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Basarwa

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basarwa
ǃKung children in Namibia
Total population
ca. 160,000
 Namibia71,201 (2023 census)[1]
 Botswana63,500
 South Africaca. 7,000
 Angolaca. 16,000
 Zimbabwe1,200
Languages
Native
Languages of the Khoe, Kxʼa, and Tuu families
Also
Tswana • Kgalagadi • Afrikaans • English • Portuguese
Religion
San religion, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Khoekhoe, Griqua, Basters, Coloureds

Batho ba letso la masarwa, kgotsa Batho ba ko sekgweng, ke maloko a ditso dipe tsa tlholego tsa batsomi-baphuthi ba Aforika e e kwa borwa, le ditso tsa bogologolo tse di setseng tsa kgaolo.[2][a] Ditlhaloso dingwe tsa tshekatsheko ya dijini di akantsha gore ba ne ba farologana le batho ba bangwe go tloga ka dingwaga di le 100 go ya go 220,000 tse di fetileng.[3] Dikgaolo tsa bone tsa bosheng tsa bagologolwane di akaretsa Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho,[3] le Aforika Borwa.

Ba-Sarwa ba bua, kgotsa bagologolwane ba bone ba ne ba bua, dipuo tsa malapa a dipuo tsa Khoe, Tuu, le Kxʼa, mme di ka tlhalosiwa jaaka batho fela ka go farologana le badisa ba ba bapileng jaaka Ba-Khoekhoe le ditlogolwana tsa makhubu a bosheng a bofaladi jaaka Ba-Bantu, Bayuropa, le Ba-Asia Borwa.

Ka ngwaga wa 2017, lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le legae la Basarwa ba ka nna dikete tse masome a marataro le boraro le makgolo a a matlhano, mme se sa dira gore e nne lefatshe le le nang le palo e e kwa godimo ya Basarwa ka karolo ya bobedi ntlha ya borobabobedi mo lekgolong.[4]Batho ba Basarwa ba le dikete di le masome a supa le bongwe le makgolo mabedi le bongwe ba ne ba balelwa kwa lefatshe la Namibia ka ngwaga wa 2023, mme se se dira gore e nne lefatshe le le nang le karolo ya bobedi e e kwa godimo ya batho ba ba Basarwa ka karolo ya bobedi ntlha nne mo lekgolong[5] Basarwa ke lereo la Khoekhoe le le nyatsang le le neng la amogelwa ke baithuta-loago ba Bophirima; baemedi ba merafe ya basarwa ba boletse gore ba rata go bidiwa merafe ya bone ka go farologana ka ngwaga wa 2003.

Tlhaloso

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Setshwantso sa kabo ya segompieno ya dipuo tsa "Khoisan". Dikgaolo tse di nang le moriti wa botala jwa loapi le botala, mme tse di kwa botlhaba jwa tsone, ke tsa batho ba Basarwa.

Basarwa kgotsa Ba-Bushmen ke batho ba borwa jwa Afrika ba ka setso ba neng ba tshela botshelo jwa go tsoma le go kokoanya mme ba ne ba bua dipuo tse e seng tsa Bantu ka ditumammogo tsa click (ka jalo go sa akarediwe Ba-Twa, Ba-Kwisi le Ba-Cimba, mme gape le Ba-Kwadi le Ba-Damara). Ba ba akaretsa babui ba malapa a le mararo a a farologaneng a dipuo ba ba nnang fa gare ga Noka ya Okavango kwa lefatsheng la Botswana le lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Etosha kwa bokonebophirima jwa lefatshe la Namibia, e e atologelang kwa godimo go ya kwa borwa jwa lefatshe la Angola; batho ba bogare ba bontsi jwa mafatshe a Namibia le Botswana, go atologela kwa mafatsheng a Zambia le Zimbabwe; le batho ba borwa kwa bogareng jwa Kalahari go ya kwa Nokeng ya Molopo, ba mmogo le Khoekhoe e leng masalela a bofelo a batho ba tlholego ba ba neng ba le bantsi pele ba borwa jwa Aforika.[6]

Maina

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Maina a "Bushmen" le "San" ka bobedi ke mafoko a a farologaneng. Basarwa ga ba na lefoko le le kopanetsweng la bona ka dipuo tsa bona. "San" e tswa mo lefokong le le nyatsang la Khoekhoe le le dirisiwang go kaya batho ba ba batlang dijo ba ba senang dikgomo kgotsa khumo e nngwe, go tswa mo moding saa "go tsaya mo mmung" le bontsi -n mo puong ya Haiǁom.[[7][8]

"Bushmen" ke lereo la bogologolo la khabara, fela "San" e ne ya amogelwa thata kwa Bophirima kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Lereo Bushmen, go tswa mo Dutch Bosjesmans ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bosupa, le santse le dirisiwa ke ba bangwe le go itshupa, fela jaanong le tsewa e le le nyatsang kgotsa le nyatsa ke Maaforika Borwa a le mantsi.[9][10][11] Ka ngwaga wa 2008, tiriso ya boesman (se e leng se Afrikaans sa segompieno se se lekanang le "Bushman") mo pampiring ya dikgang ya Die Burger e ne ya tlisiwa fa pele ga Kgotlatshekelo ya Tekatekano. Lekgotla la Basarwa le ne la neela bosupi jwa gore ga le na kganetso le tiriso ya yone mo maemong a a siameng, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola gore tiriso ya lereo le e ne e se ya lenyatso.[12]

Basarwa ba ipitsa merafe ya bona ka bongwe, jaaka ǃkung (e gape e kwalwang ǃxuun, go akaretsa le Juǀʼhoansi), ǀxam, Nǁnǂe (karolo ya ǂKhomani), Kxoe (Khwe le ǁAni), Haiǁom, Ncoakhoe, Tshuwau, Gǁana le Gǁwau, jalo jalo.[13][14][15][16][17] Baemedi ba batho ba ba basarwa ka ngwaga wa 2003 ba boletse gore ba rata tiriso ya maina a setlhopha ka bongwe, fa go kgonega, go na le tiriso ya lereo le le kopanetsweng la Basarwa.[18]

Go amogelwa ga lereo la Khoekhoe la Basarwa mo thutong ya setho ya Bophirima go simolotse ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, mme le le sa ntse le le lereo le le tlwaelesegileng mo dikwalong tsa setso tsa puo ya Seesemane, le fa moragonyana bakwadi bangwe ba ne ba boela kwa go diriseng leina la Bushmen.[6][19] Motswako wa batho ba Khoisan o dirisiwa go kaya Khoi ya modisa le San e e batlang dijo mmogo. E tlhamilwe ke Leonhard Schulze ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920 mme ya tumisiwa ke Isaac Schapera ka ngwaga wa 1930. Tiriso ya San mo thutong ya setho e ne ya kgaoganngwa le motswako wa Khoisan,[20] ka gonne go begilwe gore leina la San le tsewa jaaka go nyatsa mo dikarolong tsa Kalahari bogare[21]. Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990, lereo San le ne le dirisiwa ka kakaretso ke batho ba teng ka bobone.[22] Go amogelwa ga lereo go ne ga etelwa pele ke dikopano di le mmalwa tse di neng di tshwerwe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990 kwa baemedi ba ba neng ba ngangisana ka go amogelwa ga lereo le le kopanetsweng.[23][24] Dikopano tse di ne di akaretsa Bokopano jwa Phitlhelelo e e Tlwaelegileng ya Tlhabololo e e neng e rulagantswe ke Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa toropong ya Gaborone ka ngwaga wa 1993,[16] Kopano ya kakaretso ya ntlha ya Ngwaga le Ngwaga ya Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Batho ba ba Tlholegileng mo Borwa jwa Aforika (WIMSA) e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa lefatsheng la Namibia le bokopano jwa ngwaga wa 1997 kwa toropong ya Cape Town e bua ka. "Boitshupo jwa Khoisan le Boswa jwa Setso" jo bo rulagantsweng ke Mmadikolo wa Western Cape.[25] Lereo San jaanong ke tlwaelo mo lefatsheng la Aforikaborwa, mme le dirisiwa semmuso mo blazon ya sekano sa bosetšhaba. "Lekgotla la Ba-San la lefatshe la Aforikaborwa" le le emetseng merafe ya Basarwa mo lefatsheng la Aforikaborwa le tlhomilwe jaaka karolo ya WIMSA ka ngwaga wa 2001.[26][27]

Lereo Basarwa (bongwe Mosarwa) le dirisediwa ke basarwa mmogo mo lefatsheng la Botswana.[28][29][30] Ditlhongwa tsa setlhopha sa leina sa mo-/ba- di dirisiwa mo bathong; mofuta wa bogologolo wa Masarwa, o o nang le ditlhongwa tsa le-/ma- tse di dirisiwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse di sa itsegeng, o a kgopisa mme o ne wa fetolwa ka nako ya boipuso.[[31][32]

Kwa lefatsheng la Angola, ka dinako tse dingwe ba bidiwa mucancalas,[33] kgotsa bosquímanos (phetolelo ya Sepotokisi ya lereo la Sedatšhe le le kayang "Ba-Bushmen"). Mareo Amasili le Batwa ka dinako tse dingwe a dirisiwa mo go bone kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe.[31] Basarwa gape ba bidiwa Batwa ke batho ba ba Xhosa le Baroa ke batho ba Sotho.[34] Lereo la Bantu Batwa le kaya batho ba merafe epe fela e e batlang dijo mme ka jalo le kopana le mareo a a dirisiwang go "Pygmoid" Twa ya Borwa ya Aforika Borwa-Bogare.

