (72.6%) from Europe, 462 from Asia (14.8%), and 391(12.5%) outbreaks from Africa. 3070 (98.46%) of the total outbreaks during the study period occurred since 2012, with the highest month-wise outbreaks observed in July (778) and seasonally in the summer season (1873) which corresponds with the vector season. Since 2012, around 3 (2.78) new countries per year are being affected by LSD. The current situation of LSD spread demands for globally coordinated efforts to control this transboundary disease. Effective surveillance for early detection, vector control measures, vaccination, and regulation of animal movement is necessary to curb down the further spread of LSD.
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
Food safety and security are serious concerns to the world. The growing population, depleting res... more Food safety and security are serious concerns to the world. The growing population, depleting resources demand that judicious production is key and ensuring that the product is safe from the farm is a collective responsibility. Pork is the source of most consumed animal protein on the planet. Concerns of various type from chemical residues, environment pollution and source of pandemic diseases have challenged the growth of the pork industry. There is strong correlation between contamination of pork by pathogens like, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Trichinella spiralis and human health hazard. The purpose of this study is to outline the possible risk factors, antibiotic susceptibility pattern, prevalence, possible reason behind high prevalence and developed resistance and possible control measures for Campylobacter spp. (C. coli and C. jejuni). The risk factor analysis-based research clearly indicated that possible contamin...
Review of rabies in Nepal
One Health
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Mar 29, 2020
Buffalo rearing is major part of Nepalese agriculture and they are reared for milk, meat, draft p... more Buffalo rearing is major part of Nepalese agriculture and they are reared for milk, meat, draft power and manure. Buffaloes are the main source of milk production in Nepal producing about 65.3% of the total annual milk in the country. Different indigenous breeds such as Lime, Parkote and Gaddi as well as Indian Murrah and Nili Ravi are recorded in Nepal and they are raised in different management and production system. Different genetic and nongenetic factors cause variation in production and reproduction performance between these breeds and within these breeds also. Non genetic factors affecting the performance of these buffaloes are season of calving, parity, management practices, nutrition etc. In this paper, effect of parity on production traits such as colostrum period, lactation length, lactation yield and days to reach peak milk yield as well as reproduction traits such as calving interval, dry period and service period are reviewed. Thus, this paper after reviewing related articles from various journals, proceedings and magazines is aimed to evaluate the effect of parity on reproductive and production efficiency of buffaloes of Nepal. Though the performance of indigenous breed is generally considered low, there is high potential of these breeds under proper breeding and management programs.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A
Cow being the national animal of Nepal has special place in the society. Religious institutions h... more Cow being the national animal of Nepal has special place in the society. Religious institutions have since prehistoric time reared and cared for cattle herds and the tradition still continues. The Bageshwori Gaushala (cow shelter), initiated by the Hindu Rastraguru Yogi Narhaharinath in mid-1990s is one of the largest of such nucleus indigenous cattle herds in Nepal. Indigenous cattle conservation strategy of Nepal has recognized the importance of this nucleus herd, kept by grazing in the surrounding forest. Ethnoveterinary approaches of managing the herd health is in practice and vaccination was never done. Occasional outbreak did happen in past but overall the herd never suffered severe impact. In April 2018, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred at Bageshwori, Gaushala, Devghat, Bharatpur Metropolitan-1, Chitwan district of Nepal. In the bovine herd studied, 80 (53.33%) out of 150 affected animals presented characteristics FMD symptoms as vesicular lesions, drooling salivation, foot lameness, high fever and weakness. Following prompt supportive treatment, the condition improved. The complete recovery of infected herd was observed after 45 d. Laboratory analysis showed the presence of Aphthovirus serotype O in the clinical sample. The present study attempts to provide fresh insights into the recent FMD outbreak, clinical signs, their effective treatment protocol and preventive measures that must be practiced following FMD outbreak.
