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Praveen Sekar

The Tamilnadu Dr. Mgr Medical University, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Scholar

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Phone: 8754179256
Address: Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India. 637205

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Papers by Praveen Sekar

Preliminary phytochemical analysis, formulation and evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of the formulated gel obtained from an Ethanolic leaves extract of Lour

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis

Infectious microbes like bacteria, viruses, or fungi commonly cause inflammation when they enter ... more Infectious microbes like bacteria, viruses, or fungi commonly cause inflammation when they enter the body, live in certain tissues or circulate in the circulation. For long years ago, natural sources have been used for the treatment of various diseases. In this way, belonging to the family Lamiaceae was found to be having various pharmacological activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, larvicidal and cardiovascular activities. The objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the topical gel using an Ethanolic leaves extract of The formulated gel F3 showed better spreadability with a net content of 99 % and a drug release of 94.84 %. The anti-inflammatory potential of the formulation F3 was evaluated using the inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and Human red blood cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay. The formulated gel and standard exhibited 45.86-82.32 % and 55.25-88.07 % of inhibi...

Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in pharmaceutical domain: A comprehensive review

World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the medical sector by enhancing diagnosis accuracy, ... more Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the medical sector by enhancing diagnosis accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, optimizing healthcare workflows and advancing medical research. Its ability to analyze complex data and assist healthcare professionals has the potential to revolutionize patient care and drive innovation in the field of medicine. Its ability to analyze the amounts of data, identify patterns and make predictions has significantly advanced these fields, leading to improved healthcare outcomes and fostering new avenues for medical research and development. In this review, various applications of AI techniques in healthcare, such as drug design, disease diagnosis, personalized treatment, gene editing and medical education. AI plays a crucial role in disease diagnosis by analyzing medical images, genomic data and patient records, were discussed. AI is transforming medical education by providing personalized and interactive learning experiences. AI algorithms can...

A Review on Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Applications of Chalcone-based Schiff Bases

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, Mar 15, 2023

_________________________________________________________________________________________________... more ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of compounds in the field of pharmaceutical and synthetic organic chemistry. The Schiff bases contain azomethine linkages which are obtained by the condensation of aldehyde/ketone with amines. Among the various types of Schiff bases, the chalcone-based Schiff bases play a vital role in the treatment of various ailments and various applications, which can be synthesized by using different types of chalcones as the starting materials. These types of compounds were synthesized by using various techniques like conventional means of synthesis, microwave-assisted reaction, heterocyclic catalyst-mediated synthesis and also by means of trituration. The chalcone or bis-chalcone-based Schiff bases and their derivatives contain-C=N linkage which exhibits various activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunosuppressant activities. Beyond these activities, these types of Schiff bases are also used in various chemical industries and fluorescent sensors, which also play a major role in the field of synthetic organic chemistry and coordination chemistry as intermediates. This review discusses the numerous synthetic strategies along with their applications in the field of medicine. Thus, this review will be helpful in developing more effective drug-like scaffolds for use in future drug design.

An Updated Review on Recent Advancements in the Diverse Biological Applications of Medicinally Privileged Scaffold: Chalcone and its derivatives

_________________________________________________________________________________________________... more ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fused heterocyclic compounds rank among the most significant systems in medicinal chemistry because of their wide-ranging biological effects. Among the various class of compounds, chalcones and their derivatives are found to be one of the important classes in the field of synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry. These derivatives are mainly synthesized by means of Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Crossed Aldol condensation and Knoevenagel condensation reactions, which provides wider applications in the field of medicine. Due to the broader biological applications like antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, anti-vitiligo and neuroprotective properties, these derivatives extended their role in coordination chemistry and also act as intermediates for the synthesis of various organic derivatives containing isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrimidine, naphthalene, indole, polyamine and other moieties as hybrid molecules. The present review discusses the biological applications of various chalcone derivatives. Due to their easiest way of synthesis, nowadays, these types of derivatives were tried for various ailments and by means of implementing various greener chemistry approaches, novel and potent derivatives can be synthesized and applied for various applications. Thus, this review will be helpful for the design of potent chalcone derivatives for numerous applications in the future.