Ditso

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Ditlholego

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Le fa go na le kganetsano nngwe mo gare ga bo ra maranyane ba loago, go na le tumalano ka kakaretso mo go boleleng gore merafe ya segompieno e e tlhalosiwang jaaka Basarwa e tswa mo merafeng ya bogologolo ya Neolithic ya borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika. Dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lesome tse di fetileng, ditlhopha tse tsa loago di ne tsa anama go tswa kwa mafatsheng a Tanzania, Zambia le Angola go ya kwa tlase kwa Cape Agulhas.[35][27] Ka jalo, Basarwa ba ka tsewa jaaka bangwe ba ditso tsa bogologolo mo Lefatsheng.[36] Batho ba ba amanang le kgotsa ba ba tshwanang le Basarwa ba ne ba nna mo mabopong a a kwa borwa go ralala naga yotlhe ya ditlhatshana ya botlhaba mme ba ka tswa ba bopile tsweletso ya Sangoan go tswa kwa Lewatleng le Lehibidu go ya kwa Kapa ya Tsholofelo e e Molemo.[37]

Mo mileniamong wa ntlha B.C.E., Mellet o umaka ditlhopha tse pedi tse di neng di laola kwa Borwa jwa Afrika. Ya ntlha e ne e le Ba-Tshua San, ba ba neng ba aname go kgabaganya se ga jaana e leng mafatshe a Botswana, Zimbabwe le Zambia, mme ka togamaano ba ne ba nna mo lefelong la Shashe-Limpopo. Setlhopha sa bobedi, se se neng se le kwa Bophirima o ko pele, e ne e le Ba-Khwe San, ba kgaolo ya bone e neng e akaretsa lefatshe la Botswana wa gompieno, lefatshe la Namibia,lefatshe la Angola le lefatshe la Zambia.[35] Go nna teng ga Basarwa mo lefatshen la Botswana mo ditsong go bonala thata mo kgaolong ya Lentswe la Tsodilo kwa bokone jwa lefatshe la Botswana. Ditlhopha tse pedi di ne tsa dirisana le merafe e mengwe e e neng e nna mo lefelong leno mo diphudugong tsa bona tsa go fuduga go ya kwa borwa, go akaretsa ditlhopha dingwe tsa badisa ba bafaladi, ba moragonyana ba neng ba fetoga go nna Khoekhoe, gammogo le badisa-balemirui ka nako ya katoloso ya Bantu ngwaga wa dikete di le pedi Pele ga Baebele go fitlha ngwaga wa sekete se le sengwe Morago ga Baebele. Mo thulaganyong e, Basarwa ba ne ba lelekwa ka bontlhabongwe mo mafatsheng a bone a bagologolwane kgotsa ba akarediwa ke ditlhopha tse di buang Se-Bantu.[38] (go tswa kwa lekwalong la lesome le bongwe go ya kwa lesomeng le bobedi)

Basarwa ba ne ba dumelwa fa ba na le kgolagano e e gaufi le meya ya bogologolo ya naga, mme gantsi ba ne ba retologela kwa go bona ke merafe e mengwe go dira pula, jaaka go ne go ntse kwa Mapungubwe. Dingaka tsa Basarwa di ne di tla tsena mo maibing mme di tsene mo lefatsheng la mewa ka botsone go tshwara diphologolo tse di amanang le pula.[39] Ka jalo, Mellet o bolela gore Basarwa ba ka bo ba nnile le seabe mo metheong ya ntlha ya Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe le go tsalwa morago ga moo ga mafatshe a Thulamela, Zimbabwe o mogolo, Mmusomogolo wa Mutapa le tse dingwe.[35]: (go tswa mo lekwalong la masome a mtlhano le bobedi go ya kwa lekwalong la masome a matlhano le bone)

Dinako tsa pele ga bokoloniale

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Banna ba Sekgwa ba ba neng ba tlhometse go ya go tsaya loeto, ka ngwga wa 1804

Ka ntlha ya mokgwa wa bone wa go itshidisa o o ikaegileng thata ka go tsoma le go batla dijo, Basarwa ba ne ba kgona go fuduga le go anama ka bonako go feta ditso tsa badisa kgotsa tsa balemirui, mme go dumelwa fa ba ne ba anama go ya kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa ya gompieno, go akaretsa le lebopo la Borwa, pele ga batho ba Khoe le Bantu. Go a kgonega gore ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba disa dinku tse dinnye.[35]:lekwalo la masome a marataro le boraro) Morago ga makgolo a borataro le masome a matlhano morago ga baebele, jaaka fa BaKhoe le BaXhosa ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefelong la Eastern Cape ya gompieno mme morago ga sekete morago ga baebele, kwa lefelong la Western Cape, bontsi jwa Basarwa ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa mafelong a mannye a a fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle, ba ne ba fudugela kwa mafelong a mannye fela a a kwa thoko ga lewatle.[35] (lekwalo la masome a mane le borataro go fitlha lekwalo la masome a mane le bosupa)

Ka tlwaelo e ne e le batho le go kgarakgatshega mme e seng thata , ba tsamaya ka dipaka mo mafelong a a rileng a a tlhalositsweng go ikaegilwe ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa tse di jaaka metsi, diphologolo tsa naga, le dimela tse di jewang.[40] Basarwa ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna makoko a go tsoma, mme ba ne ba sena dikgotla kgotsa dikgosi, ka ditshwetso di tsewa ke bagolwane.[41] Ditšhaba tsa ntlha tsa San di tlogetse boswa jo bo humileng jwa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng go ralala Aforika Borwa,[38]:(lekwalo la lesome le le bongwe go ya kwa lekwalong la lesome le bobedi) tse di bontshang go tsoma, dintwa, botshelo jwa selegae, le ditiragalo tsa diinane.[41]

Go fudusiwa, go kgaphelwa thoko le polao ya semorafe ka nako ya bokoloniale jwa lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe

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Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa ntlha morago ga gore Madatšhe a nne kwa Kapa ya Tsholofelo e e Molemo ka fa tlase ga ga Jan van Riebeeck ka ngwaga wa 1652, bogolo jwa baagi ba Kapa ya Basarwa bo ne bo fopholediwa go nna dikete dile tharo go ya go diketeng dile tlhano,[42](tsebe ya lekgolo le borobabobedi)[43] (tsebe ya masome a mabedi le bone): ba ne ba na le kgolagano le bakoloni ba ba amanang le bona ba lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe. Se se ne sa fetoga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, fa balemirui ba ne ba simolola go fudugela kwa mafelong a a kwa teng. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1714, fa Komopne ya Dutch East India (kgotsa VOC) e ne e simolola thulaganyo ya moraka wa kadimo, e e neng e tlamela balemirui ba diruiwa ba ba ratang ka ditshwanelo tsa go fula mo lefatsheng le le sa nonang thata mo bogare jwa Kapa jo bo omileng. Melawana e e ne ya tlhola setlhopha se sešwa sa loago, balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga, kgotsa badisa ba ba tsamayang ka bontlhabongwe, ba ba neng ba fuduga le leruo la bona kwa mafelong a go fitlha ga jaana a neng a agilwe ke ditlhopha tsa Basarwa.[43]: ( tsebe ya masome a mabedi le borobabobedi go fitlha kwa tsebeng ya masome a mabedi le borobabongwe) Jaaka fa go nna teng ga balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga bao mo lefatsheng le le omileng go ne ga gakatsa maitemogelo a bone a tlholego a a neng a agilwe ke Basarwa, Basarwa ne ba tshela ka go idiwa ditsompelo tsa tlholego tse baneng ba tshela ka tsone (ebong lefatshe, metsi, diphologolo le dimela). Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa gore balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga ba ne ba nna mo dikhuting tsa metsi, ba thuntsha diphologolo tse Basarwa ba neng ba tshela ka tsone go dira digwapa, ba fula go feta selekanyo le go senya ditshedi le dimela le tikologo e di tshelang mo go yone.[44]( tsebe ya masome a borobabongwe go ya kwa lekgolong) [45]( tsebe ya lesome le borobabobedi go ya kwa makgolong a mabedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi) Mo bontsing jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabobedi, go tsenelela ga balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fuduga go ne ga nna kwa teng, ga dira gore Basarwa ba gane ka go tlhasela Maburu, ba tlhasela leruo la bona mme ka dinako tse dingwe ba bogisa kgotsa ba kgaola batswasetlhabelo ba bona ditokololo ..[43]:(tsebe ya masome a mararo le borobabobedi) Ditlhaselo tse tsa Basarwa ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe di ne tsa rotloetsa balemi le barui ba maburu ba ba neng ba fudugago dirisa ditlhopana tsa sesole tse di itsegeng jaaka di-commando - pele go tlhatloga maeto a kotlhao, morago ga moo go oketsega go thibela ditlhaselo tse di ka nnang teng .[43] (tsebe ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe go ya kwa masome a mane le bongwe) Tiriso ya dikgoka kgatlhanong le San di ne tsa lemogwa mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1700, tsa bo 1730, le bogareng jwa bo dingwaga tsa bo 1750. Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1770 go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1790, tiriso ya dikgoka e e ne ya akaretsa go bapa le molelwane wa Koloni ya Kapa ya Dutch.