Nepalese Veterinary Journal
Pregnancy is a special condition where a female lodges one or more young ones within her uterus.... more Pregnancy is a special condition where a female lodges one or more young ones within her uterus. It is maintained by various endocrine physiology and metabolic changes between maternal and fetal circumstances. Space dine secreted by corpus luteum increases extraordinarily throughout the pregnancy, estrogen increases rapidly during first trimester and prolonged lifespan of corpus luteum and small quantity of estrogen prevents prostaglandins pulsatic secretion. We reviewed available literature to evaluate the accuracy of progesterone ELISA test kit in pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals. We found varying accuracy in global and Nepalese context but found that this is an important tool for early pregnancy diagnosis and infertility monitoringwith high accuracy which contributes to increase economic efficiency of a farm. This kit has been used for qualitative and quantitative study of progesterone to understand the reproductive status of animals. Therefore, its use is increasing in globa...
Archives of Veterinary Science and Medicine
Repeat breeders are the animals with more than 3 to 4 inseminations after calving having regular ... more Repeat breeders are the animals with more than 3 to 4 inseminations after calving having regular cyclicity yet failed to conceive. Therefore, it is considered as one of the most emerging and frustrated reproductive disorders among dairy herds in Nepal that hinders favorable productivity and causes heavy economic losses to the livelihood of the farmers. We performed a systemic review to be acquainted with hormonal therapy as a treatment of repeat breeding. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current information about the ongoing methods in the treatment of repeat breeders. Based on the review of articles, it was found that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration improved the conception rate in repeat breeder buffaloes and cows bearing dominant follicle in the ovary. In repeat breeder buffaloes and heifers with predominant corpus luteum and adequate body condition score (BCS), administration of PGF2α increased the pregnancy rates. Conception rate with Ovsynch protocol (GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH-TAI) usually was improved when initiation of program done during mid-diestrus i.e. days 5-12 of estrus cycle. Exogenous progesterone administration resulted in increased serum progesterone level during PGF2α injection that usually improves fertility of lactating dairy cows. In conclusion, hormonal treatment is considered to be most effective treatment to mitigate the problems of repeat breeding syndrome in Nepal. However, the first step of treatment involves good care, nutrition, better oestrus detection, timely insemination, periodic deworming to control parasite load and management of mating with bulls.
Journal of Biomedical Sciences
Background Swine are the most important meat animal, famous for white meat, which are prepared as... more Background Swine are the most important meat animal, famous for white meat, which are prepared as ham, bacon, gammon, sausages and pork. Swine are valuable animals and they are physiologically, immunologically and anatomically similar to humans and their organ can be transplanted to the humans. Due to modernization, the cultural food restriction has lost in the people of urban communities and among the younger generations in Nepal. Gradually changing feeding habit of Nepalese has proven pork to be a useful addition to the food menu. Not only 8.7 lakhs swine in Nepal but the global pig population which occupy 769.05 million are suffering every day from new challenges and threats from very harmful pathogens and diseases like swine dysentery, coccidiosis, swine influenza, etc. Swine influenza is highly contagious rapidly spreading zoonotic viral disease of pigs characterized by febrile respiratory disease often complicated with secondary bacterial infections. Vaccines are only tool for...
One health approach in Nepal: Scope, opportunities and challenges
One Health
Abstract One Health (OH) is a collaborative effort to attain optimal health for people, animals a... more Abstract One Health (OH) is a collaborative effort to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment. The concept of OH is still in its infancy in Nepal but is increasingly growing. The Government of Nepal (GoN) has taken some initiatives to tackle burgeoning problems such as antimicrobial resistance, highly pathogenic avian influenza and rabies using OH approach but there are several challenges at the level of implementation. Few non-governmental organizations support GoN to promote an OH approach. The major bottlenecks in implementing OH in Nepal include poor organizational structure to support OH, absence of a legal framework to implement OH, poor coordination among different governmental agencies, insufficient technical expertise, poor data sharing mechanism across sectors, limited budget and poor understanding at political level. We encourage GoN to address these gaps and prioritize the health problems where OH approach would give the best outcome. Institutional and legal frameworks need to be created to effectively implement an OH approach in Nepal. Increasing awareness among policy makers including political leadership and increasing regular government budget for OH activities would be helpful to promote OH in Nepal.
Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Ticks cause serious economic losses in livestock production worldwide. A study was conducted in 2... more Ticks cause serious economic losses in livestock production worldwide. A study was conducted in 2017/18 to determine the abundance of tick population on different geographical regions and body parts of cattle. Three study sites were taken from mid hill, inner terai and terai region of Nepal. A total of 45 dairy cattle (15 from each region) were included randomly for the study. Regarding the distribution of ticks in cattle body part, higher number of ticks were recorded on dewlap (38.61%) followed by perineum and udder (25.10%), ear base (15.06%), tail base (9.07%), abdomen (7.34%) and withers (4.83%). Similarly, highest numbers of ticks were recorded in Chitwan (19.46 ticks on an average) cattle followed by Dang (9.13 ticks on an average) and least in Lamjung (5.73 ticks on an average) cattle. This result indicates that higher tick infestation was found in warm, moist, hidden sites with good vascular supply and thin skin in cattle body. Similarly, more tick were recorded in cattle k...
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
Food insecurity, sadly still remains a concern with Nepal. The remote settlement of communities, ... more Food insecurity, sadly still remains a concern with Nepal. The remote settlement of communities, harsh terrains, inequity in income generation have left millions of Nepalese experiencing some level of food insecurity mostly among marginalized population in both urban and rural settings. A pilot study was conducted within ninety households of four different locations with the purpose to assess various dimensions of food and nutritional security of the landless people living in undocumented land by purposive selection of Chitwan District of Nepal. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain primary data and secondary data was obtained from Bharatpur Municipality and Madi Agriculture Service Centre, Chitwan. Analysis revealed 57.77% household expressed themselves as food secured in terms of their production and source of income while 42.23% were food insecure. The most food insecure ethnic group was Janajatis (indigenous) (34.21%) followed by Dalits and Brahmins (15.78%). Similar...
Sero-prevalence of leptospirosis and differentiation in blood parameters between positive and negative cases in dogs of Kathmandu Valley
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2018
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It affects both humans and anima... more Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It affects both humans and animals. Dogs may serve as a sentinel as well as a potential carrier for Leptospira infection in human. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sero-prevalence of leptospirosis, and differentiation in blood parameters in positive and negative cases of dogs. A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2016 to December 2016 in Kathmandu valley. A total of 70 blood samples were collected from street dogs and tested against Leptospira infection using Immunocomb Canine Leptospira Antibody Test Kit. Out of 70 blood samples tested, eight samples (11.4%) were positive. The average mean and SD of total leucocyte count of positive and negative cases were 79 750±12 090/mm3 and 11 026.98±4316.742/mm3, respectively. Levels of blood parameters (total leukocyte count (TLC), blood glucose, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), a...
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
This is a cross-sectional study to detect presence of antibiotic residues in meat sample of Kaila... more This is a cross-sectional study to detect presence of antibiotic residues in meat sample of Kailali and Kavre districts. Each sample out of 55 meat samples (muscles and liver) of poultry-41, goat-12, buffalo-9 and pig-4 from Kailali and Kavre was tested for different groups of antibiotic residues separately. The antibiotics tested were Penicillin, Tetracycline, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides and Sulfonamides. Samples were preserved at -84˚C in the deep freezer after collecting in sterile plastic pouch. Rapid test kit (78.9% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity) of G9 Co. Ltd., Thailand was used to detect residues in the samples. The protocol of kit was followed for the test. The overall prevalence of antibiotic residues in meat was around 22%. Meat samples exceeding the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) were 6. Liver was found with higher number of residues than muscles. The organ and location wise prevalence of residue was found statistically significant at p<0.05. The samples contained ala...
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
The research was done in cross sectional design to study about the prevalence of Haemonchus conto... more The research was done in cross sectional design to study about the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in goats of Western Chitwan of Nepal. A total of 252 fecal samples were collected through purposive sampling. Fecal samples were examined through sedimentation and floatation method. Egg per gram (EPG) was calculated through Mac Master Counting Technique of positive samples. Total prevalence was found to be 13.89%. Infection of parasite was more prevalent in males (15.18%) than in female (12.86%) but was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). In non-dewormed goats (40.32%), the prevalence was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in dewormed goats (5.26%). The results regarding the relationship between different age groups of goats and H. contortus showed that highest prevalence (14.54%) of parasite was observed in age group of below 1 year and the lowest (12.96%) in age group of above 2 year, statistically non-significant (P>0.05). Maximum goats were found with medium level...
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Papers by Dr. Krishna Kaphle