Microwave assisted Schiff base metal complexes as potential anticancer and antimicrobial agents: A critical review

Open access research journal of science and technology, Mar 30, 2023

Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary ami... more Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary amines and carbonyl compounds. The presence of an azomethine group in the Schiff base facilitates coordination with transition metal ions. The term Schiff base is normally applied to these compounds when they are being used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions. Such complexes occur naturally, but the majority of Schiff bases are artificial and are used to form many important catalysts. Schiff base metal complexes prepared using microwave irradiation have gained more attention because of their excellent strategy in generating quick and stable products in higher yields by improving the speed of reaction with lesser energy and exhibits various biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antimalarial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiuretic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-HIV agents. Apart from biological applications, they are also used as a catalyst in Aldol reactions, polymerization reactions, oxidation reactions and other chemical reactions. Imine-ligand containing transition metal complexes including copper, zinc and cadmium, have proven to be effective starting points for the synthesis of metal or metal chalcogenide nanoparticles. In this review, various metal complexes derived from Schiff bases synthesised using microwave approaches are discussed along with their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities.

Medically significant monotypic species Martynia annua L.: A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Open access research journal of biology and pharmacy, Jan 30, 2023

Review on phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of Bixa orellana

Journal of pharmaceutical and biological sciences, Jan 15, 2023

Bixa orellana commonly known as Annatto is a lipstick tree belonging to the family Bixaceae. Indi... more Bixa orellana commonly known as Annatto is a lipstick tree belonging to the family Bixaceae. Indigenous populations in Brazil and other tropical nations have employed B. orellana L. for a variety of therapeutic purposes which is also known as "sappiravirai". The essential natural apocarotenoid obtained from B. orellana seeds namely bixin is broadly applied as a cosmetic and textile colorant. The carotenoids, which contribute to more than 80% of the annatto seed coat are responsible for the color orange-red. It is well known for its medicinal value and as a coloring agent. Annatto is used in food dye, body paint and the treatment of heartburn and it also reduces inflammation and blood sugar. The various parts of this plant has been reported to show many therapeutic indications like anti-bacterial, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-histaminic, anti-diarrheal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Carotenoids, apocarotenoids, terpenes, terpenoids, sterols and aliphatic compounds are the main compounds found in all parts of this plant. The various annatto plant parts have been utilized in traditional medicine for both the prevention and treatment of a variety of health issues. This review aimed to report the primary evidence found in the literature, concerning the pharmacological activities and phytochemical studies related to B. orellana. Regarding its application in food, cosmetics, leather, solar cells and other industries, significant research has already been done and is presently being conducted. This review demonstrates the well-studied pharmacological effect that might be relevant for the upcoming creation of a novel therapeutic medication. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Chemistry and synthetic methodologies of chalcones and their derivatives: A review

International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, Mar 30, 2023

Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are ... more Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are considered valuable moieties in the field of heterocyclic and synthetic organic chemistry. Chalcones and their derivatives have a wide range of antiproliferative, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antileishmanial and antimalarial pharmacological activities because they contain a reactive α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group. Chalcones are also isolated from natural resources, especially from Piper methysticum as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. These derivatives are synthesized by using various conventional and greener approaches by employing different means of reactions, frequently by using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. In this review, information on the various synthetic methodologies, various approaches and techniques for the synthesis of chalcones and their derivatives are described. Thus, it will be useful to design and develop new novel drug-like candidates in the field of medicine.