Mo dingwageng tse tse di masome a mararo tsa bofelo tsa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabobedi , tiro ya ditlhopha tsa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng e ne ya nna selo sa ka metlha sa bofelo jwa mariga, mme e ne e akaretsa go dikologa kampa ya Basarwa bosigo le go tlhasela ka mahube, go bolaya banna botlhe mo lefelong leo. Basadi le bana gantsi ba ne ba bolawa, mme gape ba ne ba ka tsewa botshwarwa.[43]: (tsebe ya masome a mane le botlhano go ya kwa masomeng a mane le bosupa) Mo godimo ga dipolao tsa ka gale tsa ditlhopha tse dinnye, go ne go na le dipolao tse dikgolo tse mo go tsona makgolokgolo a Basarwa ba neng ba ka bolawa mo tlhaselong e le nngwe.,[43]:(tsebe ya masome a mane le borobabobedi go ya kwa masomeng a mane le borobabongwe) [46](tsebe ya makgolo a le mabedi le masome a mabedi e borataro). Ditiro tse tsa bosetlhogo jo bo feteletseng gantsi di ne di siamisiwa ke kgopolo ya bosemorafe ya gore batsomi-baphuthi ba Basarwa e ne e se batho ka botlalo, kgotsa e ne e le ba setlhopha se se kwa tlase sa batho ba ba neng ba atlholetswe go nyelela .[43] (tsebe ya masome a matlhano le bobedi go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano le botlhano) .Ka ngwaga wa 1777, morago ga masomesome a dingwaga a go phimola mo go sa atlegang go bitsa go ikgapa, kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC) e ne ya tshegetsa semmuso melawana ya go fedisa Basarwa .[47](tsebe ya masome a mane le bongwe) [48]

Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi, fa Maesemane a ne a tsaya taolo ya koloni ya Kapa, ​​diketekete tsa Basarwa di ne di bolailwe mme di pateleditswe go direla batswakwa. Makgowa a ma British a ne a leka melawana ya go tsena mo setsong sa ba bangwe go dira gore Basarwa ba amogele mokgwa wa botshelo wa temothuo,[43]:(tsebe ya masome a marataro le bongwe go ya kwa tsebeng ya masomeng a marataro le bone) fela mokgwa o o ne wa palelwa thata. Gape ga ba a atlega mo go emiseng ditlhaselo tsa setlhopha sa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole tse di sa tlhomamang kgatlhanong le Basarwa, le fa palo ya dintsho e ne ya fokotsega thata fa e bapisiwa le bokhutlo jwa paka ya kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC)- dipalo tsa semmuso tsa puso, tse ruri di sa felelang, di supa gore Basarwa ba le diketetse pedi, makgolo a le mane le masome a borobabobedi ba ne ba bolawa mme ba le makgolo a marataro le masome amatlhano le bone ba ne ba tshwarwa mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng tsa kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC), se se ne se farologane le batho ba le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le bosupa ba ba neng ba bolawa le ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano le bobedi ba ba neng ba tshwarwa mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa puso ya Borithane le Batavia.[47] (tsebe ya masome a matlhano le boraro le tsebe ya masome borobabongwe le boraro) .Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850, go nna teng ga Basarwa mo go ikemetseng jaaka batsomi-baphuthi go ne go setse go sa tlhomama thata mme ka iketlo bontsi jwa Basarwa bo ne jwa golagana le balemirui, ka ntlha ya kopano ya matshosetsi, go tshola basadi le bana, le tlala .[43]: Gape go na le bosupi bongwe jwa go ananya ga bana ba Basarwa le dinku kgotsa dipodi, jo bo neng jwa thibelwa ka ngwaga wa 1817,[43] (tsebe ya masome a supa go ya kwa tsebeng ya masome a supa le bongwe) jo bo neng jwa lebisa kwa kgwebisanong ya bana mo sephiring ..[49] Go bapa le molelwane wa Bokone wa Koloni ya Kapa, ​​Basarwa le bone ba ne ba tlhaselwa le go bolawa ke ditlhopha tsa badisa tse di jaaka Griqua, Korana le 'Bastard'.[43]: (tsebe ya masome a supa le boraro go ya kwa masomeng a supa le bone). Ka ngwaga wa 1863, Louis Anthing o ne a fopholetsa gore go ne go se naBasarwa ba ba fetang makgolo a matlhano ba ba neng ba setse mo nageng yotlhe, le gore ne ba nale seemo se se maswe thata, ba lebaganwe ke tlala. Dintwa tsa Korana tsa dingwaga tsa 1868 go ya kwa 69, dingwaga tsa 1878 go ya kwa 79 le dingwaga tsa bo 1870s, tseo tse e leng gore batho bangwe ba |xam ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo letlhakoreng la Korana, di ne tsa baka polao, tlala kgotsa botshwarwa le bokgobeng jwa Basarwa ya bofelo ya Kapa.[43]( tsebe ya masome a supa le borataro)

Kamogelo ya tiriso ya dikgoka, tshenyo ya mmele le ya setso ya Cape San jaaka polao ya semorafe ga e a nna ka bongwefela jwa pelo. Boraditso ba ba neng ba kwala pele ga go tlhamiwa ga lefoko polao ya batho ba ne ba kaya e le ntwa ya go fedisa,[50] go nyelela,[51]go fedisa.[52] Bakwadi ba bošeng ba dirisitse lefoko polao ya semorafe.,[44] (tsebe ya lekgolo le lesome le bobedi )[53][54][55] ka N. Penn a rata go kaya ‘polao ya semorafe e e sa felelang’ kgotsa ‘ntwa e e neng e atamela polao ya semorafe’[45]: (tsebe ya lekgolo le masome a mabedi le boraro) ka gonne Basarwa ba ne ba sa dirise dipolao tsotlhe tse di rulagantsweng. Moithuta-batho Miklós Szalay e nnile lentswe le le tlhageletseng thata la barutegi le le ganetsang go dirisa letshwao la polao ya semorafe mo go senyeng setšhaba sa Cape San, a nganga gore setlhopha sa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole di ne di diretswe thata go batlela balemirui ba Maburu badiri le gore melawana ya kompone ya Ma-Dutch ya East India (VOC) ya ngwaga wa 1777 e ne e le mokgwa o o neng o sa tsenngwa mo tirisong.[42] (tsebe ya lesome le bongwe le tsebe ya lesome le boraro go ya kwa masomeng a mararo le boraro), Le fa go ntse jalo, Adhikari [43] (tsebe ya masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go yakwa masomeng a borobabobedi le bosupa) e bontsha gore mabaka a ga Szalay a ganediwa ke bosupi, bogolosegolo palo e e kwa godimo ya Basarwa e e bolailweng go ya go ba ba dirilweng batshwarwa mo pakeng ya dingwaga tsa 1770 go ya kwa go tsa 1795, le ntlha ya gore le go dira basadi le bana makgoba go nnile le seabe mo go phutlhameng ga setšhaba sa Basarwa.

Mabapi le maitemogelo a batho ba Basarwa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika, go na le bosupi jwa gore le bone ba ne ba lebane le matshosetsi a a tswelelang a go fudusiwa, go kgaphelwa thoko le tiriso ya dikgoka mo bokaong jwa go tsenelela ga karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a a mantsi ya Europe, le fa go ntse jalo ditlhopha dingwe di ne tsa kgona go tshela. Kwa Jeremane wa Borwa Bophirima jwa Aforika, bogolosegolo mo kgaolong e e simololang kwa Otavi go ya kwa Gobabis, tiriso ya dikgoka e e maswe go gaisa ya polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le ditlhopha tsa Basarwa e diragetse magareng ga ngwaga wa 1912 le ngwaga wa 1915.[56] Morago ga taelo ya ga Mmusi wa lefatshe la Germany e e neng e tshegetsa go thuntshiwa ga batho ba Basarwa, go ne ga romelwa go feta dipatorolo di le makgolo a mane tse di neng di lwantsha Basarwa di ne tsa romelwa magareng ga ngwaga wa 1911 le 1913, mme palo ya Basarwa mo lefelong leo e ne ya wela tlase go tswa ko diketeng di le borobabobedi le diketeng tse lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1913 go ya ko diketeng di le tharo le makgolo a marataro ka ngwaga wa 1923[57]. Morago ga gore kgaolo e tsewe ke lefatshe la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1915, go na le bosupi jwa gore puso ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa gape e ne ya ntsha di tetla tsa gore batho ba tsome Basarwa kwa Aforika wa Borwa Bophirima (lefatshe la Namibia wa gompieno), mme ya bofelo go begwa e ne ya ntshiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936.[58]

Mo koloning ya Bechuanaland, kgaolo ya Ghanzi, e e neng e tsewa jaaka kago ya phemelo ya merafe ya Basarwa, e ne ya kgaoganngwa mo gare ga balemirui ba dikgomo ba basweu mo sephatlong sa bobedi ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe, go pateletsa batho ba Basarwa go nna se se bidiwang "Ba-Bushmen ba polase", ba dira jaaka badisa ba dikgomo.[59] Mo pakeng yotlhe ya bokoloniale, ba ne ba itemogela go fudusiwa le go kgaphelwa thoko gape.[60]

Baagi ba San mo dinageng tsa Aforika tse di tlositsweng mo bokoloniale

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Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, merafe ya Basarwa e ne ya fetogela kwa temothuong ka ntlha ya mananeo a segompieno a a neng a laetswe ke puso. Le fa tsela ya botshelo e fetogile, di ile tsa re fa tshedimosetso e ntsi mo thutong ya batho le ya digotso. Thutopatlisiso nngwe e e anameng ya mefutafuta ya digotso tsa Aforika, e e weditsweng ka ngwaga wa 2009, e fitlhetse gore mefutafuta ya digotso tsa Basarwa e ne e le mo gare ga tse tlhano tse di kwa godimo tsa dipalopalo tsotlhe di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le bongwe tse di tserweng disampole.[61][62][63] Ditlhopha dingwe tsa Basarwa ke nngwe ya "ditlhopha tsa baagi ba bagologolwane" di le lesome le bone tse di itsegeng tse di setseng di le teng; ke gore, "ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba nang le lotso lo lo tshwanang lwa digotso, ba ba nang le lotso lo lo tshwanang le go tshwana mo setsong sa bone le mo dipharologanong tsa dipuo tsa bone".[62]

Le fa go na le dintlha dingwe tse di siameng tsa mananeo a tlhabololo a puso tse di begilweng ke maloko a merafe ya Basarwa le Bakgalagadi mo lefatsheng la Botswana, bontsi bo buile ka maikutlo a a tlhomameng a go kgaphelwa thoko mo dithulaganyong tsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa puso, mme bontsi jwa Basarwa le Bakgalagadi ba latofaditswe ka go itemogela kgethololo ya lotso mo karolong ya puso.[40] (tsebe ya borobabobedi go ya kwa tsebeng ya borobabongwe). Lephata la Merero ya Lefatshe la United States le tlhalositse kgethololo e e tswelelang kgatlhanong le batho ba Basarwa, kgotsa Basarwa, mo lefatsheng la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 2013 jaaka "tlhobaelo e kgolo ya ditshwanelo tsa batho" ya lefatshe leo .[64] (tsebe ya ntlha)

Loago

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Tshedimosetso e nngwe: Mekgwa ya go fodisa ya Basarwa, botaki jwa matlapa jwa Basarwa, le bodumedi jwa Basarwa

Go nwa metsi go tswa mo sejalong sa bi bulb
Go tshuba molelo ka diatla

Thulaganyo ya losika lwa Basarwa e bontsha ditso tsa bone jaaka ditlhopha tse dinnye tse di tsamayang tsa go batla dijo ka tlwaelo. Bolosika jwa Basarwa bo tshwana le jwa losika lwa Inuit, jo bo dirisang setlhopha se se tshwanang sa mareo jaaka mo ditsong tsa lefatshekgolo le le na leng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe mme bo oketsa ka molao wa leina le molao wa dingwaga tsa go tlhomamisa gore ke mareo afe a a tshwanetseng go dirisiwa. Molao wa dingwaga o rarabolola tlhakatlhakano nngwe le nngwe e e tlhagelelang ka ntlha ya mareo a losika, ka gonne yo mogolo mo bathong ba babedi ka metlha o swetsa gore o bitse yo mmotlana eng. Go na le maina a le mmalwa fela a a tsamayang (mo e ka nnang maina a le masome a mararo le botlhano ka bong), mme ngwana mongwe le mongwe o bidiwa ka rremogolo le mmèmogolo kgotsa wa losika yo mongwe, mme ga a ise a ko a bidiwe ka batsadi ba gagwe.[citation needed]

Go baakanyetsa metswi ya botlhole
Monna wa Mosarwa

Bana ga ba na ditiro tsa loago kwa ntle ga go tshameka, mme boitapoloso bo botlhokwa thata mo Basan ba dingwaga tsotlhe. Go dirisiwa nako e ntsi mo motlotlong, mo metlaeng, mo mminong le mo metantshong e e boitshepo. Basadi e ka nna baeteledipele ba ditlhopha tsa malapa a bone. Gape di ka dira ditshwetso tse di botlhokwa tsa lelapa le tsa setlhopha mme tsa bolela gore ke tsa tsone tsa dikhuti tsa metsi le mafelo a go batla dijo. Basadi ba amega thata mo go phutheng dijo, mme ka dinako tse dingwe gape ba nna le seabe mo go tsomeng.[65]

Metsi a botlhokwa mo botshelong jwa Basarwa. Ka nako ya komelelo e telele, ba dirisa didiba tsa go nwa metsi gore di kgone go tsaya metsi. Go dira mekoti ya go kgobokanya metsi sentle, Basarwa ba gotlha mosima o o boteng fa motlhaba o leng metsi teng, mme ba tsenye kutu e telele ya bojang jo bo khuti mo mosimeng. Go dirisiwa lee la mpšhe le le senang sepe go tsaya metsi. Metsi a gogelwa mo lotlhakeng go tswa mo motlhabeng, go tsena mo molomong, mme morago a tsamaye go fologa lotlhaka lo longwe go tsena mo leeng la mpshe.[65]

Ka tlwaelo, Basarwa e ne e le setšhaba se se lekalekanang.[66] Le fa ba ne ba na le dikgosi tsa boswa, taolo ya bone e ne e lekanyeditswe. Basarwa ba ne ba tsaya ditshwetso mo gare ga bona ka tumalano, ka basadi ba tshwarwa jaaka ba ba lekanang mo go tseyeng ditshwetso.[67] Itsholelo ya Basarwa e ne e le itsholelo ya dimpho, e e neng e ikaegile ka go naana dimpho ka metlha go na le go gweba kgotsa go reka dithoto le ditirelo.[68]

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1994, bokana ka karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano ya dikamano tsa San e ne e le tsa mosadi a le mongwe.[69]

Go itshidisa

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Metse e farologana ka go nna thata go tswa mo mafelong a tshireletso ya pula ya bosigo mo dikgakologong tse di bothitho (fa batho ba tsamaya ka nako tsotlhe go batla botala jo bo tlhogang), go ya kwa mekgwatlheng e e rulagantsweng semmuso, tse mo go tsone batho ba phuthegelang mo pakeng ya komelelo go dikologa dikhutsi tsa metsi tsa se nnela ruri. Tshimologo ya dikgakologo ke paka e e thata go gaisa: paka e e mogote ya komelelo e e latelang mariga a a tsidifetseng, a a omileng, fa bontsi jwa dijalo di santse di sule kgotsa di sa dire sepe, mme ditlamelo tsa manoko a letlhafula di fedile. Nama e botlhokwa thata mo dikgweding tsa komelelo fa diphologolo tsa naga di sa kgone go nna kgakala le metsi a a boelang morago.[citation needed]

Basadi ba phutha maungo, dithlowana, dituber, di kwii tsa sekgwa le dilo tse dingwe tsa dimela gore setlhopha se di je. Mae a ntšhe a a kgobokanngwa, mme dikgapetla tsa one tse di senang sepe di dirisiwa jaaka ditshodi tsa metsi. Ditshidinyana di tlamela ka gongwe karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya dikotla ​​tsa diphologolo tse di jewang, gantsi ka paka ya komelelo. Go ikaegile ka lefelo, Basarwa ba ja mefuta e le lesme le borobabobedi go ya go e le lekgolong le bone, go akaretsa ditsie, dikhukhwane, diboko, dirurubele, dirurubele, le metlhwa.[70]

Didirisiwa tsa basadi tsa setso tsa go phutha di le motlhofo go dirisiwa e bile dira tiro ka botlalo: setlhako sa letlalo, kobo, kobo e e bidiwang kaross go rwala dijo, dikgong tsa molelo, dikgetsi tse dinnye, thobane ya go epa, mme gongwe, mofuta o monnye wa kaross go belega lesea.[citation needed]

1000- to 2000-year-old San-paintings near Murewa Zimbabwe

Banna, mme go akanngwa gore ke basadi fa ba tsamaya le bone, ba tsoma mo maetong a maleele a a lapisang a go latedisa. Di bolaya diphologolo tsa tsona di dirisa bora le metswi le marumo a a tlhomilweng mo diamphotoxin, botlhole jwa motsu jo bo dirang ka iketlo jo bo tlhagisiwang ke dibokwana tsa khukhwana tsa mofuta wa Diamphidia.

Ditso tsa bogologolo

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Batsomi ba ba kgarakgatshegang (Batlhaba ba Masarwa), sekake sa Kalahari Bokone, se se gatisitsweng ka ngwaga 1892 (go tswa mo setshwantshong sa ga H. A. Bryden)

Setlhopha sa didiriswa tse di batlang di tshwana le tse di dirisiwang ke Basarwa ba segompieno mme di simolotse ka dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a manè le bobedi Pele ga Baebele di ribolotswe kwa Logageng lwa Molelwane kwa KwaZulu-Natal ka ngwaga wa 2012.[71]

Ka ngwaga wa 2006, se go akanngwang gore ke ngwao ya bogologolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng se ranolwa jaaka bosupi jo bo tla dirang gore setso sa Basarwa e nne setso sa bogologolo go gaisa se se santseng se dirisiwa gompieno.[72][73][74][75] [go ganetsanwa (ka ntlha ya: Bosupi ga bo ise bo ke bo gatisiwe) – buisana].

Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore merafe mengwe ya Basarwa e ntse e nna mo dikgaolong tsa sekaka tsa Kalahari; le fa go ntse jalo, kwa bofelong mo e ka nnang merafe e mengwe yotlhe ya San kwa borwa jwa Aforika e ne ya patelesega go tsena mo kgaolong e. Basarwa ba Kalahari ba ne ba sala mo lehumeng fa baagisani ba bona ba ba humileng ba ne ba ba ganela ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe. Go ise go ye kae, kwa lefatshe la Botswana le lefatshe la Namibia, ba ne ba fitlhela kgaolo ya bone e fokoditswe thata.[76]

Segotso

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Dithuto tse di farologaneng tsa di chromosome tsa bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng di bontsha gore Basarwa ba rwele dingwe tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome ya Y ya batho tsa dichromosome tsa bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng tsa batho tse di farologaneng thata (tse di nang le dikala tsa ntlha). Ditlhopha tse tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome ke ditlhotshwana tse di rileng tsa ditlhopha tsa dijini tsa chromosome tsa A le B, e leng dikala tse pedi tsa ntlha mo setlhareng sa chromosome ya bong e e fitlhelwang mo banneng ya Y sa motho.[77][78][79]

Dithuto tsa sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) ya mitochondrial gape di neelana ka bosupi jwa gore Basarwa e rwele makgetlo a a kwa godimo a dikala tsa ntlha tsa setlhopa sa dijini tse di tshwanang mo setlhareng tsa sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) ya mitochondrial ya motho. Sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang (DNA) e e motho a e tsayang fela mo go mmaagwe. Setlhopha sa di-mitochondria se se farologaneng thata (se se nang le dikala tsa ntlha), L0d, se supilwe ka makgetlo a sone a a kwa godimo mo ditlhopheng tsa Basarwa tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa.[77][80][81][82]

Mo patlisisong e e gatisitsweng ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2011, Brenna Henn le badirammogo ba gagwe ba fitlhetse gore Ba-ǂKhomani San, mmogo le batho ba Sandawe le Hadza ba Tanzania, e ne e le batho ba ba farologaneng thata ka dijini go gaisa batho bape ba ba tshelang ba ba neng ba ithutiwa. Tekanyo e e kwa godimo e ya pharologano ya dijini e supa tshimologo ya batho ba segompieno ka mmele.[83][84]

Thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2008 e ne ya akantsha gore Basarwa ba ka tswa ba ne ba kgaogantswe le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa bagologolwane dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le matlhano go ya go diketeng tse lekgolo mme moragonyana ba kopana gape, ba kopana gape le setlhopha sotlhe sa dijini tsa batho.[85]

Patlisiso ya ka ga sengwe se se tsholang tshedimosetso ya dijini e e fetisiwang go tswa mo batsading go ya mo baneng (DNA) e e dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2016 ya tatelano e e feletseng ya tshedimosetso yotlhe ya dijini ya batho (genome) e bontshitse gore bagologolwane ba Basarwa ba gompieno ba ba neng ba tshela ka go tsoma le go kokoanya dijo ba simolotse go kgaogana le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa batho mo Aforika mo e ka nnang dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng (200 000), mme ba ne ba setse ba kgaogane ka botlalo mo e ka nnang dingwageng di le dikete di le lekgolo tse di fetileng (100 000).

Kgotlhang ya lefatshe la borraetsho mo Botswana

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Lelwapa la Basarwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana

Go ya ka baporofesara Robert K. Hitchcock, le Wayne A. Babchuk, "Ka ngwaga wa 1652, fa batho ba batho ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ba Europe ba ne ba tlhoma go nna teng ga bone ka nako e e tletseng kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, go ne go na le Basarwa ba ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mararo (300 000) le Ba-Khoekhoe ba le dikete tse makgolo a borataro(600 000) kwa Borwa jwa Ba-Khoekhoe. Ka nako ya dikgato tsa ntlha tsa bokoloniale bo bo neng bo dirwa ke batho ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ba Europe mo bathong ba Khoekhoe le Basarwa ba le diketekete ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo ka ntlha ya polao ya semorafe, polao, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa mo mmeleng, le malwetse. Go ne go na le dikgetse tsa "go tsoma ga Bushman" mo ditlhopheng tsa banna ba maburu ba ba tlhophilweng go dira tiro ya sesole (ditlhotswana tse di tsamayang tsa sesole kgotsa di-posses) di neng di batla go romela Basarwa le Khoekhoe kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.[86]

Bontsi jwa naga ya batho ba tlholego mo lefatsheng la Botswana, go akaretsa le naga e e neng e nnilwe ke batho ba Basarwa (kgotsa Basarwa), e ne ya gapiwa ka nako ya bokoloniale. Go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe le go fitlhelela ditsompelo tsa tlholego go ne ga tswelela morago ga boipuso jwa Botswana.[40]: (tsebe ya boraro) Basarwa ba amilwe thata ke go tsenelela ga batho ba le bantsi le balemirui ba e seng ba tlholego mo lefatsheng la bone la setso. Melawana ya puso go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 di ne tsa fetisetsa kgaolo e e botlhokwa ya lefatshe le ka tlwaelo e neng e le la Basarwa go merafe e mentsi ya badisa-temothuo le baagi ba basweu.[40]: (tsebe ya lesomele botlhano) Bontsi jwa melawana ya puso mabapi le lefatshe e ne e na le tshekamelo ya go rata batho ba ba laolang ba Tswana le Bakgaladi ba bannye.[40] (tsebe ya bobedi) Go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe ke seabe se segolo mo mathateng a a lebaganeng le batho ba tlholego ba lefatshe la Botswana, go akaretsa segolobogolo go lelekwa ga Basarwa mo Lefelo la Pabalesego ya Diphologolo la Bogare jwa Kalahari.[40] (tsebe ya bobedi) Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e ne ya swetsa ka gore botlhe ba ba nnang mo teng ga lefelo leo ba fudusediwe kwa mafelong a bonno a a kwa ntle ga lone. Go tshwenngwa ga baagi, go tlhatlhamololwa ga mafaratlhatlha, le go thibelwa ga go tsoma go lebega go dirisitswe go tlhotlheletsa baagi go tsamaya.[40] (tsebe ya lesome le borataro) Puso e ganne gore go fuduga gope go ne ga patelediwa.[90] Go ne ga latela ntwa ya semolao.[87] Melawana ya go fudusiwa e ka tswa e ne e ikaeletse go tlhofofatsa meepo ya diteemane ke Gem Diamonds mo teng ga lefelo la polokelo.[40]: (tsebe ya lesome le borobabobedi)

Tumalano ya kitso ya setso ya Hoodia

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Hoodia gordonii, e e dirisiwang ke Basarwa, e ne ya fiwa tetla ya tshwanelo ya boitlamedi ke Lekgotla la lefatshe la Aforikaborwa la Dipatlisiso tsa Saense le Madirelo (CSIR) ka ngwaga wa 1998, ka ntlha ya boleng jwa yone jo bo akanngwang jwa go gatelela keletso ya dijo, le fa, go ya ka tshekatsheko ya ngwaga wa 2006, go se na bosupi jo bo gatisitsweng jwa saense jo bo neng bo tshegetsa semela sa naga se se melang mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari sa hoodia e fokotsa tlala mo bathung.[88] Tetla e ne ya fiwa kompone ya Phytopharm, ya tlhabololo ya motswako wa khemikhale o o dirang mo sejalong sa naga se se melang mo Sekakeng sa Kalahari sa Hoodia, wa P57 (mofuta wa motswako wa khemikhale o o nang le karolo ya sukiri mo sebopegong sa one), go dirisiwa jaaka seritibatsi sa melemo sa go ja dijo tse di rileng. Fa tetla ya tshwanelo ya boitlamedi e e sena go itsisiwe kwa Basarweng, go ne ga fitlhelelwa tumalano ya go abelana dipoelo magareng ga bona le Lekgotla la Patlisiso ya Saense le Madirelo (CSIR) ka ngwaga wa 2003. Se se ne se tla abela Basarwa dituelo tsa dipoelo tsa kitso ya bona ya tlholego.[89] Ka nako ya kgang ya semolao, batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba emetswe le go thusiwa ke Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Ditlhophapotlana tsa Naga mo Borwa jwa Aforika (WIMSA), Lekgotla la Basarwa la lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le Setheo sa Basarwa sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.[26][27]

Tumalano e ya go abelana dipoelo ke nngwe ya tsa ntlha go fa batshodi ba kitso ya setso e e dirisediwang go rekisa diritibatsi go nna le dituelo.Dipeelo tsa tumalano e di a ganediwa, ka ntlha ya go bonala fa di sa latele ka botlalo Melawana ya Bonn ya go fitlhelela ditsompelo tsa dijini le go abelana dipoelo, jaaka go tlhalositswe mo Tumalanong ya Lefatshe ka Bophara ka ga Pharologano ya Ditshedi (Convention on Biological Diversity – CBD).[90] Basarwa ga ba ise ba bone dipoelo dipe go tswa mo tumalanong e, ka gonne motswako wa metlhakanyo o o bopilweng ka dikarolwana tsa dilo (chemical) o o ntshitsweng mo Hoodia wa P57 ga o ise o tlhabololwe semolao le go rekisiwa jaaka sehlahisoa sa kalafi.

Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng tsa Basarwa gaufi le Murewa, kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe

Boemedi mo metsweding ya dikgang

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Dieemedi tsa pele

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Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng kwa Cederberg, kwa lefelong la Western Cape

Basarwa ba Kalahari ba ne ba tlisiwa lantlha mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe le le kopaneng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 ke mokwadi wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa Laurens van der Post. Van der Post o goletse mo lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa, mme o ne a na le kgatlhego e e tlotlegang ya botshelo jotlhe ya ditso tsa batho ba naga ya Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1955, o ne a laelwa ke Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC) go ya kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari le setlhopha sa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso go batla Basarwa. Dintlha tse di neng di tsewa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang e e gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso di ne tsa fetolwa go nna ditshwantsho tse di ratiwang thata tsa sesupa ditshwantso tsa dikarolo di le thataro ngwaga moragonyana. E kgweediwa ke kgatlhego ya botshelo jotlhe ya "morafe o o nyeletseng" ono, Van der Post o ne a gatisa buka ya ngwaga wa 1958 ka ga leeto leo, e e bidiwang Lefatshe le le Latlhegileng la Kalahari. E ne e tshwanetse go nna buka ya gagwe e e tumileng thata.