Synthetic methodologies and pharmacological applications of sulphonamide containing Schiff bases and their metal complexes: A comprehensive review

IP international journal of comprehensive and advanced pharmacology, Mar 15, 2023

Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases ar... more Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases are synthesized via the condensation reaction between carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) and compounds having an amine group and the Schiff base is characterised by an imine or azomethine (-C=N-) group. These compounds are extensively used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions and are widely utilized in the treatment of various ailments. Sulphonamides are biologically significant class of drug-like chemical derivatives due to their good oral absorption and urine excretion. Sulphonamides are widely used as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral drugs in addition to acting as powerful Carbonic anhydrase hCA inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, anti-obesity and anti-thyroid agents because of their less poisonous, more reactive and cost-effective nature. Sulphonamide-based Schiff bases and their metal chelates have attracted the focus of researchers due to their broad range of pharmacological characteristics. In this review, various pharmacological uses of Schiff base metal complexes generated from sulphonamide derivatives are discussed. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 30, 2023

Schleichera oleosa, belonging to the Sapindaceae family, has been reported to possess antimicrobi... more Schleichera oleosa, belonging to the Sapindaceae family, has been reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activity, and can be used for the production of biodiesel. The plant contains low tannin levels therefore the plant can be used as fodder for livestock due to the presence of low tannin levels. This species contains some of important phytochemicals such as terpenoids, betulin, betulinic acid, etc. of this plant. This review is focused on the Phytochemistry of the Schleichera oleosa along with its pharmacological applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activity, and can be used for the production of biodiesel.

Ligand Based Multi-Targeted Molecular Docking Analysis o f Terpenoid Phytoconstituents as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Breast Cancer: An In Silico Approach

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women all around the world and is a dominant c... more Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women all around the world and is a dominant cause of deaths occurring all around the globe. The available potent drugs for breast cancer show adverse effects and resistance and are found to be ineffective in patients. The high cost of currently available cancer therapy and certain limitations of current treatment make it necessary to search for novel, cost-effective and efficient methods of cancer treatment. Phytochemicals are directly involved in treatment or precursors to synthesize useful drugs. Therefore, in the current investigation, 500 terpenoid phytoconstituents and five proteins associated with breast cancer including EGFR, ERα, HER2, NF-κB and Topo IIa were selected from various databases. Selected compounds were screened for their molecular properties based on Lipinski's rule of five resulting in 235 compounds exclusion. Drug-likeness and PAINS alert properties were predicted using pkCSM and SwissADME web servers whi...

A review on microwave-assisted synthesis and biomedical applications of Schiff bases

Advance pharmaceutical journal, 2023

Synthetic methodologies and pharmacological applications of sulphonamide containing Schiff bases and their metal complexes: A comprehensive review

IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advanced Pharmacology

Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases ar... more Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases are synthesized via the condensation reaction between carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) and compounds having an amine group and the Schiff base is characterised by an imine or azomethine (-C=N-) group. These compounds are extensively used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions and are widely utilized in the treatment of various ailments. Sulphonamides are biologically significant class of drug-like chemical derivatives due to their good oral absorption and urine excretion. Sulphonamides are widely used as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral drugs in addition to acting as powerful Carbonic anhydrase hCA inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, anti-obesity and anti-thyroid agents because of their less poisonous, more reactive and cost-effective nature. Sulphonamide-based Schiff bases and their metal chelates have attracted the focus of researche...

A Review on Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Applications of Chalcone-based Schiff Bases

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of compounds in the field of pharmaceutical and syn... more Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of compounds in the field of pharmaceutical and synthetic organic chemistry. The Schiff bases contain azomethine linkages which are obtained by the condensation of aldehyde/ketone with amines. Among the various types of Schiff bases, the chalcone-based Schiff bases play a vital role in the treatment of various ailments and various applications, which can be synthesized by using different types of chalcones as the starting materials. These types of compounds were synthesized by using various techniques like conventional means of synthesis, microwave-assisted reaction, heterocyclic catalyst-mediated synthesis and also by means of trituration. The chalcone or bis-chalcone-based Schiff bases and their derivatives contain -C=N linkage which exhibits various activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunosuppressant activities. Beyond these activities, these types of Schiff bases are also used in various ch...