Ditshwantsho tsa Basarwa gaufi le Murewa

Ka ngwaga wa 1961, o ne a gatisa Pelo ya Motsomi, kanelo e a e dumelang mo matsenong e dirisa dibuka tse pedi tse di fetileng tsa dikgang le diiinane jaaka "mofuta wa Baebele ya Motlha wa Matlapa", e leng Dikao tsa Diiinane tsa Basarwa' ( ngwaga wa 1911), tse di kokoantsweng ke Wilhelm H. I. Bleek and Lucy C. Lloyd, and Dorothea Bleek's Seleetswane le Tsala ya gagwe. Tiro ya ga Van der Post e ne ya tlisa dingwao tsa tlholego tsa Aforika kwa didikadikeng tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara e le lekgetlo la ntlha, mme batho bangwe ba ne ba e nyatsa jaaka karolo ya pono ya motho wa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le bo 1960, ba bolela gore o ne a tlhalosa Basarwa jaaka fela "bana ba Tlholego" kgotsa le e leng "baitseanape ba masaitsiweng ba tikologo". Ka ngwaga wa 1992, John Perrot le setlhopha sa gagwe ba ne ba gatisa buka e e bidiwang Bush for the Bushman — e e neng e tlhalosiwa jaaka "boikuelo jo bo tswang mo seemong se se maswe" mo boemong jwa Basarwa ba tlholego, e e neng e lebisitswe kwa setšhabeng sa boditšhabatšhaba mme e bile e kopa dipuso go ralala Borwa jwa Aforika go tlotla le go busetsa ditshwanelo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe tsa Basarwa botlhe.

Ditokomane le tshedimosetso tsa boammaruri

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John Marshall, morwa wa moithuta-loago wa Harvard e bong Lorna Marshall, o kwadile matshelo a Basarwa kwa kgaolong ya Nyae Nyae kwa lefatsheng la Namibia mo pakeng e e tsayang dingwaga di feta masome a matlhano. Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa gagwe sa ntlha sa The Hunters, se bontsha go tsoma ga thutlwa. Lelapa la Kalahari (ngwaga wa 2002) ke motseletsele o o kwalang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano mo matshelong a Juǀʼhoansi a lefatshe la Aforika Borwa, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1951 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2000. Marshall e ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhagafetseng wa lebaka la Basarwa mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe.[91] Kgaitsadie Elizabeth Marshall Thomas o ne a kwala dibuka di le mmalwa le di pego di le mmalwa ka ga Basarwa, a ikaegile ka bontlhabongwe mo maitemogelong a gagwe a go nna le batho ba fa setso sa bone se ne se santse se le teng. Batho ba ba Senang Kotsi, e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1959, le Tsela ya Bogologolo: Kgang ya Batho ba Ntlha, e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2006, ke tse pedi tsa tsone. John Marshall le Adrienne Miesmer ba kwadile matshelo a batho ba ǃKung ba Basarwa magareng ga dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le 1978 kwa Nǃai, Kgang ya Mosadi wa ǃKung.[92][93]Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se, se e leng pego ya mosadi yo o goletseng fa Basarwa ba neng ba tshela jaaka batsomi-baphuthi ba ba ikemetseng, mme moragonyana a patelesega go tshela botshelo jwa go ikaega ka ba bangwe mo setšhabeng se se tlhomilweng ke puso kwa Tsumkwe, e bontsha ka fa matshelo a batho ba ǃKung, ba ba neng ba tshela dingwaga di le sekete jaaka batsomi ba ba kokoanyang, a neng a fetolelwa ruri ka tshegetso e nnye thata fa ba ne ba tshegediwa.[94]

Modiri wa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa Richard Wicksteed o tlhagisitse ditokomane di le mmalwa ka ga setso sa Basarwa, ditso le maemo a gone jaana; tse di akaretsa Mo Mafelong a Modimo / Iindawo ZikaThixo (ngwaga wa 1995) ka ga boswa jwa setso jwa Basarwa kwa borwa jwa Drakensberg; Loso lwa Mobushman (ngwaga wa 2002) ka polao ya molatedi wa Mosarwa Optel Rooi ke mapodisi a lefatshe la Aforika Borwa; The Will To Survive (ngwaga wa 2009), e e akaretsang ditso le maemo a merafe ya Basarwa mo borwa jwa Aforika gompieno; le Lefatshe la Me ke Seriti sa Me (ngwaga wa 2009) ka ga kgaratlho ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe ya Basarwa kwa Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari Bogare la Lefatshe la Botswana.[citation needed]

Tokomane ka ga go tsoma ga Basarwa e e bidiwang, Mmino o o Mogolo: Kgang ya Motsomi (ngwaga wa 2000), e e kaetsweng ke Damon le Craig Foster. Se se ne sa sekasekwa ke Lawrence Van Gelder wa New York Times, yo o neng a re setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se "se nale tiro ya go somarela le go tlhoma loso."[95]

Buka ya ga Spencer Wells ya ngwaga wa 2003 ya The Journey of Man—e e amanang le lenaneo la Dijini ya National Geographic—e tlotla ka tshekatsheko ya dijini tsa Basarwa mme e bolela gore matshwao a bone a dijini e ne e le one a ntlha go kgaogana le a bagologolwane ba bontsi jwa batho ba bangwe ba segompieno (Homo sapiens sapiens). Tokomane ya Tirelo ya Phatlalatso ya Setšhaba (PBS) e e theilweng mo bukeng e latela matshwao ano go ralala lefatshe lotlhe, e bontsha gore batho botlhe ba ka latedisiwa go boela kwa karolong e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a le mantsi ya Aforika (bona Tshimologo ya bosheng ya Aforika ya batho ba segompieno, se se bidiwang "go tswa mo Aforika" kakanyo).[citation needed]

Motseletsele wa Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC) wa The Life of Mammals ( ngwaga wa 2003) o akaretsa ditshwantsho tsa ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tsa Basarwa ya tlholego ya sekaka sa Kalahari e tsoma mo go sa kgaotseng ga kudu mo maemong a a bogale a sekaka.[96] E fa setshwantsho sa kafa motho wa bogologolo a ka tswang a ne a latelela le go tshwara diphologolo ka gone a sa dirise dibetsa tse dintsi.

Motseletsele wa Setheo sa Phasalatso sa Borithane (BBC) wa Kafa Botaki bo Dirileng Lefatshe ka Gone (How Art Made the World) (wa ngwaga ya 2005) o bapisa ditshwantsho tsa logaga tsa Basarwa tsa dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng le ditshwantsho tsa karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e nang le mafatshe a le mantsi ya Europe tsa Paleolithic tse di nang le dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le bone.[97] Ka ntlha ya go tshwana ga tsone, ditiro tsa Basarwa di ka bontsha mabaka a ditshwantsho tsa bogologolo tsa magaga. Mogasi Nigel Spivey o dirisa thata tiro ya ga Moporofesara David Lewis-Williams,[98] yo maemo a a kwa godimo a thuto ya Mmadikolo ya PhD ya gagwe e neng e na le setlhogo se se reng "Go Dumela le go Bona (Believing and Seeing): Bokao jwa tshwantshetso mo ditshwantshong tsa matlapa tsa kwa borwa jwa Basarwa". Lewis-Williams o tshwantsha dikamano magareng ga botaki jwa pele ga ditso mo lefatsheng lotlhe, a bo a bo golaganya le dingwao tsa shaman le maemo a go tsenwa ke tlhaloganyo (trance).

Ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang tse di gatisitsweng ka setsayaditshwantso le mmino

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Setshwantsho se se takilweng mo lefikeng sa monna mo mokgatšheng wa Twyfelfontein

Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa ngwaga wa 1969, Go latlhega mo sekakeng (Lost in the Desert), se bontsha mosimane yo monnye, yo o latlhegileng mo sekakeng, yo o kopanang le setlhopha sa Basarwa ba ba kgarakgatshegang. Ba mo thusa mme morago ba mo latlhe ka ntlha ya go sa tlhaloganye mo go bakilweng ke go tlhoka puo le setso se se tshwanang. Setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se ne se laolwa ke Jamie Uys, yo o neng a boela kwa Basarweng morago ga dingwaga di le lesome ka Medimo e tshwanetse ya bo e dira dilo tse di sa tlwaelegang (The Gods Must Be Crazy), e e neng ya itshupa e le katlego ya boditšhabatšhaba. Metlae e e bontsha kopano ya ntlha ya setlhopha sa Basarwa ba Kalahari le sediriswa se se dirilweng ka diatla go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le kwa ntle (lebotlolo la Coca-Cola). Ka nako ya fa setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso se e ne se dirwa, ba ǃKung ba ne ba sa tswa go patelediwa go tsena mo metseng e e sa direng sepe, mme Basarwa ba ba neng ba thapilwe jaaka badiragatsi ba ne ba tlhakantswe tlhogo ke ditaelo tsa go diragatsa dipheteletso tse di sa nepagalang tsa botshelo jwa bone jwa go tsoma le go phutha jo bo batlileng bo tlogetswe.[99]

"Eh Hee" ka Dave Matthews Band e kwadilwe jaaka go tsosa mmino le setso sa Basarwa. Mo kgannyeng e e neng ya bolelelwa bareetsi ba Radio City (mofuta o o rulagantsweng wa yone o tlhagelela mo mofuteng wa sedirisiwa sa polokelo ya tshedimosetso sa DVD wa Live at Radio City), Matthews o gakologelwa a utlwa mmino wa Basarwa mme, fa a botsa mokaedi wa gagwe gore mafoko a dipina tsa bone ke afe, o ne a bolelelwa gore "ga go na mafoko a dipina tseo, ka gonne dipina tseo, re ne re ntse re di opela pele ha batho ba nna le mafoko." O tswelela ka go tlhalosa pina eo e le "tlotlo ya gagwe ya go kopana le... batho ba ba gatetseng pele thata mo lefatsheng le legolo la legodimo le le dikologang naledi kgotsa letsatsi."