Microwave assisted Schiff base metal complexes as potential anticancer and antimicrobial agents: A critical review

Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology

Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary ami... more Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary amines and carbonyl compounds. The presence of an azomethine group in the Schiff base facilitates coordination with transition metal ions. The term Schiff base is normally applied to these compounds when they are being used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions. Such complexes occur naturally, but the majority of Schiff bases are artificial and are used to form many important catalysts. Schiff base metal complexes prepared using microwave irradiation have gained more attention because of their excellent strategy in generating quick and stable products in higher yields by improving the speed of reaction with lesser energy and exhibits various biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antimalarial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiuretic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-HIV agents. Apart from biological appl...

Chemistry and synthetic methodologies of chalcones and their derivatives: A review

International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive

Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are ... more Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are considered valuable moieties in the field of heterocyclic and synthetic organic chemistry. Chalcones and their derivatives have a wide range of antiproliferative, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antileishmanial and antimalarial pharmacological activities because they contain a reactive α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group. Chalcones are also isolated from natural resources, especially from Piper methysticum as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. These derivatives are synthesized by using various conventional and greener approaches by employing different means of reactions, frequently by using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. In this review, information on the various synthetic methodologies, various approaches and techniques for the synthesis of chalcones and their derivatives are described. Thus, it will be useful to design and develop new novel drug-like candidates in the field of med...

Review on phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of Bixa orellana

Journal of pharmaceutical and biological sciences, Jan 15, 2023

Biological applications of Schiff bases: An overview

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Schiff bases are the compounds containing the azomethine group (-HC=N-). They are formed by the c... more Schiff bases are the compounds containing the azomethine group (-HC=N-). They are formed by the condensation of ketones or aldehydes with a primary amine. Formation of Schiff base generally takes place under acid/base catalysis or with heat. The common Schiff bases are crystalline solids, which are basic but at least some form insoluble salts with strong acids. Schiff bases are used as intermediates for the synthesis of amino acids or as ligands for the preparation of metal complexes having a series of different structures. The electrophilic carbon and nucleophilic nitrogen in the C=N imine bond provide excellent binding opportunities with different nucleophiles and electrophiles thereby inhibiting targeted diseases, enzymes or DNA replication. These Schiff bases are synthesized from various aldehydes and amines under stirring conditions, catalyst-free, reflux conditions, microwave irradiation and ultrasonic conditions. These compounds serve a wide range of applications in pharmaceu...

Synthetic approaches of medicinally important Schiff bases: An updated Review

by Praveen Sekar and Divya Chandana

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

The Schiff base defined by an imine or azomethine (-CH= N-) group, is mostly synthesized by the c... more The Schiff base defined by an imine or azomethine (-CH= N-) group, is mostly synthesized by the condensation reaction of carbonyl compounds (Aldehyde or Ketone) with compounds consisting of amine moiety. Schiff bases are among the most chiefly used organic compounds, revealing a wide range of applications, such as electroluminescent effects, fluorescence properties, nonlinear optical and chemosensory properties. The typical Schiff bases are crystalline solids that are basic, although at least some of them combine with strong acids to generate insoluble salt. Schiff bases are widely used in the pharmaceutical, electronic, cosmetic and polymer industries. Schiff bases use various alpha-amino acids and aldehydes in acidic or basic conditions. Schiff bases form a new class of drugs that can strengthen the immune system and also be used in the treatment of various ailments. The C=N imine bond's electrophilic carbon and nucleophilic nitrogen offer great binding chances with many nucle...

An Updated Review on Recent Advancements in the Diverse Biological Applications of Medicinally Privileged Scaffold: Chalcone and its derivatives

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research

Fused heterocyclic compounds rank among the most significant systems in medicinal chemistry becau... more Fused heterocyclic compounds rank among the most significant systems in medicinal chemistry because of their wide-ranging biological effects. Among the various class of compounds, chalcones and their derivatives are found to be one of the important classes in the field of synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry. These derivatives are mainly synthesized by means of Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Crossed Aldol condensation and Knoevenagel condensation reactions, which provides wider applications in the field of medicine. Due to the broader biological applications like antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, anti-vitiligo and neuroprotective properties, these derivatives extended their role in coordination chemistry and also act as intermediates for the synthesis of various organic derivatives containing isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrimidine, naphthalene, indole, polyamine and other moieties as hybrid molecules. Th...

Preliminary phytochemical analysis, formulation and evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of the formulated gel obtained from an Ethanolic leaves extract of Lour

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis

Infectious microbes like bacteria, viruses, or fungi commonly cause inflammation when they enter ... more Infectious microbes like bacteria, viruses, or fungi commonly cause inflammation when they enter the body, live in certain tissues or circulate in the circulation. For long years ago, natural sources have been used for the treatment of various diseases. In this way, belonging to the family Lamiaceae was found to be having various pharmacological activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, larvicidal and cardiovascular activities. The objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the topical gel using an Ethanolic leaves extract of The formulated gel F3 showed better spreadability with a net content of 99 % and a drug release of 94.84 %. The anti-inflammatory potential of the formulation F3 was evaluated using the inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and Human red blood cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay. The formulated gel and standard exhibited 45.86-82.32 % and 55.25-88.07 % of inhibi...

Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in pharmaceutical domain: A comprehensive review

World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the medical sector by enhancing diagnosis accuracy, ... more Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the medical sector by enhancing diagnosis accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, optimizing healthcare workflows and advancing medical research. Its ability to analyze complex data and assist healthcare professionals has the potential to revolutionize patient care and drive innovation in the field of medicine. Its ability to analyze the amounts of data, identify patterns and make predictions has significantly advanced these fields, leading to improved healthcare outcomes and fostering new avenues for medical research and development. In this review, various applications of AI techniques in healthcare, such as drug design, disease diagnosis, personalized treatment, gene editing and medical education. AI plays a crucial role in disease diagnosis by analyzing medical images, genomic data and patient records, were discussed. AI is transforming medical education by providing personalized and interactive learning experiences. AI algorithms can...

A Review on Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Applications of Chalcone-based Schiff Bases

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, Mar 15, 2023

_________________________________________________________________________________________________... more ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of compounds in the field of pharmaceutical and synthetic organic chemistry. The Schiff bases contain azomethine linkages which are obtained by the condensation of aldehyde/ketone with amines. Among the various types of Schiff bases, the chalcone-based Schiff bases play a vital role in the treatment of various ailments and various applications, which can be synthesized by using different types of chalcones as the starting materials. These types of compounds were synthesized by using various techniques like conventional means of synthesis, microwave-assisted reaction, heterocyclic catalyst-mediated synthesis and also by means of trituration. The chalcone or bis-chalcone-based Schiff bases and their derivatives contain-C=N linkage which exhibits various activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunosuppressant activities. Beyond these activities, these types of Schiff bases are also used in various chemical industries and fluorescent sensors, which also play a major role in the field of synthetic organic chemistry and coordination chemistry as intermediates. This review discusses the numerous synthetic strategies along with their applications in the field of medicine. Thus, this review will be helpful in developing more effective drug-like scaffolds for use in future drug design.

An Updated Review on Recent Advancements in the Diverse Biological Applications of Medicinally Privileged Scaffold: Chalcone and its derivatives

_________________________________________________________________________________________________... more ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fused heterocyclic compounds rank among the most significant systems in medicinal chemistry because of their wide-ranging biological effects. Among the various class of compounds, chalcones and their derivatives are found to be one of the important classes in the field of synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry. These derivatives are mainly synthesized by means of Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Crossed Aldol condensation and Knoevenagel condensation reactions, which provides wider applications in the field of medicine. Due to the broader biological applications like antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, anti-vitiligo and neuroprotective properties, these derivatives extended their role in coordination chemistry and also act as intermediates for the synthesis of various organic derivatives containing isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrimidine, naphthalene, indole, polyamine and other moieties as hybrid molecules. The present review discusses the biological applications of various chalcone derivatives. Due to their easiest way of synthesis, nowadays, these types of derivatives were tried for various ailments and by means of implementing various greener chemistry approaches, novel and potent derivatives can be synthesized and applied for various applications. Thus, this review will be helpful for the design of potent chalcone derivatives for numerous applications in the future.