Buka ya maitemogelo a motho

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Setshwantsho se se gabilweng mo lefikeng sa thutlwa mo mokgatšheng wa Twyfelfontein

Mo bukeng ya maitemogelo a ga Peter Godwin Fa Kwena e Ja Letsatsi ( When a Crocodile Eats the Sun,), o umaka nako ya gagwe e a e feditseng le Basarwa go dira kabelo nngwe. Setlhogo sa gagwe se tswa mo tumelong ya Basarwa ya gore phifalo ya letsatsi e diragala fa kwena e ja letsatsi.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Dipadi

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Dipadi tse pedi tsa ga Laurens van der Post, Kgang e e Tshwanang le Phefo (A Story Like The Wind) (ya ngwaga wa 1972) le tatelano ya yona, Lefelo le le Kgakala ( A Far Off Place)( ya ngwaga wa 1974), tse di dirilweng setshwantsho se se tsamayang se gatisiwa ka setsayaditshwantso sa ngwaga wa 1993, di bua ka ga mosimane wa mosweu yo o kopanang le Mosarwa yo o kgarakgatshegang le mosadi wa gagwe, le ka fa botshelo jwa Basarwa le bokgoni jwa go itshedisa bo bolokang batho ba sekaka.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Kgolagano ( The Covenant) ya ga James A. Michener ( ya ngwaga wa 1980) ke tiro ya ditshedimoso tsa nnete tsa ditso e e totileng lefatshe la Aforika Borwa. Karolo ya ntlha ya buka e amana le loeto lwa morafe wa Basarwa lo lo neng lwa simololwa mo e ka nnang ka dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le boraro Pele ga Motlha wa Rona (13 000 BCE).

Mo pading ya ga Wilbur Smith ya The Burning Shore (karolo mo motseletseleng wa dibuka tsa Courtneys of Africa), batho ba Basarwa ba tlhagisiwa ka badiragatsi ba bagolo ba babedi, O'wa le H'ani; Smith o tlhalosa dikgaratlho tsa Basarwa, ditso tsa bone, le ditumelo tsa bone ka botlalo jo bogolo. Baanelwa ba Basarwa le bone ba tlhagelela mo dibukeng tsa gagwe tse dingwe tse dintsi, gantsi ba dira jaaka balatedi le dikaelo tsa badiragatsi ba bagolo ba ga Smith.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Padi ya ga Norman Rush ya ngwaga wa 1991 ya Mating e bontsha kampa ya Basarwa gaufi le toropo ya lefatshe la Botswana (ya kakanyo) kwa tirokgolo e beilweng teng.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Motseletsele wa dipadi tsa ga Tad Williams tse di kgang e kgolo e e bogale tsa Otherland o bontsha Mosarwa wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa yo o bidiwang ǃXabbu, yo Williams a ipolelang gore o itlhametswe thata, mme e seng kemedi e e nepagetseng. Mo pading, Williams o bitsa dintlha tsa diiinane le setso sa Basarwa.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Ka ngwaga wa 2007, David Gilman o ne a gatisa buka ya Mowa wa ga Diabolo (The Devil's Breath). Mongwe wa baanelwabagolo, e ne ele mosimane yo monnye wa Mosarwa yo o bidiwang ǃKoga, o dirisa mekgwa ya setso go thusa moanelwa Max Gordon go kgabaganya lefatshe la Namibia.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Alexander McCall Smith o kwadile motseletsele wa dipadi tsa ditiragalo tse di diragetseng kwa Gaborone, motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Molekane wa moanelwamogolo wa motseletsele wa Setheo sa Matseka sa Basadi sa ntlha ( The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency) Rre J. L. B. Matekoni, o godisa bana ba babedi ba masiela ba Basarwa, kgaitsadie le morwarraagwe Motholeli le Puso.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Basarwa ba tlhagelela mo dipading di le mmalwa tsa ga Michael Stanley (leina la ga Michael Sears le Stanley Trollip), bogolosegolo mo go Loso lwa Seleetswane (Death of the Mantis).

Mo bukeng ya ga Christopher Hope ya Darkest England, mogaka wa Mosarwa, David Mungo Booi, o fiwa tiro ke batho ba morafe ka ene go kopa Kgosigadi tshireletso e a kileng a e solofetsa, le go sekaseka kgonagalo ya go tlhama kolone mo setlhaketlhakeng. O ne a ribolola lefatshe la Engelane ka mokgwa wa batlhotlhomisi ba Bophirima ba lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga.[nopolo e a tlhokega]

Batho ba ba tlhomologileng

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ǃkung

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  • Nǃxau ǂToma
  • Segosi

Gǁana

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  • Roy Sesana
Setshwantsho sa ga ǃKweiten-ta-ǁKen fa a ne a le kwa lefelong la Mowbray ka ngwaga wa 1874 go fitlhela ngwaga wa 1875

lxam

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  • Dia!kwane
  • ǁkabo

ǃkweiten-le-Ken

ǂKhomani kgotsa Nǁnǂe

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  • Dawid Kruiper (yo o buang Sekhoekhoe)
  • Elsie Vaalbooi (yo o buang Se-Nǁng)
  • Katrina Esau (yo o buang Se-Nǁng)

Naro

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  • Cg'ose Ntcox'o
  • Coexʼae Qgam

Bona gape

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Dintlha

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Bakanoki bangwe ba ganetsa gore ngwao le boitshupo ga di ka ke tsa tsewa e le tse di tlhomameng kgotsa tse di sa fetogeng, segolobogolo mo pakeng e telele jaana .[100]

Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Census2023".
  2. ↑ "Foragers to First Peoples: The Kalahari San Today | Cultural Survival". www.culturalsurvival.org. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  3. ↑ Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name.
  4. ↑ Hitchcock, Robert K.; Sapignoli, Maria (8 May 2019). "The economic wellbeing of the San of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana". In Fleming, Christopher; Manning, Matthew (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Indigenous Wellbeing (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 170–183. ISBN 9781138909175 – via ResearchGate.
  5. ↑ "Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report" (PDF). Namibia Statistics Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  6. 1 2 Barnard, Alan (2007). Anthropology and the Bushman. Oxford: Berg. pp. 4–7. ISBN 9781847883308.
  7. ↑ "WIMSA Annual Report 2004-05". WIMSA. p. 58. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014. the term 'San' comes from the Haiǁom language and has been abbreviated in the following way ... Saa – Picking things up (food) from the ground (i.e. 'gathering'), Saab – A male person gathering, Saas – A female person gathering, Saan – Many people gathering, San – One way to write 'all of the people gathering'
  8. ↑ "The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, i.e. men par excellence), they called those other tribes Sā, the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term Hottentot to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the Khoikhoi, the so-called Hottentot proper; the other the San (Sā) or Bushmen." – Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-ǁGoam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi (1881), p. 3.
  9. ↑ Guenther, Mathias (2006). "Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics, and the Primitivism Discourse". In Solway, Jacqueline (ed.). The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 181–182. ISBN 9781845451158.
  10. ↑ Britten, Sarah (2007). McBride of Frankenmanto: The Return of the South African Insult. Johannesburg: 30° South. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781920143183.
  11. ↑ Adhikari, Mohamed (2009). Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community. Ohio University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780896804425.
  12. ↑ "Use of the word 'boesman' not hate speech, court finds". Mail & Guardian. 11 April 2008. Schroeder, Fatima (14 April 2008). "Court: Use of 'boesman' not hate speech". IOL."Objectively speaking and taking into account the context in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman' and the evidence of the San Council witness, I find that the usage of the word did not cause harm, hostility or hatred. Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'."
  13. ↑ Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of -Hunters and Gatherers, Cambridge University Press, ISBN052157109X
  14. ↑ Smith, Andrew Brown (2000). The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition. Cape Town: New Africa Books. p. 2. ISBN 9780864864192.
  15. ↑ Ouzman, Sven (2004). "Silencing and Sharing Southern Africa Indigenous and Embedded Knowledge". In Smith, Claire; Wobst, H. Martin (eds.). Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 9781134391554.
  16. 1 2 "San, Bushmen or Basarwa: What's in a name?". Mail & Guardian. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012.
  17. ↑ Coan, Stephen (28 July 2010). "The first people". The Witness. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
  18. ↑ Statement by delegates of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in Stellenbosch. Schlebusch, Carina (25 March 2010). "Issues raised by use of ethnic-group names in genome study". Nature. 464 (7288): 487. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..487S. doi:10.1038/464487a. PMID 20336115
  19. ↑ Sailer, Steve (20 June 2002). "Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?". UPI. "The fashion of renaming the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa as the 'San' exemplifies many of the problems with the name game. University of Utah anthropologist Henry Harpending, who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while 'Bushmen' sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. [...] Harpending noted, 'The problem was that in the Kalahari, "San" has all the baggage that the "N-word" has in America. Bushmen kids are graduating from school, reading the academic literature, and are outraged that we call them "San." [...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. It quickly became a badge among Western academics: If you say "San" and I say "San," then we signal each other that we are on the fashionable side, politically. It had nothing to do with respect. I think most politically correct talk follows these dynamics.'"
  20. ↑ "Schapera is the author of the convenient term Khoisan, compounded of the Hottentot's name for themselves (Khoi) and their name for the Bushmen (San)." Joseph Greenberg, The Languages of Africa (1963), p. 66.
  21. ↑ Mountain, Alan (2003). First People of the Cape. Claremont: New Africa Books. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780864866233.
  22. ↑ Lee, Richard B. (2012). The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi (Fourth ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 9. ISBN 9781133713531.
  23. ↑ "General Questions". ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  24. ↑ Dieckmann, Ute (2007). "Shifting Identities". Haiom in the Etosha region: A History of Colonial Settlement, Ethnicity and Nature Conservation. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp. 300–302. ISBN 9783905758009.
  25. ↑ Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. "San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa". Kalahari Peoples Fund. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  26. 1 2 Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). "Africa's Bushmen May Get Rich From Diet-Drug Secret". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2003.
  27. 1 2 3 Wynberg, Rachel; Chennells, Roger (2009). "Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San-Hoodia Case". Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing Lessons from the San-Hoodia case. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 102. ISBN 9789048131235.
  28. ↑ Suzman, James (2001). Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa (PDF). Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. pp. 3–4. ISBN 99916-765-3-8.
  29. ↑ Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). "Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2003.
  30. ↑ "Basarwa Relocation – Introduction". Government of Botswana. Archived from the original on 9 April 2006.
  31. 1 2 Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. "San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa". Kalahari Peoples Fund. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  32. ↑ Bennett, Bruce. "Botswana historical place names and terminology". Thuto.org. University of Botswana History Department. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  33. ↑ ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: Os Cinco Grandes Herbívoros Africanos (PDF) (in Portuguese), Utrecht, Netherlands: Rhino Resource Center, 2013, retrieved 19 February 2016
  34. ↑ Moran, Shane (2009). Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781580462945.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Mellet, Patric Tariq (2020). The lie of 1652: a decolonised history of land (First ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Tafelberg, an imprint of NB Publishers. ISBN 978-0-624-08970-4.
  36. ↑ Anton, Donald K.; Shelton, Dinah L. (2011). Environmental Protection and Human Rights. Cambridge University Press. p. 640. ISBN 978-0-521-76638-8.
  37. ↑ Smith, Malvern van Wyk (1 July 2009). The First Ethiopians: The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-86814-834-9.
  38. 1 2 Mlambo, A. S. (2014). A history of Zimbabwe. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02170-9.
  39. ↑ Chirikure, Shadreck; Delius, Peter; Esterhuysen, Amanda; Hall, Simon; Lekgoathi, Sekibakiba; Maulaudzi, Maanda; Neluvhalani, Vele; Ntsoane, Otsile; Pearce, David (1 October 2015). Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State. Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-1-920655-06-8.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Anaya, James (2 June 2010). Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana (PDF) (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2.
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  49. ↑ Philip, J. (1828). Researches in South Africa, 2 vols. London: James Duncan. p. vol. II, 265–66.
  50. ↑ Stow, G. (1964). The Native Races of South Africa: A History of the Intrusion of the Hottentots and Bantu Into the Hunting Grounds of the Bushmen, the Aborigines of the Country. Cape Town: Struik. pp. 233, 575.
  51. ↑ MacMillan, W.M. (1968). The Cape Colour Question: A Historical Survey. Cape Town: Balkema. p. 26.
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  53. ↑ Smith, A. (1991). "'On becoming herders: Khoikhoi and San ethnicity in southern Africa',". African Studies. 50 (1): 510.
  54. ↑ Skotnes, P. (1996). Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: UCT Press. p. 17.
  55. ↑ Morris A. (1996). 'Trophy skulls: museums and the San',. Cape Town: in Miscast, ed. Skotnes.
  56. ↑ Gordon, Robert J. (2009). "Hiding in Full View: The "Forgotten" Bushman Genocides of Namibia". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal. 4 (1: Article 4).
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  58. ↑ ""More to explore", Southern Africa's hunter-gatherers seek a foothold". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016.
  59. ↑ Hermans, J. (1977). "Official Policy Towards the Bushmen of Botswana: A Review, Part 1". Botswana Notes & Records. 9: 55–67.
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  61. ↑ Connor, Steve (1 May 2009). "World's most ancient race traced in DNA study". The Independent.
  62. 1 2 Gill, Victoria (1 May 2009). "Africa's genetic secrets unlocked" (online edition). BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
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  65. 1 2 "San - Bushmen - Kalahari, South Africa..." www.krugerpark.co.za. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  66. ↑ Marjorie Shostak, 1983, Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman. New York: Vintage Books. Page 10.
  67. ↑ Shostak 1983: 13
  68. ↑ Shostak 1983: 9, 25
  69. ↑ Goldsmith, Timothy H. (1994). The Biological Roots of Human Nature: Forging Links Between Evolution and Behavior. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-19-509393-3. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  70. ↑ Brian Morris (2005). Insects and Human Life, pp39-40. See page 19: for insect use in medicine, poison for arrows etc. Also page 188 regarding Kaggen, the Praying Mantis trickster deity who created the moon More on Kaggen, who might sabotage a hunt by transforming into a louse and biting the hunter: Mathias Georg Guenther (1999). Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society. p111.
  71. ↑ Crumpton BBC News, Nick (31 July 2012). "Earliest evidence of modern human culture found".
  72. ↑ "World's Oldest Ritual Discovered -- Worshipped the Python 70,000 Years Ago"
  73. ↑ "Ritual: Organised Activity Identified as World's Oldest"6 March 2007
  74. ↑ "Afrol News - World's oldest religion discovered in Botswana"
  75. ↑ "Stone Snake of South Africa: "first human worship" 70,000 years ago | Damien Marie AtHope"
  76. ↑ "The modern day Bushmen / San" Tempolete:Webarchive. Art of Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  77. 1 2 Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). "African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages". Current Biology. 13 (6): 464–73. Bibcode:2003CBio...13..464K. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1. PMID 12646128. S2CID 52862939.
  78. ↑ Hammer, MF; Karafet, TM; Redd, AJ; Jarjanazi, H; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S; Soodyall, H; Zegura, SL (2001). "Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
  79. ↑ Naidoo, Thijessen; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Makkan, Heeran; Patel, Pareen; Mahabeer, Rajeshree; Erasmus, Johannes C.; Soodyall, Himla (2010). "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations". Investigative Genetics. 1 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6. PMC 2988483. PMID 21092339.
  80. ↑ Chen, Yu-Sheng; Olckers, Antonel; Schurr, Theodore G.; Kogelnik, Andreas M.; Huoponen, Kirsi; Wallace, Douglas C. (2000). "MtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (4): 1362–83. doi:10.1086/302848. PMC 1288201. PMID 10739760.
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  82. ↑ Schlebusch, Carina M.; Naidoo, Thijessen; Soodyall, Himla (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". Electrophoresis. 30 (21): 3657–64. doi:10.1002/elps.200900197. PMID 19810027. S2CID 19515426.
  83. ↑ Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011). "Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (13). National Academy of Sciences: 5154–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.1017511108. PMC 3069156. PMID 21383195.
  84. ↑ Kaplan, Matt (2011). "Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa". Scientific American. Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  85. ↑ Rincon, Paul (24 April 2008). "Human line 'nearly split in two'". BBC News. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  86. ↑ Hitchcock, Robert K.; Babchuk, Wayne A. (2017), "Genocide of Khoekhoe and San Peoples of Southern Africa", Genocide of Indigenous Peoples, pp. 143–171, doi:10.4324/9780203790830-7, ISBN 9780203790830, retrieved 25 March 2023
  87. ↑ "Botswana's bushmen get Kalahari lands back". CNN. 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
  88. ↑ Kathleen Doheney, "Hoodia: Lots of Hoopla, Little Science; Few studies support the promise of the South African appetite suppressant, but believers abound", WebMD, September 6, 2006, Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD Retrieved March 24, 2007
  89. ↑ Wynberg, R. (2005). "Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing". The Journal of World Intellectual Property. 7 (6): 851–876. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  90. ↑ Tully, S. (2003). "The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing" (PDF). Review of European Community and International Environmental Law. 12: 84–98. doi:10.1111/1467-9388.00346.
  91. ↑ Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (2007). The Old Way: A Story of the First People. Macmillan. pp. xiii, 45–47. ISBN 9781429954518.
  92. ↑ N!ai; Marshall, John; Marshall-Cabezas, Sue; Miesner, Adrienne; Mbulu, Letta (2004), N!ai: the story of a !Kung woman, Documentary Educational Resources (Firm), Public Broadcasting Associates, Documentary Educational Resources, retrieved 30 March 2024
  93. ↑ "Reflecting on N!ai, The Story of a !Kung Woman". africa.harvard.edu. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  94. ↑ Kray, C. (1978) "Notes on 'Nǃai: The Story of a ǃKung Woman'" Tempolete:Webarchive. RIT. n.d. Web. 5 October 2013.
  95. ↑ Van Gelder, Lawrence (29 September 2000). "A Hunter's Story". The New York Times.
  96. ↑ Attenborough, David (5 February 2003). "Human Mammal, Human Hunter (video)". The Life of Mammals. BBC. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
  97. ↑ "How Art Made the World. Episodes . The Day Pictures Were Born. The San People of South Africa". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  98. ↑ "Download How Art Made the World (Hardback) - Common ePub eBook @6B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR". 6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  99. ↑ Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman. Documentary Educational Resources and Public Broadcasting Associates, 1980.
  100. ↑ Pargeter, Justin; Mackay, Alex; Mitchell, Peter; Shea, John; Stewart, Brian (2016). "Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa". Antiquity. 90 (352).
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