Microwave assisted Schiff base metal complexes as potential anticancer and antimicrobial agents: A critical review

Open access research journal of science and technology, Mar 30, 2023

Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary ami... more Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary amines and carbonyl compounds. The presence of an azomethine group in the Schiff base facilitates coordination with transition metal ions. The term Schiff base is normally applied to these compounds when they are being used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions. Such complexes occur naturally, but the majority of Schiff bases are artificial and are used to form many important catalysts. Schiff base metal complexes prepared using microwave irradiation have gained more attention because of their excellent strategy in generating quick and stable products in higher yields by improving the speed of reaction with lesser energy and exhibits various biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antimalarial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiuretic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-HIV agents. Apart from biological applications, they are also used as a catalyst in Aldol reactions, polymerization reactions, oxidation reactions and other chemical reactions. Imine-ligand containing transition metal complexes including copper, zinc and cadmium, have proven to be effective starting points for the synthesis of metal or metal chalcogenide nanoparticles. In this review, various metal complexes derived from Schiff bases synthesised using microwave approaches are discussed along with their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities.

Medically significant monotypic species Martynia annua L.: A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Open access research journal of biology and pharmacy, Jan 30, 2023

Review on phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of Bixa orellana

Journal of pharmaceutical and biological sciences, Jan 15, 2023

Bixa orellana commonly known as Annatto is a lipstick tree belonging to the family Bixaceae. Indi... more Bixa orellana commonly known as Annatto is a lipstick tree belonging to the family Bixaceae. Indigenous populations in Brazil and other tropical nations have employed B. orellana L. for a variety of therapeutic purposes which is also known as "sappiravirai". The essential natural apocarotenoid obtained from B. orellana seeds namely bixin is broadly applied as a cosmetic and textile colorant. The carotenoids, which contribute to more than 80% of the annatto seed coat are responsible for the color orange-red. It is well known for its medicinal value and as a coloring agent. Annatto is used in food dye, body paint and the treatment of heartburn and it also reduces inflammation and blood sugar. The various parts of this plant has been reported to show many therapeutic indications like anti-bacterial, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-histaminic, anti-diarrheal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Carotenoids, apocarotenoids, terpenes, terpenoids, sterols and aliphatic compounds are the main compounds found in all parts of this plant. The various annatto plant parts have been utilized in traditional medicine for both the prevention and treatment of a variety of health issues. This review aimed to report the primary evidence found in the literature, concerning the pharmacological activities and phytochemical studies related to B. orellana. Regarding its application in food, cosmetics, leather, solar cells and other industries, significant research has already been done and is presently being conducted. This review demonstrates the well-studied pharmacological effect that might be relevant for the upcoming creation of a novel therapeutic medication. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Chemistry and synthetic methodologies of chalcones and their derivatives: A review

International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, Mar 30, 2023

Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are ... more Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are considered valuable moieties in the field of heterocyclic and synthetic organic chemistry. Chalcones and their derivatives have a wide range of antiproliferative, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antileishmanial and antimalarial pharmacological activities because they contain a reactive α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group. Chalcones are also isolated from natural resources, especially from Piper methysticum as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. These derivatives are synthesized by using various conventional and greener approaches by employing different means of reactions, frequently by using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. In this review, information on the various synthetic methodologies, various approaches and techniques for the synthesis of chalcones and their derivatives are described. Thus, it will be useful to design and develop new novel drug-like candidates in the field of medicine.

Synthetic methodologies and pharmacological applications of sulphonamide containing Schiff bases and their metal complexes: A comprehensive review

IP international journal of comprehensive and advanced pharmacology, Mar 15, 2023

Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases ar... more Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases are synthesized via the condensation reaction between carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) and compounds having an amine group and the Schiff base is characterised by an imine or azomethine (-C=N-) group. These compounds are extensively used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions and are widely utilized in the treatment of various ailments. Sulphonamides are biologically significant class of drug-like chemical derivatives due to their good oral absorption and urine excretion. Sulphonamides are widely used as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral drugs in addition to acting as powerful Carbonic anhydrase hCA inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, anti-obesity and anti-thyroid agents because of their less poisonous, more reactive and cost-effective nature. Sulphonamide-based Schiff bases and their metal chelates have attracted the focus of researchers due to their broad range of pharmacological characteristics. In this review, various pharmacological uses of Schiff base metal complexes generated from sulphonamide derivatives are discussed. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 30, 2023

Schleichera oleosa, belonging to the Sapindaceae family, has been reported to possess antimicrobi... more Schleichera oleosa, belonging to the Sapindaceae family, has been reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activity, and can be used for the production of biodiesel. The plant contains low tannin levels therefore the plant can be used as fodder for livestock due to the presence of low tannin levels. This species contains some of important phytochemicals such as terpenoids, betulin, betulinic acid, etc. of this plant. This review is focused on the Phytochemistry of the Schleichera oleosa along with its pharmacological applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activity, and can be used for the production of biodiesel.

Ligand Based Multi-Targeted Molecular Docking Analysis o f Terpenoid Phytoconstituents as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Breast Cancer: An In Silico Approach

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women all around the world and is a dominant c... more Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women all around the world and is a dominant cause of deaths occurring all around the globe. The available potent drugs for breast cancer show adverse effects and resistance and are found to be ineffective in patients. The high cost of currently available cancer therapy and certain limitations of current treatment make it necessary to search for novel, cost-effective and efficient methods of cancer treatment. Phytochemicals are directly involved in treatment or precursors to synthesize useful drugs. Therefore, in the current investigation, 500 terpenoid phytoconstituents and five proteins associated with breast cancer including EGFR, ERα, HER2, NF-κB and Topo IIa were selected from various databases. Selected compounds were screened for their molecular properties based on Lipinski's rule of five resulting in 235 compounds exclusion. Drug-likeness and PAINS alert properties were predicted using pkCSM and SwissADME web servers whi...

A review on microwave-assisted synthesis and biomedical applications of Schiff bases

Advance pharmaceutical journal, 2023

Synthetic methodologies and pharmacological applications of sulphonamide containing Schiff bases and their metal complexes: A comprehensive review

IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advanced Pharmacology

Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases ar... more Schiff bases are useful chemical compounds with a wide range of applications. The Schiff bases are synthesized via the condensation reaction between carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) and compounds having an amine group and the Schiff base is characterised by an imine or azomethine (-C=N-) group. These compounds are extensively used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions and are widely utilized in the treatment of various ailments. Sulphonamides are biologically significant class of drug-like chemical derivatives due to their good oral absorption and urine excretion. Sulphonamides are widely used as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral drugs in addition to acting as powerful Carbonic anhydrase hCA inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, anti-obesity and anti-thyroid agents because of their less poisonous, more reactive and cost-effective nature. Sulphonamide-based Schiff bases and their metal chelates have attracted the focus of researche...

A Review on Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Applications of Chalcone-based Schiff Bases

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of compounds in the field of pharmaceutical and syn... more Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of compounds in the field of pharmaceutical and synthetic organic chemistry. The Schiff bases contain azomethine linkages which are obtained by the condensation of aldehyde/ketone with amines. Among the various types of Schiff bases, the chalcone-based Schiff bases play a vital role in the treatment of various ailments and various applications, which can be synthesized by using different types of chalcones as the starting materials. These types of compounds were synthesized by using various techniques like conventional means of synthesis, microwave-assisted reaction, heterocyclic catalyst-mediated synthesis and also by means of trituration. The chalcone or bis-chalcone-based Schiff bases and their derivatives contain -C=N linkage which exhibits various activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunosuppressant activities. Beyond these activities, these types of Schiff bases are also used in various ch...

Microwave assisted Schiff base metal complexes as potential anticancer and antimicrobial agents: A critical review

Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology

Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary ami... more Schiff bases are organic compounds which contain azomethine group (-C=N-) by reacting primary amines and carbonyl compounds. The presence of an azomethine group in the Schiff base facilitates coordination with transition metal ions. The term Schiff base is normally applied to these compounds when they are being used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions. Such complexes occur naturally, but the majority of Schiff bases are artificial and are used to form many important catalysts. Schiff base metal complexes prepared using microwave irradiation have gained more attention because of their excellent strategy in generating quick and stable products in higher yields by improving the speed of reaction with lesser energy and exhibits various biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antimalarial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiuretic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-HIV agents. Apart from biological appl...

Chemistry and synthetic methodologies of chalcones and their derivatives: A review

International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive

Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are ... more Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are considered valuable moieties in the field of heterocyclic and synthetic organic chemistry. Chalcones and their derivatives have a wide range of antiproliferative, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antileishmanial and antimalarial pharmacological activities because they contain a reactive α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group. Chalcones are also isolated from natural resources, especially from Piper methysticum as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. These derivatives are synthesized by using various conventional and greener approaches by employing different means of reactions, frequently by using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. In this review, information on the various synthetic methodologies, various approaches and techniques for the synthesis of chalcones and their derivatives are described. Thus, it will be useful to design and develop new novel drug-like candidates in the field of med...

Review on phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of Bixa orellana

Journal of pharmaceutical and biological sciences, Jan 15, 2023

Biological applications of Schiff bases: An overview

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Schiff bases are the compounds containing the azomethine group (-HC=N-). They are formed by the c... more Schiff bases are the compounds containing the azomethine group (-HC=N-). They are formed by the condensation of ketones or aldehydes with a primary amine. Formation of Schiff base generally takes place under acid/base catalysis or with heat. The common Schiff bases are crystalline solids, which are basic but at least some form insoluble salts with strong acids. Schiff bases are used as intermediates for the synthesis of amino acids or as ligands for the preparation of metal complexes having a series of different structures. The electrophilic carbon and nucleophilic nitrogen in the C=N imine bond provide excellent binding opportunities with different nucleophiles and electrophiles thereby inhibiting targeted diseases, enzymes or DNA replication. These Schiff bases are synthesized from various aldehydes and amines under stirring conditions, catalyst-free, reflux conditions, microwave irradiation and ultrasonic conditions. These compounds serve a wide range of applications in pharmaceu...

Synthetic approaches of medicinally important Schiff bases: An updated Review

by Praveen Sekar and Divya Chandana

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

The Schiff base defined by an imine or azomethine (-CH= N-) group, is mostly synthesized by the c... more The Schiff base defined by an imine or azomethine (-CH= N-) group, is mostly synthesized by the condensation reaction of carbonyl compounds (Aldehyde or Ketone) with compounds consisting of amine moiety. Schiff bases are among the most chiefly used organic compounds, revealing a wide range of applications, such as electroluminescent effects, fluorescence properties, nonlinear optical and chemosensory properties. The typical Schiff bases are crystalline solids that are basic, although at least some of them combine with strong acids to generate insoluble salt. Schiff bases are widely used in the pharmaceutical, electronic, cosmetic and polymer industries. Schiff bases use various alpha-amino acids and aldehydes in acidic or basic conditions. Schiff bases form a new class of drugs that can strengthen the immune system and also be used in the treatment of various ailments. The C=N imine bond's electrophilic carbon and nucleophilic nitrogen offer great binding chances with many nucle...

An Updated Review on Recent Advancements in the Diverse Biological Applications of Medicinally Privileged Scaffold: Chalcone and its derivatives

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research

Fused heterocyclic compounds rank among the most significant systems in medicinal chemistry becau... more Fused heterocyclic compounds rank among the most significant systems in medicinal chemistry because of their wide-ranging biological effects. Among the various class of compounds, chalcones and their derivatives are found to be one of the important classes in the field of synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry. These derivatives are mainly synthesized by means of Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Crossed Aldol condensation and Knoevenagel condensation reactions, which provides wider applications in the field of medicine. Due to the broader biological applications like antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, anti-vitiligo and neuroprotective properties, these derivatives extended their role in coordination chemistry and also act as intermediates for the synthesis of various organic derivatives containing isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrimidine, naphthalene, indole, polyamine and other moieties as hybrid molecules. Th...